自然资源、技术进步与环境库兹涅茨曲线

不可再生自然资源的约束和环境质量的不断恶化是经济可持续发展必须要面对的挑战。就环境问题而言,现实中一个特征事实是,在不同的收入水平下人们对环境质量的需求不同,只有当收入达到一定水平之后,人们才会注重生活质量的改善。基于现有研究,在考虑非再生自然资源的约束条件下,本研究将环境质量作为生产要素的一部分引入最优增长理论的分析框架,探讨了在环境污染和自然资源双重约束下的长期经济增长问题。在非再生自然资源和环境污染的双重约束下,本研究表明解决环境问题必须要采用的手段是促使技术进步的创新研发,因为技术进步是环境库兹涅茨曲线出现拐点的不可或缺的一个必要条件。在市场竞争的环境下,由于知识的非竞争性质使得研究部门的研究是次优的。因此,政府应当通过适当的财政政策和法制安排以激励私人投资者研究与开发新技术的积极性。     

城市经济环境协调发展系统动力学模拟

城市社会经济发展具有系统性、动态性、复杂性的特点,运用系统动力学方法建模可以充分揭示城市系统的非线性结构和动态特征,从而对环境约束下的城市经济发展趋势进行判断预测。在分析了苏州市经济发展和环境保护基本框架的基础上,建立了包括经济子系统和环境子系统的苏州市经济环境协调发展系统动力学模型,并围绕三产固定资产比重、三产劳动力比重、万元工业产值污染物排放量和环保投资比重等调控参数设计了3种发展模式,得出经济、环境协调发展模式为最优方案。通过对不同发展模式的分析与比较,提出苏州市应采取以下措施：一是优化产业结构,大力发展第三产业;二是加大环境保护的力度,增大环保投资,同时控制单位产值污染物的排放。必须把两者放在同等重要的地位,才能实现苏州市环境与经济协调发展。     

中国环保投资与经济增长实证研究——基于误差修正模型和格兰杰因果检验

本文通过协整、误差修正模型以及格兰杰因果检验研究方法,深入分析了环保投资与经济增长之间的互动关系。结果表明:环保投资与GDP之间存在长期均衡关系,环保投资增加1%,拉动GDP增长0.13%,环保投资对GDP拉动效应显著;环保投资与GDP长期均衡对短期波动具有一定的调整力度;环保投资在长期是引起GDP增长的原因,反之不然。因此,需要建立市场化的环境保护投融资机制,拓宽环保投资渠道,吸引和带动民间资金进入环保领域,促进环保投资形成稳定规模,推动经济绿色增长。     

我国对外贸易的资源环境逆差分析

随着全球经济一体化进程的加快及我国改革开放的深入发展。我国贸易快速发展并取得了巨大成就。并成为拉动我国经济发展的兰大引擎之一。但是。长期以来粗放型贸易增长方式在拉动经济贸易增长的同时。也对我国资源与环境带来了巨大压力和严峻挑战。研究表明。我国贸易价值量顺差但资源环境却在产生“逆差”。因此,应高度关注我国贸易增长的资源环境代价．以环保手段绿化贸易增长，运用贸易手段缓解资源环境压力。为此．建议我国在进出口环境关税、市场准入与准出、投资等贸易环节增加环保“阀门”。具体政策建议：①扩大出口关税征收范围．加征高污染产品出口环境关税；②设计和实施以环境保护为目的的市场准入和准出制度；③提高外商直接投资环境准入门槛。引导我国企业的海外投资活动；④健全进口废物贸易政策，有效防范废物贸易环境风险。     

论中国经济增长方式转变

中国过去30多年特别是新世纪以来10余年高速的经济增长在很大程度上是建立在消耗大量能源资源的基础上,并由此引发了严重的生态破坏和环境污染问题。由于面临日趋严峻的资源支撑力瓶颈和环境承载力约束,能源、环境问题已经成为制约中国经济可持续增长的最重要因素之一,亟需加快转变经济增长方式。从能源环境视角看,转变经济增长方式在于构建资源节约、环境友好的生产方式,实现经济的绿色增长。本文运用DEA方法构建一个经济增长的绿色指数以定量地衡量经济增长方式,结果表明中国经济增长的绿色指数为0.103,仅为世界平均水平的三分之一。现有的高耗能、高污染的增长方式从根本上是由当前的能源定价机制和能源价格体系决定的,能源价格体系不能如实地反映能源资源的稀缺程度和市场供求关系,不完善的环境排污收费制度无法有效地内部化环境污染的外部成本。转变经济增长方式从根本上要求改革现有的能源环境定价机制,改变现有的扭曲的能源环境价格体系。     

