辽河口湿地生态系统健康诊断与评价

综合考虑生态系统健康标准及河口湿地的生态特征,借鉴压力-状态-响应(pressure-state-response,PSR)模型,从压力、环境状态以及生物响应3方面构建辽河口湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,并引入突变级数法,对1996年和2000年辽河口湿地生态系统健康状况进行了评价和分析。结果表明,1996年辽河口湿地生态系统健康度为0.979 1,2000年则降至0.961 8,即由健康状态转为亚健康状态,其主要原因为水资源不足和石油类污染加剧。应加强对辽河口湿地区域石油开采的管理,并合理分配利用水资源,保障湿地生态用水,促进辽河口湿地的生态系统健康。     

基于集对分析与三角模糊数的滨海湿地生态系统健康评价

滨海湿地是海洋和陆地相互作用形成的生态交错带,对自然环境变化和人类活动作用响应最为敏感,使其成为相对脆弱的生态系统。科学评价滨海湿地生态系统健康状况及其胁迫因子,对湿地生态系统恢复重建与可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。针对湿地生态系统评价问题的不确定性和模糊性特征,运用压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型构建滨海湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定了各指标的权重,根据集对分析原理定量描述评价样本与评价标准等级之间隶属关系的模糊性,利用分段三角模糊数表示集对差异度系数的连续变化过程和不确定性,进而建立了基于集对分析与三角模糊数耦合的滨海湿地生态系统健康评价模型,并将该模型应用于海兴湿地生态系统健康现状评价。结果表明:海兴湿地生态健康综合联系数为-0.380,相应的级别特征值为3.760,系统整体处于一般病态水平。其中压力系统、状态系统和响应系统的级别特征值分别为3.580、3.976和2.948,说明海兴湿地生态系统的自然状态受到了人类活动过度干扰,外界胁迫引起系统的结构失调和服务功能衰退。影响系统健康的主要因子为农药施用强度、水资源开发利用率、湿地面积退化率、水体富营养化、环保投资占GDP比重、湿地保护意识等。该模型计算过程简单直观,评价结果客观合理,在湿地生态系统健康评价中具有参考价值。     

基于RS和GIS的生态系统健康评价

生态系统健康评价可以认识区域生态系统健康状况、识别生态环境问题,为制定科学的生态保护对策提供依据,对提高可持续发展和环境管理具有重要的指导作用。文章由压力-状态-响应（P-S-R）概念模型建立了生态系统健康评价指标体系和评价模型,运用RS和GIS技术及统计学分析法,形成程序化、系统化的生态系统健康评价技术方法体系,并以高平市为案例,运用定量的方法对其生态系统健康进行综合评价及分级研究,通过对压力、状态、响应评价结果及健康综合评价结果的分析,结合高平市生态系统健康的自然条件状况与人类活动影响,探讨了影响区域健康的因素,为高平市资源的合理利用与保护提供科学依据。结果表明该技术对生态系统健康评价是切实可行的。     

天然湿地生态系统评价技术研究进展

当前湿地科学已成为世界各国研究重点,其中湿地评价技术是热点之一。文章回顾了国内外河口、河流和湖库湿地生态系统评价指标体系、湿地生态环境质量现状及脆弱性及其生态系统健康评价技术、湿地生态系统功能、效益、价值评价技术研究现状以及新技术在上述这些领域中的应用。这些研究多是针对常规环境条件下小空间尺度、单一类型或单一动力作用下的湿地生态系统功能、效益和环境质量方面的评价。在此基础上,考虑宏观尺度上湿地生态系统与其周围生态系统的相互作用以及非常规环境条件下湿地生态系统的响应机制,提出完善天然湿地生态系统评价技术需要发展的几个方面,包括湿地-河流生态系统评价、湿地生态系统对临近区域及其子系统可持续发展的影响评价、湿地生态系统反馈评价以及极端条件下湿地生态系统评价技术。     

