The use of plate heat exchangers to improve energy efficiency in phosphoric acid production

This paper originated as a part of a comprehensive research project designed to develop ecologically sustainable, environmentally friendly, resource- and energy-saving industrial process technology for the production of a wide class of phosphorus containing substances. The essential feature of the research was designed for the replacement of tubular heat exchangers with Plate heat exchangers (PHEs) and for the installation of these units in new locations in the processes to optimally improve energy efficiency and to prevent pollution. Despite the severe operating conditions in the production of phosphoric acid PHEs of various designs find the application in these processes. For such a corrosive environment as a phosphoric acid production plant, the Hastelloy G30 alloy is used as the material for the plates and synthetic rubber EPDM is used as the material for inter-plate gaskets. The analysis of the data shows, that using mixed groupings of plates in the unit allows one to obtain optimal solutions. The simulation of barometric mixing condenser recycled water cooling with plate heat exchanger shows the possibility of an application which minimizes the waste water pollution by closing the condenser cooling water circuit. Software was developed for calculations of units working both with liquid and phase changing streams.     

Adapting food systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains to global environmental change: key information needs to improve policy formulation

The Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP; including regions of Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bangladesh) is generally characterised by fertile soils, favourable climate and an abundant supply of water. Nevertheless, the challenge of increasing food production in the IGP in line with demand grows ever greater; any perturbation in agriculture will considerably affect the food systems of the region and increase the vulnerability of the resource-poor population. Increasing regional production is already complicated by increasing competition for land resources by non-agricultural sectors and by the deterioration of agri-environments and water resources. Global environmental change (GEC), especially changes in climate mean values and variability, will further complicate the agricultural situation and will therefore, have serious implications for food systems of the region. Strategies to reduce the vulnerability of the region's food systems to GEC need to be based on a combination of technical and policy options, and developed in recognition of the concurrent changes in socioeconomic stresses. Adaptation options need to be assessed with regard to their socioeconomic and environmental efficacy, but a greater understanding of the interactions of food systems with GEC is needed to be able to do this with confidence. This paper discusses information needs relating to resource management and policy support to guide the development of research planning for increasing the robustness of IGP food systems to GEC. Further information is needed to develop a range of adaptation strategies including augmenting production and its sustainability, increasing income from agricultural enterprises, diversification from rice–wheat systems, improving land use and natural resource management, and instigating more flexible policies and institutions.     

环境群体事件多发和新媒体时代背景下如何改进环境信息公开和推动公众参与

我国的经济社会发展已进入环境敏感期和矛盾凸显期,面对日渐高发的环境突发事件,以及由环境问题引发的群体性事件,政府该如何应对？在新媒体时代背景下,如何进一步推进环境信息公开和推动公众参与？日前,环境公共关系与战略传播研究所邀请社会知名环保人士围绕“环境群体事件多发和新媒体时代背景下的环境信息公开与公众参与”进行了交流,畅谈了他们的看法。     

区域土地利用结构的信息熵分异规律研究

根据对全国及东中西部、浙江省及各地市、杭州市所属的5个县市的土地利用结构信息熵的计算分析,结果表明,土地利用结构的信息熵值可以用来反映一区域土地利用系统的有序程度。一般说来,信息熵值愈大,土地利用系统的有序程度愈低,反之亦然;土地利用结构的信息熵值具有空间分异规律,在全国、浙江省和杭州市3个层面上均表现出信息熵值自沿海向内陆递减;土地利用结构的信息熵值在时间上具有动态演变规律。土地利用结构信息熵可综合反映某区域在一定时段内各种土地利用类型的动态变化及其转换程度,对于区域土地利用结构调整具有指导意义。     

Product-related information for sustainable use of laundry detergents in Finnish households

The purpose of this paper is to report on research on how product-related information can guide sustainable product use in the context of laundry detergents. More precisely, the purpose of the study was designed to analyse how the detergent package information and dosing instructions are read, understood and followed in the Finnish households. Data collection methods included interviews in 340 Finnish households in 2004 and 299 households in 2005 with a standardised questionnaire. Results show that the majority of respondents did not know if the washing water is hard or soft, which indeed has a direct effect on dosing amounts. However, package information per se was found to be easily understandable, although dosing instructions for calculating the right amount of detergent for the laundry were often confusing. Finally, it is discussed how product-related information could be further improved to guide sustainable product use and to educate consumers about sustainable consumption.     

