Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from different soil fractions by persulfate oxidation

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from different soil fractions of contaminated soil was investigated by using activated persulfate oxidation remediation in our research. The results showed that the light fraction, which accounted for only 10% of the soil, contained 30% of the PAHs at a concentration of 4352?mg/kg. The heavy fraction contained more high-molecular-weight PAHs, and the total PAH concentration was 625?mg/kg. After being oxidized, the removal rate of PAHs was 39% in the light fraction and nearly 90% in the heavy fraction. Among the different fractions of the heavy fraction, humic acid contained the highest concentration of PAHs, and consequently, the highest removal efficiency of PAHs was also in humic acid. Compared with the light fraction, the heavy fraction has more aromatic compounds and those compounds were broken down during the oxidation process, which may be the removal mechanism involved in the oxidation of high-ring PAHs. Similarly, the enhancement of C = C bonds after oxidation can also explain the poor removal of high-ring PAHs in the light fraction. These results imply that different fractions of soil vary in composition and structure, leading to differences in the distribution and oxidation efficiencies of PAHs.     

金属离子对长期污染土壤中多环芳烃解吸的影响

研究了离子强度、不同金属离子对土壤中PAHs表观解吸水平的影响.根据Pearson原理计算了菲、荧蒽、芘和苯并[k]荧蒽等几种PAHs的碱性特征参数并据此分析了其酸碱性类型.结果表明:实验条件下,解吸液中离子强度并非影响土壤中PAHs解吸的控制要素;不同硬度酸性金属离子与PAHs之间的酸碱作用是影响土壤中PAHs解吸水平变化的关键.硬酸性金属离子Ba2+、Al3+、Ca2+对土壤中PAHs的解吸具有促进作用,软酸性离子Hg2+、Ag+则具有抑制作用,比较而言交界酸性金属离子Cu2+、Fe2+、Zn2+在提高土壤中PAHs解吸上作用更加明显.     

Simultaneous elution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals from contaminated soil by two amino acids derived from β-cyclodextrins

Two highly water-soluble amino acids,which derived from β-CDs,i.e.,glutamic acid-β-cyclodextrin (GluCD) and ethylene-diamineβ-cyclodextrin (EDCD),were synthesized and were examined for their effect on solubilization of anthracene (ANT),complexation of cadmium (Cd2+),and elution removal of ANT and Cd2+ in soil.The results showed that GluCD and EDCD were powerful complexant for ANT and Cd2+.In the presence of 10 g/L GluCD and EDCD,the solubilization of ANT increased by 47.04 and 23.85 times compared to the control,respectively.GluCD resulted in approximately 90% complexation of Cd2+ while 70% complexation was observed for EDCD.Simultaneously,GluCD and EDCD could greatly enhance the elution removal of ANT and Cd 2+ from soil.GluCD resulted in the highest elution efficiency of ANT and Cd2+.With the addition of 10 g/L GluCD,53.5% of ANT and 85.6% of Cd2+ were eluted,respectively.The ANT had a negligible effect on the Cd2+ removal due to different complexing sites of ANT and Cd2+,while Cd2+ enhanced the ANT removal under the addition of GluCD because Cd2+ neutralized the-COOH group of GluCD.Adversely,the removal of ANT was decreased with Cd2+ under the addition of EDCD,this was due to the fact that Cd2+ enhanced the polarity of EDCD molecule and inhibited the complexation between ANT and EDCD.The study suggested that GluCD could be preferred and be successfully applied to remediation of heavy metals or organic compounds in contaminated soil.     

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin enhanced biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated microbial activity in contaminated soil

The contamination of soils by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a widespread environmental problem and the remediation of PAHs from these areas has been a major concern.The effectiveness of ma...     

利用植物油淋洗修复受多环芳烃污染的土壤

采用实验模拟方法,研究植物油对污染土壤中多环芳烃污染的淋洗作用,并探索植物油再生利用的可行性.结果表明,植物油对土壤中多环芳烃污染物有很好的淋洗效果,利用振荡法,两种不同类型污染土壤中多环芳烃的洗出率达到61%和120%.用活性炭对含多环芳烃的植物油进行再生处理,可去除92%的多环芳烃,有潜力实现植物油的循环利用.     

