创新驱动发展战略与中国的未来城镇化建设

在科技发展日新月异的今天,科技创新进一步成为经济和社会发展的主导力量。而城市既是经济社会发展的重要载体,也是创新要素的主要聚集地,科技创新在城市发展中的作用和意义愈加凸显。中国改革开放以来,城镇化快速发展,已经取得举世瞩目的成就,并开始进入初级城市型社会阶段。但是在城镇化过程中由于长期以来的粗放型外延型发展模式,产生了巨大的资源和环境压力,社会矛盾增多,这些都困扰着中国城镇化的进程。把科技创新融入到城镇化,积极探索资源节约、集约高效、环保低碳的绿色城镇化之路,有利于突破中国城镇化道路所面临的瓶颈,实现城镇化的战略转型。本文在简要分析和阐述中国进入城市化社会新时代的现状和中国城镇化面临的困境的基础上,以北京市为例,从4个方面分析了科技创新对城镇化建设的驱动作用:创新驱动产业结构升级,推动城市经济绿色化;创新驱动产业布局优化,促进城市空间和能源、资源高效集约利用;创新驱动信息通讯技术发展,推进城市智慧化;创新驱动文化、制度和社会管理进步,提升城市内涵。基于以上分析,针对当前城镇化建设中发展创新型经济、建设创新型城市存在一些问题,提出建议:拓展和深化科技创新服务体系;促进区域间城镇化协调发展,以产城融合推动城市化建设;加强智慧城市顶层设计、宏观统筹;促进城市文化与科技融合;创新城乡一体化社会管理机制。     

社会和谐与可持续发展

本文运用系统科学原理阐释了社会和谐的内涵,指出社会和谐须以人与自然和谐为基础,以人与人之间的平等、友爱和同合作为表征,其构建与实现应遵从人类社会的演化规律,依赖予在把握人类社会需求演绎、协同人与自然关系的基础上推动生产力的高效有序发展和自然资源、生态环境的可持续支持.进而从可持续发展角度,提出了人与自然和谐的"双剩余理论",以揭示其间的供瓣枧理和协同准则;推导出了社会收益分配的相对公平系数,以衡量人与人公平要求下的社会和谐.针对国情和战略目标要求,提出了以加强小城镇建设为轴心的城市、小城镇与农村人流、物流、财流和信息流合理聚散的"三元结构"发展模式,以促进我国和谐社会的建设和可持续发展战略的有序实践.     

提高全民族科学文化素质是可持续发展能力建设的重要任务

今后15年是我国社会主义建设事业承前启后,迈入中华民族为之百年奋斗、实现其梦寐以求的宏伟理想的关键时期。因此,走可持续发展道路,实施科教兴国战略,促进两个具有全局意义的根本转变,实现“九五”计划和2010年远景目标,对于我国经济和社会发展具有深远的意义。 可持续发展对于我国这样一个人口众多、人均资源又相对不足的发展中国家其核心问题是发展。这种发展既要考虑当前发展的需要,又要考虑未来发展的需要;不能以牺牲后代人的     

中国社会发展的战略构想

本文建立了“经济发展主要靠市场,社会发展主要靠政策”的总体调控模式,强调了建立国家级十大调控体系和具体指标体系的必要性,阐述了社会发展战略的立足点,发展观念的转变及发展模式的正确选择。     

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展战略立法的策略北大核心CSCDCSSCI

黄河流域生态本底脆弱、系统环境超载、水沙关系失衡、水资源匮乏,其症结在于长期经济社会发展需求与粗放式发展模式下人地关系的矛盾。迫切需要将黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展目标法治化,从生态环境严格保护、经济社会布局优化调整、流域内各行政区统筹协调等多个层面对流域人类的生产生活方式进行调整和规范。文章从黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的国家战略出发,探讨推进“黄河战略”相关立法工作的策略选择,具体分析了“黄河战略”相关立法的需求、原则、框架和关键。首先,强调了解决流域经济社会发展需求与生态资源环境承载能力间矛盾的现实需求,指出了现有体制机制难以有效解决黄河流域系统性保护和治理问题的实际障碍;其次,从系统性、整体性、协同性和适应性四个方面,分别阐述了此次黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展战略相关立法的根本原则;接着,构建了以实现“生态-经济-社会”效益相统一的流域高质量发展为目标,以高度价值认同的流域文化共识为牵引,以流域高水平保护和治理为手段,以流域空间管控和流域协调机构两大机制为抓手的理论框架,识别出那些区别于长江等其他流域保护立法的特色问题作为立法关键;最后,结合我国流域管理法缺位、涉水四法功能割裂、政出多门职能交叉等现实特征给出此次立法定位的思考及建议。     

经济发展与社会发展

和平和发展,是当今世界的两大主题。发展不仅是经济发展,也包括社会发展。经济发展和社会发展是相互依存、相互促进的,经济发展是社会发展的前提和基础,社会发展是经济发展的结果和目的。另一方面,当今世界上许多国家和经验都表明,经济发展不能自动带来社会发展,高速的经济增长并不能直接解决社会发展中的问题,一些社会问题的产生甚至是由经济     

中国绿色建材发展研究

绿色建材是一种不破坏环境，不能保护环境，节约能源和资源，满足社会发展的新型建筑材料。本文扼要介绍了我国绿色建材的发展现状，着重从三个方面分析了绿色建材评价标准，加强和完善绿色建材认证制度等建议以促进我国绿色建材的发展，从而保证环境、社会、经济可持续发展。     

关注学生终身发展 实施人生预备教育

我国教育之所以要实施可持续发展战略 ,首先 ,是社会主义初级阶段社会主要矛盾对教育提出的要求 ,是教育需求增长与教育资源约束之间对立统一规律在教育决策层面上的反映。其次 ,实施可持续教育发展战略 ,很大程度上是针对教育的不可持续发展现象提出来的。再次 ,实施可持续教育发展战略 ,是素质教育实践必然要求。高中阶段是学生即将步入成人阶段的关键时期。在这个时期 ,对学生实施可持续发展教育和能使之受益终生的预备教育 ,不仅是抓住时机培育高素质人才的需要 ,更是高中教育最终适应和服务于社会发展的需要。1　可持续教育发展战略是…     

科技促进宁夏可持续发展的现状分析

科技是推动宁夏进一步深化改革与发展、实施西部大开发战略、促进经济持续增长、优化产业结构、提升产业竞争实力、缓解发展过程中的资源环境约束力、实现可持续发展的核心力量.科技在促进宁夏实现可持续发展方面取得显著的成就与经验,但是在支Ё撑全区社会经济发展、改善环境以及区域科技创新能力建设方面仍存在急需解决的问题:①科技资源布局不合理;②产业工艺落后,能耗偏高:③特色优势产业发展后劲严重不足,成果转化率低;④区域科技创新能力弱.文章最后结合宁夏自然环境条件、社会经济发展状况、文化特点提出了其未来科技发展的战略思路及重点.     

以人为本创新求实积极推进社会发展科技工作

国家社会发展科技工作从上世纪80年代起步以来，已有二十多个年头了。以人为本，科学发展，共创和谐，实施自主创新战略，已成为国民经济和社会发展的根本要求。我们要总结“十五”社会发展科技工作，学习交流各地方、各部门取得的好经验，部署“十一五”社会发展科技工作，团结一致加快发展，努力开创社会发展科技工作的新局面。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.