土地利用/覆盖变化混合动态监测方法研究

针对当前土地利用/覆盖变化动态监测中常用的分类后比较法中存在的误差累积 ,夸大变化程度的缺陷 ,提出了把变化矢量分析和分类后比较法相结合进行混合动态监测的新方法。从北京市海淀区的实例研究来看 ,尽管该方法对单景图像分类精度提高不明显 ,却可以大大降低常规分类后比较法中误差累积的程度 ,改善了常规分类后比较方法中误差累积、出现不合理变化类型的缺陷 ,从而得到较为准确的土地利用/覆盖变化定量信息。     

Settlement decisions in blue tits: difference in the use of social information according to age and individual success

Dispersers are expected to assess breeding habitat quality before settlement. Although cues reflecting habitat quality are well studied, social cues have not been as well evaluated. In this paper, we studied breeding habitat selection during 3 years in a natural population of blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus, breeding in nest-boxes. Our aim was to investigate if this species used conspecific density and/or reproductive success of con- and heterospecifics (i.e., social cues) in settlement decisions. The patterns observed were consistent with the idea that juveniles, when dispersing from their natal patches, did not react to any of the cues that we tested. In contrast, breeders that dispersed seemed to respond to both conspecific mean patch reproductive success (PRS) and breeding density of the settlement patch in the year of dispersal, their response differing according to their own reproductive success. Indeed, failed breeders moved to areas with high PRS and low density relative to source patches, while successful breeders behaved the opposite. The comparison between juveniles and adults might be modulated by the limited time available to juveniles to gather information on PRS and density at the end of the dispersing year. Adults lacking these time constraints, however, seemed to rely on these conspecific cues although limited by their own quality. Additionally, breeders were more likely to be immigrants in patches with relatively low breeding success and density the previous year, suggesting that settlement is influenced by multiple cues, which may reveal information on different aspects of habitat and be available at different moments. Collectively, our results support the importance of social cues for blue tits’ settlement.     

Prioritising catchment management projects to improve marine water quality

Runoff from human land-uses is one of the most significant threats to some coastal marine environments. Initiatives to reduce that runoff usually set runoff reduction targets but do not give guidance on how to prioritize the different options that exist to achieve them. This paper demonstrates an easy to interpret economic framework to prioritise investment for conservation projects that aim to reduce pollution of marine ecosystems caused by runoff from agricultural land-uses. We demonstrate how to apply this framework using data on project cost, benefit and feasibility with a subset of projects that have been funded to reduce runoff from subcatchments adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef. Our analysis provides a graphical overview of the cost-effectiveness of the investment options, enables transparent planning for different budgets, assesses the existence of trends in the cost-effectiveness of different categories, and can test if the results are robust under uncertainty in one or more of the parameters. The framework provided solutions that were up to 4 times more efficient than when omitting information on cost or benefit. The presented framework can be used as a benchmark for evaluating results from a range of prioritisation processes against the best possible conservation outcomes.     

清洁生产提升企业效益——广东中成化工有限公司清洁生产范例介绍

清洁生产起源于20世纪60年代,中国政府对国际社会倡导的清洁生产战略积极响应.2002年6月29日全国人大通过了《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》,2003年1月1日起施行.     