基于属性理论的长株潭城市群生态系统健康评价

城市生态系统是一种高度人工化的自然-社会-经济复合生态系统,其健康状况直接影响到城市的可持续发展。针对城市生态系统健康评价标准的不确定性问题,在构建评价指标体系的基础上,提出了基于属性理论的城市生态系统健康评价模型及评价方法。以长株潭城市群为研究区域,运用该模型和方法对其生态系统健康进行了综合评价。评价结果表明：长株潭城市群的生态系统现状属于一般健康类,其中自然生态子系统对区域整体健康状况有较大影响,评价结果与实际情况大体吻合。通过对各子系统层的健康度分析,识别了健康限制因素,并提出了相应的调控措施。采用属性理论方法开展城市生态系统健康评价,能较好地识别系统层综合健康状况和子系统层的健康状况,具有一定的实用价值,其评价结果为促进城市生态建设,有效实施生态系统健康管理提供了科学依据。     

基于生态系统管理的湿地概念生态模型研究

湿地是地球上的一种重要生态系统,基于生态系统管理理念,进行湿地保护与管理,既是湿地科学发展的必然结果.也是当前湿地保护与管理的客观需求.湿地生态模型是以湿地生态系统作为研究对象的模型,是对湿地生态系统组成、结构、过程和功能进行简化、类比或抽象,是用来反映湿地生态系统各种过程和关系的定性或定量化工具.湿地概念生态模型是各类湿地生态模型中最基本的类型,是对湿地生态系统组成及其相互关系的一种简约的定性表达,特别是指人类活动影响下湿地生态系统因子变化及其相互关系的概念性表达.湿地概念生态模型构建的主要目的是旨在识别人类活动对湿地生态系统的驱动与胁迫,这些驱动与胁迫产生的一系列生态效应,以及湿地生态系统对此所表现出来的特征.湿地生态系统是一个多层次、多因子组成的,结构复杂、功能多样、具有多向反馈和调节机制的复杂大系统或巨系统.影响系统状态或驱动系统变化的因子众多,既有来自系统内部的、也有来自系统外部的,它们对系统造成的影响往往具有联动关系和因果效应.湿地概念生态模型就是在生态系统管理理论指导下,将这些系统因子及其关系抽象并提取出来,以"驱动-胁迫-效应-表征"为主线,判断系统变化与演化背后存在的因果关系,构建能够反映系统变化与演化特征和规律的结构性关系网络模型.湿地概念生态模型研究的意义在于在科学与决策之间架起一座桥梁,为实施湿地生态保护与管理提供指导,同时为建立湿地数量化模型奠定基础.     

湿地生态风险评价中生物完整性指数研究进展

湿地是陆地与水域之间的过渡地带,是地球上生产力最高的生态系统。湿地生态风险评价的实际应用将使人们更好地理解物理、化学和生物风险源如何影响湿地,并为湿地管理提供科学支撑,这就要求确定湿地生态健康评价指标的完整性。生物完整性指数以环境生态毒理学数据为依据,是进行生态系统健康风险评价的最有力工具。大中型无脊椎动物作为易选择的分类群,可用于湿地评估的生物完整性指数的建立,土壤动物特别是线虫类群作为湿地土壤和水环境健康评价的指示生物具有广阔前景。通过线虫分子毒理学等研究方法,可优化出生物完整性指数体系,建立扰动背景下的湿地生态风险评价模型,为湿地污染的监测、防控和修复,提供理论依据和实践方法。     

基于驱动力-压力-状态-响应模型的黄河流域甘肃段生态系统健康评价

基于驱动力-压力-状态-响应(DPSR)模型和熵权-变异系数综合赋权法对2010—2020年黄河流域甘肃段57个区(县)生态系统健康进行评价,分析各流域及各区(县)生态系统健康等级时空演变及障碍因子,有助于发现生态系统问题并提出合理的管理恢复策略。结果表明,2010—2020年黄河流域甘肃段生态系统健康状况整体显著提升,2013—2016年生态系统健康状况较差,2016年后健康状况得到明显改善。黄河干流流域1健康程度较高且健康值变化幅度最大,洮河流域健康状况改善较大,其余流域健康程度低且健康值涨幅较小。在整体准则层层面,黄河流域甘肃段驱动力、压力指数波动增长,状态与响应指数持续上升,表明2010—2020年黄河流域甘肃段生态系统健康状况得到稳定改善。人口增长、人均水资源量、建设用地比例和工业固体废物综合利用率等是影响黄河流域甘肃段生态系统健康等级变化的主要因素。优化土地利用、促进人口均衡分布、推动水资源均衡分配以及加强生态环境保护与修复是促进黄河流域甘肃段绿色发展与生态屏障建设的有效措施。     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统碳通量动态特征及其影响因素

利用涡度相关法,对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统进行了连续2年的通量观测,分析了2017—2018年生长季芦苇湿地生态系统碳交换量(NEE)及其影响因素,为区域的碳收支预算和为全球碳循环模型的进一步完善提供理论基础.结果表明,在季节尺度上,芦苇湿地生长季具有明显的碳汇功能,生态系统呼吸(Rs)随着月份的增加呈倒"V"型变化...     

