城市雨洪韧性评价及应对策略研究——以上海市静安区为例

全球气候变化加剧,同时城市快速发展建设,不透水下垫面增加,导致城市内涝灾害严重,对城市发展造成了严重影响。以上海市静安区为例,基于气象数据、水文数据、地形数据,运用SCS模型和ArcGIS空间分析工具,从雨洪廊道的分析与模拟、雨洪淹没区的范围定位和积水深度确定以及河流水域的安全缓冲区分析3个方面构建上海市静安区雨洪韧性体系,研究雨洪灾害对上海市静安区的影响,选取4个典型积水点,利用AHP-FCE综合评价模型进行雨洪韧性评价。在微观层次的积水点方面,针对性地提出具体空间类型的雨洪韧性设计策略,将静安区城市公共空间建设更新与城市内涝的可持续应对措施有效结合,为应对城市内涝问题提供研究基础。     

雨洪利用技术概述

以提高雨洪资源利用和转化效率为出发点，将防洪与补源相结合，寓资源利用于灾害防范之中的雨洪利用基本思路和科学依据。根据雨洪汇流的自然特点和汇流条件，将雨洪利用分为山区雨洪利用，平原雨洪利用以及城区雨洪利用。比较全面地总结了雨洪利用的各项技术措施。     

国外基于低影响开发的雨洪管理对我国海绵城市建设的启示

通过对低影响开发(Low Impact Development,LID)核心理念和我国海绵城市建设存在的问题的梳理,从工程措施和非工程措施方面探究国外基于低影响开发的雨洪管理中的成功经验,目的在于结合我国实际情况,借鉴国外雨洪管理先进经验,创建有中国特色的海绵城市。研究结果表明国外基于低影响开发的的雨洪管理措施都因地制宜地促使城市排水系统可持续发展,我国海绵城市的建设与低影响开发下的雨洪管理紧密相关。可见由于我国海绵城市的建设还处于初期阶段,这些成功经验对建设海绵城市理论、方向和技术有很深远影响的启示,包括海绵城市的系统性规划、加快"海绵体"建设和将海绵城市建设与基础设施和自然循环的有机结合等,同时对目前我国海绵城市的建设过程也有很大的指导意义。     

近44年秦皇岛市各等级降水日数的时空分布

利用1970—2013年秦皇岛市5个测站逐日降水资料,采用距平百分率、线性趋势法分析了近44 a秦皇岛市不同等级降水日数的时空分布特征和变化规律。结果表明:在时间分布上,秦皇岛市年总雨日数和各等级降水日数均呈减少趋势,暴雨日数减少趋势最不明显。在空间分布上,秦皇岛市年总雨日数和不同等级降水日数自北向南,呈现"多—少—多"的分布特征,北部山区青龙和南部沿海昌黎为多雨日中心,各站年总雨日数和小雨日均呈显著减少趋势。     

成都市某区暴雨径流过程模拟分析

为提高城市雨洪管理的效率,最大限度地减少暴雨洪水带来的危害,针对城市防洪排涝的需要,在分析成都市某区降雨径流规律后,建立了该区暴雨径流模拟的数学模型,有助于采取相应措施充分利用雨洪资源。通过对雨洪过程模拟验证表明,模型适合该区域的实际情况,具有一定的合理性和可靠性。     

环境新闻

正联合国报告关注中国"海绵城市"计划联合国在日前发表的一份报告中说,为应对日益增长的节水需求,中国近年发起的海绵城市计划旨在回收70%的雨水。"海绵城市"是一种新型的城市雨洪管理概念,即让城市能够像海绵一样,在适应环境变化和应对自然灾害等方面     

秦皇岛市近63年自然降水资源变化特征

利用秦皇岛市1954—2016年逐日降水资料,运用线性趋势法、累计距平、方差分析等数理统计方法,分析了近63 a来秦皇岛市年、季、月自然降水总量与雨日的气候变化特征。结果表明:秦皇岛市年降水量总体呈减少趋势,气候倾向率-15.5 mm/10 a;夏、秋季降水量呈减少趋势,春季呈增加趋势,冬季变化不明显;1月、2月降水变化趋势不明显,7月—10月呈减少趋势,2月—4月、11月—12月呈增多趋势。年雨日明显减少,平均每10 a减少3.05 d,雨日的减少主要表现为小雨日数的减少。年降水强度变化不大,夏、春季降水强度呈增加趋势,秋季呈减小趋势,冬季变化不大。由上可知,年降水量和雨日的同步减少是秦皇岛市近63 a降水变化的明显特征,因此,秦皇岛市自然降水资源呈减少趋势,夏、秋两季变干明显。     

秦皇岛市居民生活和公用事业用水量预测

本文在对“九五”期间秦皇岛市城市生活、公用事业水情况认真分析的基础上,按秦皇岛市“十五”计划和2010年远景目标对秦皇岛市2005年和2010年未来城市生活需水量和城市公用事业用水量进行了预测;同时对2020年和2030年进行了展望;综合分析预测的结果,提出了节水的建议,并对需水量的零增长期进行了预期分析。本文的研究结果对秦皇岛市水资源可持续利用及国民经济和社会发展规划的制订有积极的意义。     

