水湿生经济植物开发及涝渍地农业模式研究

简要阐述了利用水生和湿生植物开发涝渍地的必要性，报导了四湖地区涝渍地进行水生和湿生经济植物引种栽培和优化农业模式试验方面的研究结果，还讨论了在平原湖区涝渍地水湿生经济作物优化农业模式的优越性和生态效益。     

鄱阳湖湿地植物生态系统结构及湖水位对其影响研究

通过对鄱阳湖水文过程和湖盆地形特点的分析,利用3S技术对鄱阳湖湿地进行了分类,研究了各种类型湿地植物生态系统的生境、主要植物群落结构和分布规律。结果表明,鄱阳湖湿地植物生态系统结构复杂,生物多样性极其丰富。湿地植物是以根茎为主要繁殖器官的克隆繁殖植物,以集群分布为主要特点。在宏观尺度上受地形高程、湖水位和洲滩出露时间制约,不同植物群落沿水分梯度分布;在景观尺度上受到土壤含水量、地下水埋深和土壤结构影响,形成水平镶嵌结构;微观尺度上还与微地形和土壤养分密切相关,部分区域表现为复合体结构。湿地植被对水分梯度的敏感性,导致湿地植物生态系统的易变性和脆弱性。近年来,鄱阳湖水位过低且持续时间长,使生态系统遭受一定损害。     

武汉东湖生态旅游风景区植物资源现状及其类型

研究目的在于分析武汉东湖生态旅游风景区植物资源类型和构成特点,探讨人工引种对植物资源成分的影响。通过实地考察、标本鉴定和查阅资料,统计该景区现有维管植物142科453属819种。其中,蕨类17科、27属、33种,裸子植物7科、16属、32种,被子植物118科、410属、754种。按性质和用途,划分为观赏植物、古大树木、珍稀濒危及国家重点保护植物、药用植物、材用植物、油脂植物、芳香植物、饲用植物、纤维植物9大类。对各种类型的资源植物进行了统计分析,列举了一些具有代表意义植物种类。记录了外来入侵植物的种类和分布,分析了人工引种对景区植物的生活型及各类型植物资源比例的影响,以及该景区植物资源在武汉地区所占地位。结果表明,该景区植物资源丰富,面积仅占武汉市的0.96％,植物种类却达到全市48.75％。木本植物比例相对较低,草本及藤本高于武汉全市的平均水平。在自然分布植物中药用植物所占比重最大,而在人工引种植物中,观赏植物所占比重最大。针对园林观赏植物的引种,古树名木和珍稀植物的保护,以及入侵植物风险控制,提出了具体的建议。〖     

陕南化龙山珍稀濒危植物的保护和利用

化龙山是大巴山系在川陕境内的最高山峰,海拔２９１７．２ｍ,植物资源丰富,有野生维管植物１９７７种,隶属１８６科８１５属。化龙山是陕西省珍稀濒危植物资源最丰富的地区,共有国家保护的珍稀濒危植物２２科３０属３３种,其中属一级保护１种,二级保护１１种,三级保护２１种,属濒危２种,稀有１４各,渐危１７种,珍稀濒危植物古老成分较多,并以第三纪孑遗成分为主单少型属和中国特有属分别是１６属和１０属。这些珍稀濒危     

三峡库区（湖北部分）珍稀濒危保护植物资源现状

对长江三峡库区（湖北部分）宜昌,兴山,秭归和巴东４县的调查表明,三峡库区天然分布有殂稀濒危植物４０种,隶属２７科３６属,分别占湖北省总数６２种和全国总数３８８种的６４．５％和１０．３％;天然分布有国家重点保护植物１３１种,隶属２７科７３属,分别占湖北省总数的２０６种和全国总数的１７００多种的６３．６％和７．７％,其中国家一级保护植物有红豆杉、南方红豆杉、珙酮、光叶珙酮４种。国家二级保护植物有金毛狗     

The Upper and Lower Ecological Limits of Specific Metabolic Power of Different Organisms

It has been demonstrated that bioenergetic properties of plants (independence of productivity from size, proportionality between radial growth of woody plants and plant mass, etc.) and animals are not related to the presumed universal linear relationship between metabolic power and body mass to the power of 3/4. This relationship is not true for plants and endothermic animals. The observed bioenergetic characteristics of these organisms are explained by simple biological and physical laws, including the existence of the lower and upper limits of the specific metabolic power of living matter.     