丝绸之路经济带环保投资效应研究

丝绸之路经济带建设是我国的重大战略决策,但是脆弱的生态环境制约了该区域的可持续发展。环保投资能够实现经济与环境的双赢,是复兴丝绸之路经济繁荣和生态文明的重要推手。为了解丝绸之路经济带的环保投资效应,进而提供优化丝绸之路经济带环保投资的决策支持,本文应用2004-2011年丝绸之路经济带9省市的数据,构建面板效应模型,测度丝绸之路经济带环保投资总额及投资分项的经济与环境效应。其中,环境污染治理投资总额以及三种环保投资分项(即建设项目"三同时"投资、工业污染源治理投资、城市环境基础设施建设投资)是自变量;表征经济发展总量、结构、就业的5项指标和表征环境质量的资源利用、污染排放的5项指标是因变量。研究发现,丝绸之路经济带的环保投资能够有效带动该区域的经济总量增长、经济结构优化、就业水平提升,同时有助于该区域提升资源利用效率、降低污染排放;三类环保投资分项的经济与环境效应中,城市环境基础设施建设投资起主导作用,工业污染源治理投资效应最差;丝绸之路经济带9省市的环保投资效应相差较大,其中四川省环保投资效应最优。虽然丝绸之路经济带的环保投资已取得一定成效,但是仍存在以下问题:其一,环保投资总量不足,尚未达到环境质量改善所需的国际标准;其二,环保投资结构不合理,即环保投资过于集中在城市环境基础设施建设上,工业污染治理投资相对较弱;其三,环保投资流向不恰当,表现为环保投资对就业水平提升、产业高级化、能耗控制、固废处置的作用不明显。针对丝绸之路经济带环保投资的现存问题,本文提出以下建议:通过政府环保支出引导社会资金流入环保市场,进而加大丝绸之路经济带的环保投资力度;调整环保投资分项比例,将环保投资向工业污染源治理转移;改善环保投资流向,使其促进环保产业发展、推动清洁能源使用、提升工业固废和生活垃圾综合利用能力等。     

贯彻《中国21世纪议程》把本溪建设成为可持续发展市

一、本溪市制定21世纪议程、实施可持续发展战略的基点 (一)我国可持续发展的核心是发展,贫穷不可能实现可持续发展 只有经济增长率达到和保持一定的水平,才能消除贫困,提高人民生活水平,增强综合国力,环境保护才有技术和物质基础。我国今后的发展道路是以经济、社会、资源、环境协调发展为目标,在保持经济快速增长的前提下,实现资源的可持续利用,环境质量的不断提高,并为我们的后代留下可持续利用的资源和良好的生态环境。     

环境目标约束对能源结构低碳转型的影响

加快能源消费结构低碳转型是实现中国式现代化发展的重要途径。鉴于中国资源禀赋的特殊性和区域能源分布差异,各地区对煤炭的依赖程度有很大差别。煤炭资源依赖程度对能源结构低碳转型的差异性影响值得高度关注。为系统评估环境目标约束对煤炭资源依赖地区能源消费结构低碳转型的影响,该研究在理论分析环境目标约束对各地区能源消费结构的内在影响机理,以及经济增长压力和绿色金融在其中发挥的调节作用基础上,以中国特色环境目标约束制度为准自然实验,中国30个省份2003—2020年面板数据为样本,采用广义双重差分模型实证检验环境目标约束对地区能源消费结构低碳转型的影响,并讨论了经济增长压力与绿色金融对该影响的调节作用。研究结果表明：(1)环境目标约束制度实施后,相比非煤炭资源依赖地区,煤炭资源依赖地区能源消费结构低碳转型受阻,说明存在“绿色悖论”效应。该结论在考虑相关政策影响、运用合成工具变量等方法处理内生性问题后依然稳健。(2)影响机制检验表明,在煤炭资源依赖地区,地方政府在环境目标约束和经济增长目标“双目标”压力下,更有动力推动能源消费结构低碳转型;受金融监管水平和企业“洗绿”行为影响,绿色金融加剧了煤炭资源依...     

环保投资与宏观经济关联分析

环境保护投资是开展环境保护工作的基础.近年来,环保投资总量不断增大,但总体而言缺乏硬性投资渠道,环保投资难以与经济增长同步.基于环保投资与经济增长关联性与环保投资弹性系数两个方面,本文分析了环保投资随经济增长的关系,分析结果表明:环保投资增长率与经济增长率缺乏关联性;从长期而言,与财政收入增长率存在长期均衡关系,且两者间存在单项因果关系;环保投资弹性系数波动较大,近年来整体呈现下降的趋势,环保投资相对于经济增速有所放缓,未能实现环保投资与经济发展的同步增长;环保投资增长率长期滞后于固定资产投资,环境污染治理的压力日趋升高;环保投资缺乏随经济增长的内生增长机制.基于此,为保持环保投资逐年稳定增长,实现环保投入增长幅度高于经济增长速度要求,本文从建立环保投资随经济增长的内生增长机制、拓宽环保投资渠道、完善优惠政策措施等方面提出了具体的建议.     

中国环境污染与经济增长的实证研究

本文基于我国1981-2007年环境污染与经济增长的相关数据,利用时间序列研究方法对我国EKC进行实证研究,说明建立EKC模型可能存在的问题。为弥补EKC模型中环境不影响经济的假设与变量难以量化的不足,运用VAR模型研究二者的动态关系。EKC研究结果表明:EKC是一种客观现象,而不是一般规律;与人们生产生活关系密切的污染物更有可能出现EKC特征。VAR脉冲响应和方差分解的动态分析结果与二者相互作用机理相符:一方面我国经济增长通过规模效应、结构效应、技术效应等因素影响环境;一方面随着人们环境质量需求弹性的增加,政府对环境质量的重视,环境对企业生产行为的约束机制正逐步形成,但可能由于人们通过自身消费影响产出的作用有限和环境政策实施存在滞后性等原因,这种机制的形成存在一定滞后。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.