每年减少500万亩——中国湿地退化程度调查

<正>"我国水资源严重短缺,然而,雨洪利用率不足10%,每年1.6万亿立方米淡水白白流入大海,相当于全国全年6200亿立方米用水量的2.6倍。近年来,我国洪涝灾害频发,雨洪资源大量流失,不是因为降雨量明显增多了,而是由于森林湿地调水的功能减弱了。而作为盛雨水的湿地变小了,有水也留不住了。"今年2月2日,第19个世界湿地日活动启动之际,国家林业局局长赵树丛如是说。湿地是碳汇,又是碳源     

秦皇岛市创建国家环境保护模范城市对策研究

通过介绍秦皇岛市创建国家环境保护模范城市的规划范围、规划目标及创建过程,分析了秦皇岛市"创模"的主要制约因素,并重点阐述了为完成创模目标所采取的主要对策,包括:实施"旅游立市"发展战略,加快产业结构调整和发展方式转变;优化能源结构,深入开展节能工作;强化污染减排,改善环境质量等。     

建设节水型社会,保障城市水资源可持续利用

随着我国社会经济的快速发展，城市水资源供需矛盾日益尖锐。与此同时，由于人们节水意识不强、水资源浪费严重以及城市供水价格不合理、水资源管理体制不完善等因素的存在，致使水环境恶化趋势日益严重。针对城市水资源现状与存在的问题，应加强对城市水资源有效管理和保护的措施：强化水资源统一管理，改革水资源管理体制；优化环境，保护水资源；利用价格机制应对水资源浪费问题衍4用科技手段，大力推进节水技术的发展；积极提高中国水环境发展的公众参与意识。     

An integrated assessment of long-term changes in the hydrology of three lowland rivers in eastern England

The flow records of the Rivers Bure, Nar and Wensum in eastern England have been examined with the aim of identifying long-term changes in flow behaviour relating to variations in rainfall amount, land use, land drainage intensity and water resources use. In the study area, and since 1931, there is no evidence of long-term change in rainfall amount or distribution, on either an annual or seasonal basis. Despite changes in water resources use and catchment characteristics since the beginning of the century, such as the ending of water milling and increased land drainage and arable farming, rainfall-runoff modelling over the period 1964-1992 showed that the relationship between rainfall and runoff has remained essentially unchanged in the three study rivers. A catchment resource model used to 'naturalise' the historic flow records for the period 1971-1992 to account for the net effect of water supply abstractions and discharges revealed that mean river flows have been altered by surface water and groundwater abstractions, although the average losses to mean weekly flows due to net abstractions for all water uses was no greater than 3%. Greater losses occurred during drought periods as a result of increased consumptive use of water for spray irrigation and amounted to a maximum loss of 24% in the Nar catchment. In lowland areas such as eastern England that are prone to summer dry weather and periodic drought conditions, an integrated approach to river basin management, as advocated by the EU Framework Directive, is recommended for future management of surface and groundwater resources for public water supplies, river regulation purposes and industrial and agricultural demands.     

我国城市水体黑臭治理的基本思路研究

城市水体黑臭已经成为继雾霾之后公众关注度较高问题。消除城市水体黑臭是全面建成小康社会和环境质量改善的关键,也是现阶段向水污染宣战的重点问题。本文分析了我国城市水体污染现状、问题与成因、整治存在的难点,从工程治理、管理和制度建设等角度提出了相关建议,为城市水体黑臭治理提供参考。     

SUBJECTIVE DECISION-MAKING FOR URBAN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: Bayesian decision theory provides a procedure for the use of subjective data in a decision-making situation related to urban water resources development. This procedure is effectual in pursuing a set of goals and in transforming individual or group indecisiveness into satisfactory decisions. This approach is highlighted due to its capability to incorporate seemingly unquantifiable, abstract factors into the decision-making process. It is realized that the soliciting of expert and general public opinion is indispensable in making choices for the welfare of the general public from alternative courses of action under uncertainty. The analysis presented here considers engineering alternatives, quality, quantity, cost and the intangible public response in an integrated effort for the selection of optimum strategies in urban water resources development.     

Evaluating the Environmental Performance of Urban Parks in Mediterranean Cities: An Example from the Barcelona Metropolitan Region

In a context of increasing urban sprawl and water scarcity common to other Mediterranean cities, this article focuses on the urban parks in the Region of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) to examine how these parks are distributed in this region and to assess whether their design and management follow criteria adapted to Mediterranean environmental conditions, especially in what concerns water use. In order to evaluate the environmental performance of these parks, we selected four factors possibly influencing the adoption of park management practices at the local scale: urban density, population size of the municipality, municipal income per capita, and political orientation of the city council. After determining the location and area of urban parks in the region, we correlated these four explanatory factors with several management tasks extracted from two different samples of parks (one of 315 parks and another of 125 parks) and a survey of 86 city councils. Results show that, in general, urban parks were more frequent in large, dense, and left/green municipalities but that environmentally sound practices were more common in small and low-density municipalities. We conclude that changes in certain practices (especially the substitution of high water demanding species) could improve significantly the environmental performance of public spaces in large urban areas with Mediterranean climates. Our observations may be pertinent for other cities interested in the provision of environmental public goods such as parks that necessitate water for irrigation.     