Variation among chlorine concentration ratios for native and agronomic plants

Variation among plant/soil concentration ratios (CRs) for important radionuclides requires attention because it is a major source of uncertainty in nuclear environmental safety assessments. For agronomic plants, variation among plant species is easy to deal with because there are relatively few species. In natural settings, there are vastly more species and the question becomes how to develop representative statistical distributions of CRs. Chlorine (Cl) is a good element with which to address this problem, because ³⁶Cl is a key radionuclide in nuclear waste disposal and yet stable Cl is easily measured in the environment. We measured CRs (dry weight basis) for Cl among edible parts of agronomic plants at one site, and found a geometric mean (GM) of 10, a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.9 and a range of 5–66. When the GM was weighted by the relative contributions of the various plants to the human diet, it rose to 16. Among native plants at five sites, each site representative of a specific environment, the GMs were 4.0–13 and the GSDs were 2.9–6.2. The CRs for individual species ranged from 0.8 to 170. However, when weighted by relative contributions of the plants to selected animal diets, the GMs were as high as 50. The conclusions are that: the variation in CR for agronomic plants is a subset of the variation among native or all plants, variation among species (the GSD) can be sixfold, and variation among species is large enough that typical diets of specific animals could expose them to several-fold higher amounts of Cl (or ³⁶Cl) than expected from generic CR values.     

贵州喀斯特地区珍稀濒危植物及其保护

贵州73％的土地为碳酸盐岩覆盖，生态环境脆弱，喀斯特地貌极为发育是我国一个相对独特的地域环境单元，也是一个植物多样性较丰富的地区，仅需保护的珍稀濒危植物就有342种，分属84科193属。分析了贵州喀斯特地区珍稀濒危植物的现状特征，并从植物本身的生理生态习性，喀斯特生境本底的严酷性（如土壤瘠薄、方便利用的地表水匮乏等），人类干扰活动（如盗伐，毁林垦荒，水土流失，酸雨危害等）等方面探讨了该地区珍稀濒危物种的濒危原因。在此基础上，结合目前西部大开发中生态建设的要求，提出了该地区珍稀濒危植物保护应采取的七条对策建议。     

Plants against the global epidemic of arsenic poisoning

Due to the growing current trend around the world of drinking water from underground sources, in an attempt to replace heavily polluted surface water supplies, arsenic is causing a global epidemic of poisoning with hundreds of millions of people now being thought at serious risk in many countries. Phytoremediation (bioremediation mediated by plants) has been proposed as an effective tool in arsenic cleanup. Actually, some plants (most notably, the Chinese brake fern Pteris vittata) have been reported to be suitable for arsenic phytoremediation. In this respect, transgenic plants are being developed to improve their capacity to accumulate arsenic. Most interestingly, rhizofiltration (use of plants to absorb or adsorb pollutants from water) is being considered for the ex situ and in situ remediation of arsenic-contaminated water. Similarly, some plants show great potential to remove arsenic from polluted soil.     

Ethnobotany in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique: Use of Medicinal Plants

Communities in Cabo Delgado have a long tradition of using medicinal plants. In Mozambique, rural populations in general are highly dependent on natural resources. One example is the use of surrounding vegetation by people from Cabo Delgado. They use plants for food, handicrafts, construction, as a primary energy source and even for medicine purposes. In this survey, we examined the diversity of plant usage for medicinal purposes by 146 individuals, including adults and youth living in the Cabo Delgado province. This community quoted 16 species of plants, belonging to 13 families. Utilisation by different categories of people based on sex and age was compared and differences were found among some groups. In general, older people show a deeper knowledge of medicinal plants than younger people. Men and women show similar knowledge of medicinal plants.     

