生活垃圾生物炭源溶解性有机质分馏和络合重金属的作用

为揭示生活垃圾衍生的溶解性有机质的成分及其与重金属的相互作用机制,利用固相萃取与分馏技术,将生活垃圾衍生的溶解性有机质进行分馏,并采用荧光猝灭滴定与光谱分析探究各馏分与Cu的络合作用.结果表明,分馏共得到4种组分,分别为疏水酸性组分、疏水中性组分、疏水碱性组分和亲水性组分,按C含量分别占5.64%、64.37%和11.66%和18.33%.在这4个组分的三维荧光光谱中观察到5个荧光峰：A(Ex/Em=240/425 nm,类富里酸物质)、C1和C2(Ex/Em=270/425 nm和Ex/Em=315/412 nm,类腐殖酸物质)、T1(Ex/Em=240/354 nm,类色氨酸物质)和T2(Ex/Em=275/358 nm,微生物代谢产物);其中在疏水中性组分中观察到3个荧光峰A、C1和C2. Cu对疏水中性组分的络合顺序为：405—450 nm>383 nm>397 nm>323—340 nm;Ryan-Weber模型拟合表明络合稳定常数（lg K）:C2(4.10)>A(3.97)>C1(3.91);这表明与Cu络合时类腐殖酸物质优先于类富里酸物质....     

臭氧深度处理垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液时溶解性有机质（DOM）特性分析

采用荧光光谱、红外光谱和紫外-可见光谱技术分析了臭氧氧化深度处理沥滤液生化处理水过程中废水中DOM组成及结构变化.同步荧光光谱显示,反应过程中340—370 nm处的特征峰强度明显下降,小于270 nm的短波长范围内荧光强度有一个从高到低再升高的变化过程.三维荧光光谱表明,沥滤液生化处理水中含有两个类富里酸荧光峰（UV-FA：Ex/Em=250—255/410—450 nm;Vis-FA：Ex/Em=315—320/400—405 nm）,反应过程中荧光峰强度不断降低,其中UV-FA荧光峰的发射波长存在明显的蓝移现象,最大蓝移量40 nm.红外光谱表明,沥滤液生化处理水中含有多种芳香性特征峰,臭氧氧化过程中峰强度逐渐降低,部分特征峰消失,并有过氧化合物的CO伸缩振动峰生成.沥滤液生化处理水经臭氧氧化深度处理60 min后,其SUVA254值由3.01 L.mg-.1m-1降低到1.16 L.mg-.1m-1,A3/A4值由4.06上升到8.43.综合分析表明,臭氧氧化能够有效将沥滤液生化处理水中结构复杂的大分子芳香族化合物降解为芳构化程度较低、分子量较小的有机物.     

藻菌生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)与Al3+的配位作用机理

利用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)和傅立叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了藻菌生物膜EPS与Al3+的相互作用机理.3DEEM结果表明,生物膜EPS含有3个荧光峰.其中,峰A(Ex/Em=225～235 nm/300～330 nm)和峰B(Ex/Em=275～280nm/325～330 nm)荧光较强,属类蛋白峰,峰C(Ex/Em=335 nm/432～434 nm)荧光较弱,属类腐殖酸峰.峰A和峰B都能不同程度地被Al3+猝灭,它们的条件稳定常数(logK)分别为5.89和6.95.Al3+-EPS体系的峰A和峰B荧光强度明显受溶液pH值的影响.在pH为2～4之间时,荧光强度随pH的增大而增大,在4～7之间随pH的增大而减小,在7～11之间随pH增大而增大.FTIR光谱网分析表明,Al3+主要与EPS中所含的-NH-、C=O等发生强的配位作用.     