过硫酸盐氧化修复多环芳烃污染土壤的研究

介绍了过硫酸盐氧化作用的活化方法和机理,在此基础上设置了对比试验,分析了氢氧化钠和硫酸亚铁活化过硫酸钠氧化修复多环芳烃污染土壤的效果,探究了pH、硫酸亚铁与过硫酸钠物质的量之比及反应时间对硫酸亚铁/过硫酸钠体系去除多环芳烃的影响,并分析了反应产物的组分。结果表明:硫酸亚铁比氢氧化钠活化过硫酸钠氧化修复多环芳烃污染土壤的效果好;在pH为酸性或中性、硫酸亚铁与过硫酸钠物质的量之比为1∶2.0、反应时间为5 d时,对多环芳烃的去除效果最佳。在控制反应条件的基础上,过渡金属离子活化过硫酸钠是修复多环芳烃污染土壤的可行方法之一。     

焦化污染土壤有机质不同组分中多环芳烃分布及其生物有效性分析

土壤有机质(SOM)是影响土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)赋存的重要因素,本文对3个地区的PAHs污染土壤,将其分为土壤轻组分(LF)、重组分(HF)以及另外3个有机质组分(松散结合的腐殖质(H1)、稳定结合的腐殖质(H2)和紧密结合的腐殖质(H3)),采用过硫酸盐氧化法间接测定土壤中16种PAHs的生物有效性,分析了氧化前...     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residue materials as biosorbents

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, e.g., naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residues was investigated to develop low cost biosorbents for organic pollutant abatement. Bamboo wood, pine wood, pine needles and pine bark were selected as plant residues, and acid hydrolysis was used as an easily modification method. The raw and modified biosorbents were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption isotherms of PAHs to raw biosorbents were apparently linear, and were dominated by a partitioning process. In comparison, the isotherms of the hydrolyzed biosorbents displayed nonlinearity, which was controlled by partitioning and the specific interaction mechanism. The sorpfion kinetic curves of PAHs to the raw and modified plant residues fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetics model. The sorption rates were faster for the raw biosorbents than the corresponding hydrolyzed biosorbents, which was attributed to the latter having more condensed domains （i.e., exposed aromatic core）. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose component under acid hydrolysis, the sorption capability of the hydrolyzed biosorbents was notably enhanced, i.e., 6-18 fold for phenanthrene, 6-8 fold for naphthalene and pyrene and 5-8 fold for acenaphthene. The sorpfion coefficients （Kd） were negatively correlated with the polarity index [（O＋N）/C], and positively correlated with the aromaticity of the biosorbents. For a given biosorbent, a positive linear correlation between logKoc and logKow for different PAHs was observed. Interestingly, the linear plots of logKoc-logKow were parallel for different biosorbents. These observations suggest that the raw and modified plant residues have great potential as biosorbents to remove PAHs from wastewater.     

多环芳烃在土壤剖面中迁移行为的土柱淋滤模拟研究

京津地区典型土壤剖面分析表明,土壤中PAHs含量和组成均随深度增大而呈现明显的变化.为了揭示PAHs在土壤剖面中的迁移特征与控制因素,开展了室内土柱模拟实验,考察了PAHs的迁移特点及影响因素,特别是土壤有机质含量的影响.采用3种土壤质地和TOC不同的土样装填土柱,以去离子水作为淋滤液对预先加入土柱表层的污染物(包括不同环数PAHs、d-Flu)进行淋滤,当达到淋滤量后分析土柱中PAHs含量及组成.结果表明,不同实验条件下,淋滤后土壤剖面不同层次土壤中PAHs含量均高于原土样中的,且PAHs主要富集在土柱表层,随深度增加其含量明显降低,但不同土柱中降幅不同;不同环数PAHs分布特征存在差异.与原土柱相比,除d-Flu和Flu等低环数芳烃的含量在剖面不同深度均有明显增大外,部分高环数PAHs相对含量在土柱的不同深度也明显增加,说明高环数PAHs也具有一定的迁移能力,但相对于3环PAHs,高环数PAHs在土壤中迁移能力较低.此外,土壤剖面PAHs的富集程度明显受土壤中TOC影响,PAHs总量或单体PAH含量在土柱中迁移的深度随着TOC含量降低而增加.     

生物源表面活性剂对焦化土壤中多环芳烃增溶效能研究

考察了单一生物源表面活性剂鼠李糖脂、黄腐酸、槐糖脂、烷基糖苷、无患子皂苷及鼠李糖脂与各非离子生物源表面活性剂复配体系对萘和菲的增溶效能,并将优选的淋洗剂体系应用于焦化场地土壤多环芳烃（PAHs）的去除.结果表明：相较其他生物源表面活性剂,鼠李糖脂和黄腐酸对萘的增溶效果更好;对于菲的增溶,槐糖脂的增溶效果更好,这与其较低的临界胶束浓度和多环芳烃的性质有关.生物源表面活性剂复配体系的增溶能力较单一表面活性剂明显增强,以3∶1复配时增溶效果最佳.60 mmol·L^-1的鼠李糖脂-黄腐酸复配体系（3∶1）对土壤中萘的去除率可达96.64%,分别是单一鼠李糖脂和黄腐酸的1.09倍和2.21倍;而对土壤中蒽、苯并（a）蒽和苯并（k）荧蒽的去除率远低于萘,分别为63.31%、42.51%和39.10%,这是由于PAHs与鼠李糖脂-黄腐酸复配体系的相互作用随苯环数的增加而减弱.本研究可为生物源表面活性剂及其复配体系高效修复PAHs污染土壤提供科学依据.     

Investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal gasification

The hazardous organic pollutants generated from coal gasification, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), are highly mutagenic and carcinogenic. More researchers have paid particular attention to them. Using air and steam as gasification medium, the experiments of three kinds of coals were carried out in a bench-scale atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier. The contents of the 16 PAHs specified by US EPA in raw coal, slag, bag house coke, cyclone coke and gas were measured by HPLC to study the contents of PAHs in raw coal and the effects of the inherent characters of coals on the formation and release of PAHs in coal gasification. The experimental results showed that the distributions of PAHs in the gasified products are similar to raw coals and the total-PAHs content in coal gasification is higher than in raw coal(except Coal C). The totaI-PAHs contents increase and then decrease with the rise of fixed carbon and sulfur of coal while there has an opposite variation when volatile matters content increase. The quantities of PAHs reduce with the increase of ash content or the drop of heating value during coal gasification.     

管道喷射活性炭脱除焚烧炉烟气中的多环芳烃

针对我国城市生活垃圾的特点,在一台小型流化床装置上进行了垃圾焚烧试验,研究了管道喷射活性炭对16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的脱除效果.结果表明,垃圾原料和炉渣中主要是4环和5环PAHs;飞灰中以3环、4环、5环PAHs占主导地位;烟气中3环和4环PAHs最多;随着活性炭投加量的增大,烟气中PAHs浓度降低,飞灰中PAHs含量和PAHs总去除率增加;在试验范围内,PAHs脱除率为76%～91%.     

Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soil surfaces under UV irradiation

Photolysis of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on soil surfaces may play an important role in the fate of PAHs in the environment.Photolysis of PAHs on soil surfaces under UV irradiation was investigated.The effects of oxygen,irradiation intensity and soil moisture on the degradation of the three PAHs were observed.The results showed that oxygen,soil moisture and irradiation intensity enhanced the photolysis of the three PAHs on soil surfaces.The degradation of the three PAHs on soil surfaces is related to their absorption spectra and the oxidation-half-wave potential.The photolysis of PAHs on soil surfaces in the presence of oxygen followed pseudo first-order kinetics.The photolysis half-lives ranged from 37.87 days for benzo[a]pyrene to 58.73 days for phenanthrene.The results indicate that photolysis is a successful way to remediate PAHs-contaminated soils.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite in a one-step process

The optimal condition for a one-step process removing organic compounds from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite as a pretreatment was investigated. Results showed that sorption of organic compounds by organobentonite was positively correlated to the cation surfactant exchange on the bentonite and the octanol-water partition coefficient (K_ow) of the solutes. With 0.75 g/L bentonite and 180 mg/L (60% of bentonite cation exchange capacity) cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, the removal efficiencies of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency in coking wastewater except naphthalene were more than 90%, and that of benzo(a)pyrene was 99.5%. At the same time, the removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₃-N, volatile phenols, colour and turbidity were 28.6%, 13.2%, 8.9%, 55% and 84.3%, respectively, and the ratio of BOD₅/COD_Cr increased from 0.31 to 0.41. These results indicated that the one-step process had high removal efficiency for toxic and refractory hydrophobic organic compounds, and could improve the biodegradability of the coking wastewater. Therefore it could be a promising technology for the pretreatment of toxic and refractory organic wastewater.     