MAHB——传播环境改善理念的论坛

气候破坏、生物多样性和生态系统失能、地球毒化、核战的潜在影响以及社会和经济的不公平,这些人类的困境阻碍了环境问题的解决,以至环境问题愈演愈烈.尽管解决这些困境的步骤是清晰的,却很少被采用—恰在此时,环境状态每况日下.温室气体排放的趋势仍持续快速上升,生物多样性的灭绝和生态系统服务的丧失的现象有增无减,饥饿人口的数量已达到了十亿,意味着有同等数量免疫系统缺陷的人群.加之人口增长迅速,大规模传染病爆发的可能性升高.在亚洲,喜马拉雅山脉冰川的消融和上升的气温威胁着亚洲次大陆上十六亿人口的用水和食品供应.     

OBIA与RF结合的龙口市土地利用信息提取方法

为提高中分辨率遥感影像解译精度,本文提出面向对象影像分析（Object Based Image Analysis,OBIA）与随机森林（Random Forest,RF）结合的土地利用信息提取方法。采用Landsat 8 OLI影像,针对不同地物特点,阈值分割和多尺度分割结合创建影像对象,规则集和分类器协同分类,基于Relief F算法分别对光谱特征、纹理特征及所有特征降维筛选特征子集,并与全部特征一起应用RF建模,对龙口市进行土地利用信息提取与比较。结果表明：OBIA与RF结合提取土地利用信息,基于Relief F算法筛选纹理特征,保留完整光谱、几何、空间关系特征构建RF模型,建模错分率为0.0958,分类总体精度和Kappa系数分别为89.37%和0.872,取得较理想结果。该方法可应用于中分辨率遥感影像土地利用信息提取。     

GHG emission reductions and costs to achieve Kyoto target

Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves (MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbonmarket, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However, they are products of very complex,dynamic systems driven by forces like population growth, economic development, resource endowments, technology progress and so on. The modeling approaches for emission projection and MACs evaluation were summarized, and some major models and their results were compared.Accordingly, reduction and cost requirements to achieve the Kyoto target were estimated. It is concluded that Annex I Parties‘ total reduction requirements range from 503--1304 MtC with USA participation and decrease significantly to 140--612 MtC after USA‘ s withdrawal. Total costs vary from 21--77 BUSD with USA and from 5--36 BUSD without USA if only domestic reduction actions are taken. The costs would sharply reduce while considering the three flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol with domestic actions‘ share in the all mitigation strategies drons to only 0--16%.     

应用生物炭改善填埋场渗滤液的厌氧消化性能

为了评估填埋场新鲜渗滤液的厌氧消化性能以及探索强化其厌氧消化性能的措施,采用了低、中、高三种食微比（分别为0.49,1.02,1.92g渗滤液COD/g污泥VS）,并在高食微比时,比较了分别添加<5μm、75~150μm、2~5mm的木炭以及75~150μm的竹炭对渗滤液厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,高食微比时渗滤液的甲烷化启动严重滞后,且运行不稳定.在高食微比时,与未添加生物炭的对照组相比,添加<5μm、75~150μm、2~5mm的木炭组以及75~150μm的竹炭组,最大产甲烷速率分别提高了179%、93%、83%和64%,最终出水溶解性氮分别下降了21%、16%、16%和12%,NH₄⁺-N分别下降了17%、12%、10%和8%;并且<5μm的木炭组的有机物和有机酸降解,尤其是正丁酸和乙酸的降解,显著快于其他粒径的木炭组.这些结果说明生物炭可以提高渗滤液的厌氧消化效率和工艺稳定性,对于木炭,粒径越小,效果越显著.     

中山小榄:碧水工程益社群

素有"菊城"美誉的小榄镇位于中山市北部,已有800多年的历史和文化,下辖15个社区居委会,总面积75.4平方公里,其中城区13平方公里,全镇常住人口15.6万人,外来务工人员16万人.     

以知识传授与心灵互助呵护绿色心灵

我校1996年被评为广州市一级学校,2002年被评为广州市绿色学校,2005年被评为广东省一级学校.近年来,我校以国家可持续发展战略方针为指导,结合学校文化特色进行环境教育,充分利用校内外一切资源和机会,全面提高师生的环境素养,取得良好的效果.