pH对洱海沉积物-上覆水溶解性有机质荧光特征影响

不同pH条件下(pH=2、4、6、8、10、12)培养洱海沉积物,利用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)技术研究了其溶解性有机质(DOM)在培养前后荧光光谱特征变化.结果表明:①培养前,洱海沉积物DOM类富里酸荧光峰在pH(2—8)发生"红移",pH(8—12)时发生"蓝移",紫外区类富里酸(A峰)荧光强度可见区类富里酸(C峰)荧光强度,类富里酸荧光物质受pH影响不大,这与其结构复杂且不易降解有关.②培养前,洱海沉积物DOM类酪氨酸物质受pH影响较大,可见光区类酪氨酸(B1峰)荧光强度紫外区类酪氨酸(B2峰)荧光强度,这与其结构不稳定、易降解及其酚羟基解离pH范围有关.③培养后,洱海沉积物DOM可见区与紫外区类富里酸荧光强度比培养前分别降低了34.1%、32.2%,可见区与紫外区类酪氨酸荧光强度较培养前升高了57.06%、86.65%,即洱海沉积物DOM在培养后部分类富里酸物质逐渐降解为易被微生物利用的类酪氨酸物质,且在偏碱性(pH=8)环境条件下转化最为明显,沉积物DOM组成结构的转化对湖泊水污染与富营养化具有重要指示意义.     

模拟酸雨对泉州市区大气降尘重金属的淋溶

以泉州市区受污染的大气降尘为研究对象,开展大气降尘中重金属(Cu,Pb,Cr,Cd,Zn,Mn,Fe,Ni,V,As,Co)在不同酸度(pH=2.5、3.5、4.5、5.6)酸雨淋溶下的溶出行为研究.结果表明:由于降尘样品本身的中和作用,淋出液的pH呈现出先升后降的趋势,并最终接近淋溶液原始pH.在模拟酸雨作用下,污染降尘中不同重金属呈现不同的溶出规律,金属Cu、Pb、Fe、Ni、Mn、Cd的淋出量随pH的升高而降低,各重金属的溶出基本可分为快速溶出阶段、缓慢溶出阶段或稳定阶段,重金属的溶出不仅与总量有关,还与模拟酸雨pH、环境温度、淋溶时间等因素有关.在pH2.5的酸雨下,累积释放量由大到小的顺序为交通区降尘:FeZnMnCoCuCrNiPbAsVCd,工业区降尘:MnFeZnPbCrCuNiAsVCoCd.     

长江重庆段溶解性有机物的荧光特性分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs),并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)及主成分分析(PCA),研究了长江重庆段溶解有机物(DOM)的荧光组分特征及其污染来源,并探讨了荧光强度同溶解性有机碳(DOC)及溶解氧(DO)的相关性.结果表明,PARAFAC模型识别出长江重庆段DOM由2类6个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1(350/422 nm)、C4(245,305/395 nm)、C5(260,340/420 nm)、C6(260/480 nm)及类蛋白荧光组分C2(275/300 nm)、C3(227,278/329 nm).在DOM来源组成中,陆源的类腐殖质含量占62.56%,类蛋白物质含量占31.31%.类腐殖质组分的荧光强度同DOC的含量存在明显的线性正相关(r=0.73),类蛋白组分的荧光强度同DO的含量呈明显的线性负相关(r=0.80).EEMs-PARAFAC不仅可以表征长江重庆段DOM的光谱特征,示踪长江重庆段的有机污染程度,还可以为三峡库区水体保护提供依据.     