Screening and degrading characteristics and community structure of a high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial consortium from contaminated soil

Inoculation with effcient microbes had been proved to be the most important way for the bioremediation of polluted environments. For the treatment of abandoned site of Beijing Coking Chemical Plant contaminated with high level of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(HMW-PAHs) ,a bacterial consortium capable of degrading HMW-PAHs,designated 1-18-1,was enriched and screened from HMW-PAHs contaminated soil.Its degrading ability was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) ,and the community structure was investigated by construction and analyses of the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries(A,B and F) at different transfers.The results indicated that 1-18-1 was able to utilize pyrene,fluoranthene and benzoapyrene as sole carbon and energy source for growth.The degradation rate of pyrene and fluoranthene reached 82.8%and 96.2%after incubation for 8 days at 30°C,respectively;while the degradation rate of benzoapyrene was only 65.1%after incubation for 28 days at 30°C. Totally,108,100 and 100 valid clones were randomly selected and sequenced from the libraries A,B,and F.Phylogenetic analyses showed that all the clones could be divided into 5 groups,Bacteroidetes,α-Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,β-Proteobacteria andγ-Proteobacteria.Sequence similarity analyses showed total 39 operational taxonomic units(OTUs) in the libraries.The predominant bacterial groups wereα-Proteobacteria(19 OTUs,48.7%) ,γ-Proteobacteria(9 OTUs,23.1%) andβ-Proteobacteria(8 OTUs,20.5%) . During the transfer process,the proportions ofα-Proteobacteria andβ-Proteobacteria increased greatly(from 47%to 93%) ,while γ-Proteobacteria decreased from 32%(library A) to 6%(library F) ;and Bacteroidetes group disappeared in libraries B and F.     

高级氧化技术修复多环芳烃污染土壤研究进展

多环芳烃（PAHs）是由2个或2个以上苯环组成的碳氢化合物,其致癌、致突变、致畸等特性对人类健康和生态环境产生不利的影响。由于PAHs具有低水溶性、高疏水性和难降解性等特点,导致PAHs污染土壤修复具有巨大挑战。高级氧化技术是处理PAHs污染土壤的有效手段。对高级氧化技术在PAHs污染土壤修复领域的研究进展进行了总结,对臭氧氧化、芬顿氧化和过硫酸盐氧化等高级氧化技术的优劣进行了分析;此外,探讨了表面活性剂在提升高级氧化效果方面的作用以及土壤理化环境条件对氧化过程的影响,分析了氧化过程对土壤微环境的潜在影响;最后,指出了高级氧化修复PAHs污染土壤的研究难点和未来方向。

     

Partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on organobentonites from water

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煤矸石堆放对土壤环境PAHs污染的影响

为探讨煤矸石堆放对土壤环境的有机污染效应,以典型煤矸石区——平煤十二矿为例,利用GC-MS技术对煤矸石、表层土壤及降尘样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量及化学组成特征进行了检测,将PAHs空间分布、环数分布、优势组成与分子标志物参数相结合,定性剖析了煤矸石堆放对表层土壤PAHs污染的贡献.煤矸石、降尘和土壤表层中PAHs综合分析表明,煤矸石堆积区表层土壤US EPA 16种优控PAHs(PHA₁₆)总量为0.94~5.66 μg·g^-1,属严重污染;表层土壤PAH₁₆总量与煤矸石山距离呈负相关关系;煤矸石、降尘及表层土壤中PAHs均为富3环特征,以菲、苯并荧蒽、、荧蒽及芘为优势组成;煤矸石扬尘直降、煤矸石燃烧、原煤煤尘降落和燃烧对土壤环境PAHs均有输入,但近源区煤矸石扬尘直降贡献明显,煤矸石扬尘使煤矿区土壤环境中PAHs污染具有面源贡献的特点,应引起重视.     

多环芳烃的微生物降解与生物修复

生物修复在治理多环芳烃污染环境中的作用日益突出，其应用越来越受到重视。文中概述了生物修复技术发展的基础－多环芳烃微生物降解，论述了降解微生物分离、驯化、咱类、降解机制等，探讨了提高多环芳烃降解速率的途径及其存在的一些问题，并对今后的发展进行了展望。     

典型污染区农业土壤中PAHs的分布、来源及生态风险

采用同位素稀释气相色谱-质谱（GC/MS）分析了路桥农业表层土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量,并对其分布、来源及生态风险进行了分析.结果表明,土壤中16种PAHs的检出率达到100%,其总含量范围为52.3~991 μg·kg-1,与土壤有机碳显著相关（p < 0.01）.PAHs组成特征表明,路桥土壤中以高环PAHs为主.PAHs（除Nap、Acy和Fl）间呈显著相关（r > 0.7,p < 0.01）,表明采样区PAHs污染来源具有一定的相似性.同分异构体比值和因子分析表明,路桥农业土壤中PAHs主要来源于煤和生物质的燃烧.土样中16 PAHs的毒性当量浓度（TEQBaP）介于4.61~164 μg·kg-1之间,7种致癌性PAHs对总TEQBaP的贡献达99%.在35%的土样中,10种PAHs的总TEQBaP超过荷兰土壤目标参考值,表明路桥部分农业土壤存在潜在的生态风险.