BF4-废水水解法实验

 常温下用水解法处理BF₄^-废水．实验采用铝盐作主水解剂，试剂A作助水解剂，pH值小于3，在常温条件下实现了对BF4₄^-的高效水解．研究结果表明，BF₄^-∶Al³⁺∶A的质量比为1∶0.8∶0.1，水解时间6～3h，水解率达到99.5％以上．使用助水解剂A，缩短了水解时间，减少了铝盐用量，对高浓度的BF₄^-废水效果尤为显著，水解时间可缩短一半，主水解剂用量可减少1/5，处理后出水中的BF₄^-含量可降到10mg/L以下．     

水解酸化--AB生物法处理抗生素废水的试验研究

进行了多品种抗生素工业废水处理的试验研究，采用水解酸化——ＡＢ生物法新工艺。试验废水ＣＯＤｃｒ ３２８３．９ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＢＯＤ５　１３４８．９ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３—Ｎ ２２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度３２５（倍），处理后出水分别为２８７．８ｍｇ／Ｌ，２１．３ｍｇ／Ｌ，２．６ ｍｍ／Ｌ和 ７０（倍），各项去除率为９１． ２％、９８． ４％、８８． ２％和 ７８． ５％。容积有机负荷 Ａ级 ２．３ＫｇＣＯＤｃｒ／ｍ３．ｄ、Ｂ级 ３． ３ＫｇＣＯＤｃｒ／ｍ３．ｄ。出水达到国家规定的（ＧＢ９６７８—８８）生物制药行业废水排放标准。比报导的化学絮凝—生物法处理同 种废水的运行费用要低。     

厌氧水解改善三乙二醇醚废水的可生化性研究

三乙二醇醚废水难于生物降解，其ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ均值仅为０．０８２。试验研究表明，通过厌氧水解，其ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ均值可提高至０．５０，废水的可生化性显著提高，为后续好氧处理创造了有利条件。     

合成水解聚马来酸酐清洁生产新工艺简介

利用自制催化剂（ＣＦ）并采用双氧水为引发剂，由马来酸酐直接合成水解聚马来酸酐水处理剂，反应温度为１００￣１１０℃，催化剂用量为１．０％，反应时间为１．５小时，合成的产品质量符合ＧＢ１０５３５－９７要求，消除了有机溶剂甲苯对环境的污染。     

微电解-水解酸化/接触氧化工艺处理染化废水的研究

采用微电 解 Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺对染 料化 工 废水 进行 了 处理 研究 ，结 果表 明 以微 电解 和 水解 酸 化作预处理 ，可使废 水的 Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５／ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ 的比由 ０２５ 提高 到０５ ０ 左 右，平 均 增加 ５０ ％ 。通 过加 酸， 可提高微电 解的去除 效果，在 进水 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ 为４ １００ ～４ ３００ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ，色度 为３ ４００ ～３ ６００（ 倍） 范围内 ，系统对 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ 和色度 的去除效 果分别 可达到９７ ５ ％ 和９８３ ％     

水解酸化——生物接触氧化处理合成橡胶废水研究

采用水解酸化－生物接触氧化相结合的处理工艺处理合成橡胶废水，结果表明，在进水ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＢＯＤ５分别６５６ｍｇ／Ｌ和２８６ｍｇ／Ｌ的情况下，出水平均值分别为８２ｍｇ／Ｌ和２８．６ｍｇ／Ｌ平均去除率分别达到８７．５％和９０％，水解酸化可将民橡胶废水的可生化性同０．４４提高至０．５６。     

异丙醇工业废水生物处理研究

感光材料工业排出的异丙醇废水的ＢＯＤ５ＣＯＤｃｒ 比值为０ ．４０ 左右，可生化性良好；经水解酸化处理后该废水的ＢＯＤ５ＣＯＤｃｒ 比值可提高至０ ．５０ 左右，平均增加了２５ ％ ，证实了水解酸化菌在该工艺条件下具有提高异丙醇废水可生化性的功能．水解酸化———好氧串联工艺对该废水总的处理效果表明：在异丙醇废水ＣＯＤｃｒ 进水浓度２０００ ～３０００ｍｇＬ 范围内，ＣＯＤｃｒ 总去除率可达９０ ％ 左右，ＢＯＤ５ 总去除率可达９５ ％ 左右．     

吸附胶体浮选法处理电解钴废水的研究

采用吸附胶体浮选法处理电解钴废水。用十二烷基磺酸钠（ＳＬＳ）作浮选剂，用ＦｅＣｌ３和Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３作混凝剂，浮选后废水可达到国家工业废水排放标准（３ｍｇ／Ｌ）。为实际废水的处理提供了可靠的依据。     

感光胶片废水的水解酸化—好氧处理工艺试验

对感光胶片有机生产废水处理工艺进行了方法采用水解酸化－好氧串联工艺和传统活性污泥法两种方法并进行对照。结果经水解酸化处理，废水的ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤｃｒ可提高至０．５４－０．５６，平均增加了１７％左右，证实了水解酸化菌在该工艺条件下具有搞高效片废水可生化性的功能。     

[Cu—γ—Al2O3]催化剂处理染料废水工艺条件研究

采用「Ｃｕ－γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３」催化剂对由活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ配制的ＣＯＤｃｒ为５７００ｍｇ／Ｌ色度３１００倍的实际染料废水进行了催化氧化试验，试验表明，在控制ｐＨ＝４－５，Ｈ２Ｏ２用量为５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，催化剂用量为３．０ｇ／Ｌ，ｔ＝７０℃和反应时间为２ｈ条件下，可获得ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为７７％－７８％，脱色率为９９％的良好效果，且催化剂可再生使用。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.