湿地生态系统硅生物地球化学循环研究进展

硅在地壳中的丰度仅次于氧,是地球表面大多数土壤和岩石的一种基本成分,也是水生植物（特别是硅藻类）以及多种作物生长所必需的营养元素,还是控制陆地、海洋、沿海和内陆水生态系统机能的重要营养元素。目前关于全球硅的生物地球化学循环的研究多集中在陆地和海洋两大生态系统,而湿地生态系统中硅的循环过程、储存量尚不清楚。虽然在河口湿地开展一些关于硅的相关研究,但是硅在湿地的循环机制研究不够全面,尤其相比碳、氮、磷等元素,硅素研究甚少。而且,国内关于硅的相关研究更为匮乏。本文在总结国内外关于湿地生态系统硅素研究的基础上,综述硅在湿地生态系统的存在形态与分布特征,阐述硅在湿地生态系统中的基本循环过程,列举影响硅在湿地生态系统中循环的主要因素,如：湿地类型、水淹时间、季节变化、人类干扰等;提出在今后研究工作中应进一步探索硅在湿地生态系统中迁移、转化的机制,加深研究人类活动对湿地生态系统硅循环的影响,特别是应该加强研究河口潮汐湿地和沿海湿地生态系统硅的生物地球化学循环过程和储存量,有助于明确湿地生态系统对于硅的截留量;并弄清湿地中碳与硅含量之间的关系,从水文学角度分析湿地中排水、蒸发、洪期及滞留时间等因素对硅循环的影响,从而试图建立湿地硅循环模型,有助于预测湿地生态系统硅循环对沿海地区赤潮等富营养化现象和全球气候变化的影响。     

Evaluating and structuring indicators for wetland assessment

Wetland assessment has been a popular field of research worldwide. However, various indicators have been used in wetland assessment for different purposes and backgrounds and also because of the research limitations. Therefore, a more comprehensive, sound, and efficient indicator system is needed for researchers’ referencing to evaluate wetlands. After an extensive review of wetland assessment literatures, the reported indicators were evaluated using the developed assessment system, based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with three main goals: nature protection, function utilization, and sustainable development. Each indicator was evaluated using two methods. The first method was to study the percentage of the indicator application, and the second was to assess the weighted ratios assigned to the indicators according to principles of comparability, typicality, sensibility, and availability. The results of these two methods were compared to study the commonalities and specialties of the indicators. They also showed that some indicators were widely used, including biodiversity, weather and climate, hydrological change, and the output of wetland. On the other hand, other sustainable indicators were easily ignored, such as environmental carrying capacity and wetland planning. Furthermore, an indicator system for wetland assessment was structured and strategized to discuss how to choose indicators for wetland assessment under different conditions. The proposed approach can be used to guide the process of wetland assessments in the future.     

重要生态功能区典型生态服务及其评估指标体系的构建

科学评估重要生态功能区的生态服务是管理者制定相关政策的基础,对促进重要生态功能区维护区域生态安全、支撑经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。依据生态服务的空间转移特性,探索提出了重要生态功能区典型生态服务的概念与内涵,并在此基础上综合运用频度分析法、专家咨询法和层次分析法,构建了重要生态功能区水源涵养、土壤保持、防风固沙、生物多样性保护和洪水调蓄等典型生态服务的评估指标体系。结果表明：在指标体系中,影响水源涵养服务的主要是土壤质地和降水量;影响土壤保持服务的主要是植被覆盖度和丰富度指数;影响防风固沙服务的主要是植被覆盖度和大风时速;影响生物多样性服务的主要是植被景观多样性指数;影响洪水调蓄服务的主要是湿地容积和降水量。土壤、植被、地形和气候等生态因子是重要生态功能区典型生态服务产生与发挥的重要基础。     