Modeling the Effect of Summertime Heating on Urban Runoff Temperature1

Abstract: The summertime heating of runoff in urban areas is recognized as a common and consistent urban climatological phenomenon. In this study, a simple thermal urban runoff model (TURM) is presented for the net energy flux at the impervious surfaces of urban areas to account for the heat transferred to runoff. The first step in developing TURM consists of calculating the various factors that control how urban impervious areas absorb heat and transfer it to moving water on the surface. The runoff temperature is determined based on the interactions of the physical characteristics of the impervious areas, the weather, and the heat transfer between the moving film of runoff and the impervious surface common in urban areas. Key surface and weather factors that affect runoff temperature predictions are type of impervious surface, air temperature, humidity, solar radiation before and during rain, rainfall intensity, and rainfall temperature. Runoff from pervious areas is considered separately and estimated using the Green‐Ampt Mein‐Larson rainfall excess method. Pervious runoff temperature is estimated as the rainfall temperature. Field measurements indicate that wet bulb temperature can be used as a surrogate for rainfall temperature and that runoff temperatures from sod average just 2°C higher than rainfall temperatures. Differences between measured and predicted impervious runoff temperature average approximately 2°C, indicating that TURM is a useful tool for determining runoff temperatures for typical urban areas.     

PLANNERS AS A PUBLIC IN WATER RESOURCES PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROGRAMS1

This paper suggests a number of benefits in identifying urban and regional planners as a public in public participation programs of water resources planning studies. A perspective on public participation is presented. Recent trends and developing concepts are identified: emphasis on the need to coordinate urban and regional planning activities with water resources planning, increasing system complexity, the goals and objectives orientation of planning, planning for multi-objectives, the evaluation of a broader range of alternatives, and the consideration of water alternatives as only one set of measures to further society's aspirations. One way to assist in capitalizing on these trends is to seek out participation of those in other planning efforts who are involved in planning but on a different level. Because of their intimate knowledge of an areas history, growth and development, political climate, local perceptions of needs and desires, and major problems and issues they are able to contribute a great deal of insight in making the water resources planning effort more responsive at the local level. The paper describes one of the first major efforts at working-level public-planner contact which was carried out as part of the Susquehanna River Basin Study. A regional survey team comprised of an engineer and an economist from a federal agency and a state water resources planner met informally with planners, city managers, and local planning commissions to discuss issues related to water resources and the growth and development of local areas. This effort while only part of the overall public participation program yielded a number of benefits and if expanded and refined would be a very useful experience in other studies.     

MEASURING IMPACTS OF URBAN WATER DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT The role of water resources in the urban economic and social environment, particularly in the inner city, has never been established to the degree necessary for making informed decisions on investments in urban waterway and shoreline improvements. The basic tools for measuring psychological and social impacts of waterway and shoreline developments in the inner city have not been fully developed and utilized to date. However, through a detailed analysis of the water resources in the urban core area of Cleveland, it appears that deliberate development of water-based recreation and other environmental resources can lead to improvement in some of the social problems of the inner city. In recreation analysis, there is currently a great gap between methodologies that are conceptually sound and those that have been applied by urban and water-resources planning agencies. New tools and methodologies can only be used successfully when public agencies are given the institutional and policy means for using them equitably in light of social needs. Present urban-water planning practices have been found to be biased against the inner city, often unintentionally.     

Evolution and Application of Urban Watershed Management Planning

The development of Watershed Management Plans (WMPs) in urban areas aids municipalities in allocating resources, engaging the public and stakeholders, addressing water quality regulations, and mitigating issues related to stormwater runoff and flooding. In this study, 124 urban WMPs across the United States were reviewed to characterize historic approaches and identify emerging trends in watershed planning. Planning methods and tools were qualitatively evaluated, followed by statistical analyses of a subset of 63 WMPs to identify relationships between planning factors. Plans developed by a municipality or consultant were associated with more occurrences of hydrologic modeling and site‐specific recommendations, and fewer occurrences of characterizing social watershed factors, than plans authored by agencies, organizations, or universities. WMPs in the past decade exhibited greater frequency in the use of pollutant load models and spatially explicit hydrologic and hydraulic models. Project prioritization was found to increasingly focus on feasibility to implement proposed strategies. More recent plans additionally exhibited greater consideration for water quality, ecological health, and public participation. Innovation in planning methods and consideration of future watershed conditions are primary areas that were found to be deficient in the study WMPs, although analysis methods and tools continue to improve in the wake of advancing technology and data availability.     

城市水资源承载力研究现状及其趋势

水资源是人类生存与生活、社会经济持续发展不可缺少的自然资源,也是保证生态环境良性循环的控制性要素.区域能否实现持续发展,很大程度上取决于水资源的保障程度.城市是地区经济的核心,因此对城市水资源承载力进行深入研究,其意义重大.简要阐述了城市水资源承载力研究的现状和发展趋势.