鄱阳湖湿地植被退化原因分析及其预警

2003年以来,鄱阳湖长期处于低枯水位状态,湖盆植被面积减少600km2;洲滩土壤含水量降低,旱生植物物种入侵,占据高程15m以上洲滩,湿地植被演变成中生性草甸,使物种大幅度增加;湿生和水生植物向湖中心下移,生长空间缩减;对水深、污染物敏感的植物群落的物种、生物量减少,生物多样性退化;对水深适应性强和耐污染的植物迅速扩张。无序采砂、防火烧荒、牲畜放牧加剧了这一局面。在气候变化和人类活动影响下,鄱阳湖湿地植被正在逐步退化。为了遏制这一退化现象,正在建立鄱阳湖健康评价体系与标准,加强植物群落固定断面和针对稀有物种、对水深和污染物敏感物种、危害湖泊健康物种进行专项监测,针对发现的问题,用遥感影像辨识、实地勘测研究分析全湖变化状况,判断其危害程度,提出防治对策,向相关部门和地区提出预警建议。     

Artisanal fishers’ ethnobotany: from plant diversity use to agrobiodiversity management

Artisanal fishers interact with plants in many ways, and with different intensities. In spite of being characterized by fisheries, Caiçaras use plants with varied degrees of management, since the less intensive management actions, extraction of forest products, until intensively management actions through the cultivation of the agrobiodiversity. This study presents the results of different research projects and includes the North and the South regions of São Paulo state coast. The objective is to characterize the diversity of extracted and cultivated species by traditional fishers at Southeastern region of Brazilian Atlantic forest. Ethnobotanical surveys revealed a high diversity of plants known and used, ranging up to a richness of 272 species known in two communities for the South coast, most of them being native. However, depending on the management intensity, this diversity can be rather particularized: we found 68 varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) at North region and 58 varieties at the South region, with exclusive vernacular names. Through an ethnobotanical perspective, we compare and discuss the different dynamic systems underlying the relationships between fishers and plants. The diversity of cultivated plants is analyzed in depth, focusing on the historical importance of agriculture among people who are currently characterized as fishers. A schematic model is proposed to explain the dynamic systems operating in the relationships between fishers and plants.     

Potential of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coriaria nepalensis</Emphasis> for establishment of tree seedlings: Implication for restoration of degraded hill slopes of Central Himalaya

Seedling establishment in harsh environment was a rare and sporadic event due to the prevalent high temperatures and low moisture regimes. Also in response to harsh conditions seedlings establishment of many species appear to be more frequent under canopies of nurse plants. In these interactions the seedling benefit from the micro environment created by the adult nurse plants. In Himalaya some of the host plants are typically colonizer of nutrient-poor soils in habitats such as eroded soils and rocky surfaces. Many of the plants themselves do not yield economic goods, but they can promote the growth of more useful plants and have potential for reclamation of nutrient poor soils.     

Regulation of nuclear radiation exposures in India

India has a long-term program of wide spread applications of nuclear radiations and radioactive sources for peaceful applications in medicine, industry, agriculture and research and is already having several thousand places in the country where such sources are being routinely used. These places are mostly outside the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) installations. DAE supplies such sources. The most important application of nuclear energy in DAE is in electricity generation through nuclear power plants. Fourteen such plants are operating and many new plants are at various stages of construction. In view of the above mentioned wide spread applications, Indian parliament through an Act, called Atomic Energy Act, 1964 created an autonomous body called Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) with comprehensive authority and powers. This Board issues codes, guides, manuals, etc., to regulate such installations so as to ensure safe use of such sources and personnel engaged in such installations and environment receives radiation exposures within the upper bounds prescribed by them. Periodic reports are submitted to AERB to demonstrate compliance of its directives. Health, Safety and Environment Group of Bhabha Atomic Research Centres, Mumbai carries out necessary surveillance and monitoring of all installations of the DAE on a routine basis and also periodic inspections of other installations using radiation sources. Some of the nuclear fuel cycle plants like nuclear power plants and fuel reprocessing involve large radioactive source inventories and have potential of accidental release of radioactivity into the environment, an Environmental Surveillance Laboratory (ESL) is set up at each such site much before the facility goes into operation. These ESL's collect baseline data and monitor the environment throughout the life of the facilities including the decommissioning stage. The data is provided to AERB and is available to members of the public. In addition, a multi-tier system of AERB permissions is in place to ensure that all aspects of safety have been considered before permission to operate is granted. The stages where permission of AERB is essential are site selection, design data, and several stages during construction and operation. The details required by AERB include provision for treatment and storage of radioactive waste, de-commissioning procedures and provision of costs. In addition to AERB, nuclear power plants have to comply with the requirements of Ministry of Environment and Forests and get their clearance. This is given on the basis of Environmental Impact Assessment Report which should satisfy the authorities that no ecological damage will be caused and the facility will not have adverse effect on the environment. In addition, the State Pollution Control Board where the facility is to be located has to permit the site of the plant for its proposed discharges into the environment. It is largely due to the above comprehensive regulatory controls that none of the plants in India had any accident during the last 34 decades of operation. The type of measurements carried out by the ESL's and results from a few typical ESL's will be presented.     