化学污染物对珊瑚礁生态系统的影响研究进展

化学污染物是影响珊瑚礁生态系统健康的重要因素之一。近年来,中国沿海地区农业活动、城市工业化以及旅游业发展迅速,珊瑚礁区的环境污染问题日趋严重。珊瑚礁生态系统长期处于化学污染物的联合毒性作用下,生态风险日益增加,已受到国内外研究者的广泛关注。本文综述了该领域的重要研究进展,并从个体、细胞和分子水平重点介绍了化学污染物对珊瑚的影响,主要包括:(1)珊瑚礁对重金属和多环芳烃有明显的富集作用,可以作为该海域化学污染物污染水平的外在反映;(2)化学污染物对珊瑚幼体的影响程度比成体大;(3)抗氧化酶和特定的功能基因可被用作生物标记物(biomarker)来监测珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况。最后,本文对我国珊瑚礁生态系统未来的研究方向进行了展望,建议在典型的珊瑚礁海域进行长期的生态学监测,并结合室内毒理学实验,筛选出敏感的生物标志物,评价珊瑚礁生态系统可能存在的生态风险,为今后珊瑚礁生态系统的保护和管理提供科学依据。     

Assessment of wetland ecosystem health in Lower Songkhram,Thailand

A study was conducted to assess the ecosystem health of Lower Songkhram wetland in Thailand, using a newly developed wetland ecosystem health index (WEHI) based on analysis of field survey and secondary data of the most dominant physical, environmental and socio-economic factors extracted by principal components analysis (PCA). The most influential physical, environmental and socio-economic factors identified were rainfall and awareness and participation of the local community, which had positive effects, whereas soil electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and urban development had negative effects. Based on the results, 9 of the 40 land units of the study area were in very good or good health, 11 in reasonable health, while 20 were found to be in poor or even very poor condition. These findings will be useful for decision-makers in planning and executing an effective and holistic strategy to prevent further wetland degradation.     

Evaluation of ecosystem health for regional development in the southwestern Beijing, China

Ecosystem health assessment is one of the most important issues in regional ecological quality and safety studies. It also has a great significance to ecological conservation and regional development. This study focused on assessing the health status of forest, agriculture and urban ecosystems in the southwestern Beijing, China, including the Fangshan and Fengtai Districts. Based on field surveys and data collection, an assessment index system containing the vigor, organization and resilience factors was developed to measure the ecosystem health. Each index was scored from 1 to 5, representing five levels that contribute to the whole ecosystem health. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to measure the weights of each index and three factors, and thus an overall score for a certain ecosystem was calculated. The results show that the forest ecosystem in the Fangshan District had higher health value than the Fengtai District, while the urban ecosystem had a slightly lower value in the Fangshan District than the Fengtai District. Both districts show lower resilience values in forest and urban ecosystems. Maintaining the ecosystem health will definitely benefit the long-term development of two districts. This study suggested that an approach for assessing the regional ecosystem health could be further developed to address spatial and synergy relationships between ecosystems and the three health factors.     

湿地生态系统CO2净交换、水汽通量及二者关系浅析

湿地生态系统碳循环是陆地碳循环研究中的重要组成部分,对于全球变化具有重要意义。水汽通量是影响湿地生态系统碳循环最重要、最基本的生态因子之一,与湿地生态系统CO2净交换密切相关。本文在总结湿地生态系统CO2净交换与水汽通量变化基本规律及其主要影响因子的基础上,从宏观和微观2个方面分析二者之间的内在关系。从宏观上看,湿地生态系统本身的特点决定了CO2净交换与水汽通量之间必然是相互影响、相互制约的;就微观而言,叶片尺度上的气孔行为是水分蒸腾和净碳通量这两个生理生态过程相互联系的纽带。最后,对湿地生态系统CO2净交换与水汽通量关系的研究方向提出展望。     

Characteristics of plankton Hg bioaccumulations based on a global data set and the implications for aquatic systems with aggravating nutrient imbalance