Adaptive significance of endomycorrhizas for herbaceous plants

It has been shown that endomycorrhizas are found in the majority of herbaceous plants, but their adaptive significance is ambiguous. As a rule, the degree of development of plants and their parts, cenotic status of the species, and species diversity of plant community manifest no definitely positive correlation with the level of mycorrhiza development on root systems. Interactions between the partners in most cases can be classified as indifferent or negative.     

New advances in plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for bioremediation

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are bacteria capable of promoting plant growth by colonizing the plant root. For a long period PGPR were mainly used for assisting plants to uptake nutrients from the environment or preventing plant diseases. Phytoremediation is a new and promising approach to remove contaminants in the environment. But using plants alone for remediation confronts many limitations. Recently, the application of PGPR has been extended to remediate contaminated soils in association with plants. Of all the present contaminants, the profound impacts of organic and heavy metal pollutants have attracted world wide attention. Here we review the progress of PGPR for remediation of soils contaminated with these two sources.     

Indigenous knowledge on use values of Karvan district plants,Iran

Traditional and indigenous knowledge on plants usage is a valuable source of information from cultural and natural perspectives, reflecting society’s complicated and close relationship with the environment. Communities have a valuable source of traditional knowledge on the utilization of natural resources, and it is worth to be documented and preserved for current and future applications. We conducted this research to collect and identify plant species of Karvan District and document the traditional knowledge on their use and consumption values. Regarding the results, 150 plant species are used by local communities, more than 30 % of which are directly consumed as food, 24 % (37 species) are used as medicinal plants, and 16.3 % are applied for decoration purposes; 58.6 % of the species are consumed in the raw form, and the remaining is processed before consumption. Leaves (35 %), seeds (21 %) and flowers (21 %) are the most frequent parts of the plants that are used. High number of young emigrants to industrialized areas in seek of job opportunities is threatening this precious source of indigenous knowledge. Attempts to preserve this empirical source of information by encouraging trans-generational knowledge transmission would help to maintain it for future applications.     

铜绿山矿冶废弃地优势植物重金属的积累与迁移

通过野外调查和取样分析,研究了大冶铜绿山矿冶废弃地鸭跖草等5种优势植物对重金属的吸收累积与迁移特性,以期为矿区退化生态系统的植被恢复、重金属污染土壤的治理等提供依据。结果表明,鸭跖草等5种植物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr都有程度不等的高量积累,尤其是铜元素,其最高积累量出现在海洲香薷根部,达到844.65 mg/kg,是一般植物Cu含量（5~25 mg/kg）的33.8~1689倍;而在同样条件下,As在5种植物体内的含量为018~098 mg/kg,远远低于As在一般植物中的含量（＜10 mg/kg）,这说明这些植物对As可能具有某种规避机制。从植物对重金属的吸收、富集和转运能力综合考虑,鸭跖草等5种植物都不太可能是重金属Cu等6种重金属的超累积植物。但是,它们对重金属所表现出的耐性无疑对矿冶废弃地的植被恢复过程有重要意义。     

Mathematical approaches to the analysis of the spatial-age structures of tussock herb species

Some up-to-date methods of analysis of the spatial and age structures of populations, including local population density maps and Ripley’s functions, are described using 20 cenopopulations (CPs) of Adonis vernalis L. as an example. Pregenerative plants have been found to be the most contagious, irrespective of climatic and phytocenotic conditions and land use type. The spatial distribution pattern and structure of A. vernalis are mainly determined by generative plants forming a tussock, irrespective of the climate and vegetation type. This is explained by higher competitiveness of generative plants, which results in a reduced vegetation density at small distances from them (25–50 cm). Within wider areas, plant distribution may be random due to uniformity of local conditions in microhabitats. The formation of distinct plant aggregations is accounted for by insufficient water supply and the intensity and type of anthropogenic impact.