• Hg bioaccumulation by phytoplankton varies among aquatic ecosystems. • Active Hg uptake may exist for the phytoplankton in aquatic ecosystems. • Impacts of nutrient imbalance on food chain Hg transfer should be addressed. The bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg) in aquatic ecosystem poses a potential health risk to human being and aquatic organism. Bioaccumulations by plankton represent a crucial process of Hg transfer from water to aquatic food chain. However, the current understanding of major factors affecting Hg accumulation by plankton is inadequate. In this study, a data set of 89 aquatic ecosystems worldwide, including inland water, nearshore water and open sea, was established. Key factors influencing plankton Hg bioaccumulation (i.e., plankton species, cell sizes and biomasses) were discussed. The results indicated that total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in plankton in inland waters were significantly higher than those in nearshore waters and open seas. Bioaccumulation factors for the logarithm of THg and MeHg of phytoplankton were 2.4–6.0 and 2.6–6.7 L/kg, respectively, in all aquatic ecosystems. They could be further biomagnified by a factor of 2.1–15.1 and 5.3–28.2 from phytoplankton to zooplankton. Higher MeHg concentrations were observed with the increases of cell size for both phyto- and zooplankton. A contrasting trend was observed between the plankton biomasses and BAF_MeHg, with a positive relationship for zooplankton and a negative relationship for phytoplankton. Plankton physiologic traits impose constraints on the rates of nutrients and contaminants obtaining process from water. Nowadays, many aquatic ecosystems are facing rapid shifts in nutrient compositions. We suggested that these potential influences on the growth and composition of plankton should be incorporated in future aquatic Hg modeling and ecological risk assessments.     

Multistate modeling of habitat dynamics: factors affecting Florida scrub transition probabilities

Many ecosystems are influenced by disturbances that create specific successional states and habitat structures that species need to persist. Estimating transition probabilities between habitat states and modeling the factors that influence such transitions have many applications for investigating and managing disturbance-prone ecosystems. We identify the correspondence between multistate capture-recapture models and Markov models of habitat dynamics. We exploit this correspondence by fitting and comparing competing models of different ecological covariates affecting habitat transition probabilities in Florida scrub and flatwoods, a habitat important to many unique plants and animals. We subdivided a large scrub and flatwoods ecosystem along central Florida's Atlantic coast into 10-ha grid cells, which approximated average territory size of the threatened Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens), a management indicator species. We used 1.0-m resolution aerial imagery for 1994, 1999, and 2004 to classify grid cells into four habitat quality states that were directly related to Florida Scrub-Jay source-sink dynamics and management decision making. Results showed that static site features related to fire propagation (vegetation type, edges) and temporally varying disturbances (fires, mechanical cutting) best explained transition probabilities. Results indicated that much of the scrub and flatwoods ecosystem was resistant to moving from a degraded state to a desired state without mechanical cutting, an expensive restoration tool. We used habitat models parameterized with the estimated transition probabilities to investigate the consequences of alternative management scenarios on future habitat dynamics. We recommend this multistate modeling approach as being broadly applicable for studying ecosystem, land cover, or habitat dynamics. The approach provides maximum-likelihood estimates of transition parameters, including precision measures, and can be used to assess evidence among competing ecological models that describe system dynamics.     

EMERGY analysis for sustainability evaluation of the Baiyangdian wetland ecosystem in China

This study presents a quantitative and ecological benefit evaluation of the Baiyangdian wetland in China between the years 2000 and 2006. Methods of EMERGY analysis were applied to illustrate the wetland ecosystem, to evaluate the economic and environmental inputs and consequent yields, and to assess the sustainability of the Baiyangdian wetland. The indicators for the integrated ecological and economic system, such as EMERGY yield ratio (EYR) (7.51), EMERGY investment ratio (EIR) (4.52), environmental loading ratio (ELR) (2.92), EMERGY exchange ratio (0.41), and EMERGY sustainable indicator (ESI) (2.57) were calculated, compared, analyzed, and discussed. The non-renewable investment in Baiyangdian was greater than renewable investment, leading to the unsustainable development of the system. High EYR indicated that the Baiyangdian integrated system had created huge profits for its people, while ELR and ESI revealed that human behavior has been a heavy burden on the environment, and countermeasures should be taken by the Chinese government to relieve and resolve these problems. Potential management methods were also proposed in this paper.