新疆匹里青河小流域DOM荧光特征及与汞的相互作用

以匹里青河小流域土壤溶解性有机质(DOM)作为研究对象,利用平行因子技术(PARAFAC)结合荧光淬灭滴定技术,分析和讨论流域内不同土地利用类型(包括林地、田地、草地)对DOM的荧光特征及与Hg~(2+)的配位作用。结果表明,不同土地利用类型土壤DOM特征差异显著,土壤DOM含量大小顺序表现为草地林地农田,而有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)含量则表现为草地农田林地。不同土地利用下土壤DOM均包含3种荧光峰:紫外区类腐殖荧光峰A、可见区类富里酸荧光峰C及海洋或陆源类腐殖质荧光峰M。PARAFAC共识别出2种组分:C1为胡敏酸物质,C2为富里酸物质。另外,3种不同土地利用类型中DOM组分荧光强度均随Hg~(2+)浓度的增强出现不同程度的荧光淬灭现象,DOM中各类荧光组分与Hg~(2+)络合常数存在差异,说明由于不同土地利用污染源的不同,DOM参与反应的官能团种类及数量的大小不同,影响了与Hg~(2+)的络合能力,导致络合常数不同。     

大宝山排土场植物稳定修复对模拟酸雨重金属淋溶的响应

以广东省韶关市大宝山排土场多金属重度污染土壤为研究对象,通过模拟酸雨淋溶实验,探究淋溶对植物稳定修复(土壤改良+种植红麻/苎麻)后土壤重金属迁移的影响.结果表明,在土柱上层(0-10 cm)土壤中施加0.4%石灰+0.2%有机肥,能显著提高淋出液pH值,并大幅度降低0-10 cm土壤中的重金属有效态含量;种植红麻和苎麻处理后,淋出液pH值较空白组显著提高,淋溶液淋失量相较于空白处理分别减少了32.5%和12.4%,淋出液中铅、锌、铜、镉重金属含量分别降低了65.2%和71.3%、81.6%和78.5%、79.4%和71.7%以及86.7%和85.3%;且种植红麻、苎麻后,土柱下层(21-30 cm)的土壤铅、锌、铜、镉重金属有效态含量相较于空白处理分别降低了16.3%和22.9%、30.5%和17.9%、18.8%和32.5%以及38.1%和29.7%.因此,种植红麻、苎麻不仅能显著降低径流淋溶失量,而且降低了淋出液中重金属含量,减轻了淋出液对地下水造成的污染;在模拟酸性降雨条件下,种植红麻、苎麻并施用改良剂处理重金属污染土壤的模式在植物稳定修复方面具有较好的应用潜力.(图7表6参42)     

太湖水体有机质荧光特征及其来源解析

水体颗粒态(POM)和溶解态有机物(DOM)的形成、转化、归宿及其相伴随的营养盐再生过程在湖泊蓝藻水华暴发过程中扮演着非常重要的营养盐供给者的角色。为了检验POM和DOM荧光特征及其来源的差异性,分别于2014年8月和2015年2月在太湖采集了68(34×2)个样品,利用POM-DOM PARAFAC三维荧光模型及地统计学法对夏、冬季节POM和DOM的荧光特征及其来源进行解析,以期为湖泊富营养化的治理和蓝藻水华的控制提供基础资料。结果表明,夏、冬季节DOM均发现了4类荧光峰(T、D、A和C峰),而夏、冬季节POM荧光峰类型存在明显季节差异,夏季POM出现6类荧光峰(B、D、M、C、A和未知荧光峰U峰),冬季POM出现5类荧光峰(T、D、M、C和A峰);夏季POM类酪氨酸荧光峰D峰激发波长为300 nm,出现明显的"蓝移"现象,说明夏季POM类酪氨酸荧光物质的分子量、缩聚度和芳香度小于其他季节有机质。POM(C1p~C5p)和DOM(C1d~C5d)均存在5种荧光组分,分别是类色氨酸(C1和C2)、类腐殖质(C3和C4)及类酪氨酸(C5)。POM和DOM荧光组分特征存在明显的时空差异;夏季POM以组分C5为主,各荧光组分高值区均分布在竺山湾区域;冬季POM以组分C3为主,各荧光组分高值区均集中在湖心区;而夏、冬季节DOM均以类蛋白组分C2、C1和C5为主(相对含量C2dC1dC5d),各荧光组分高值区均分布在竺山湾区域;夏、冬季节太湖藻型湖区POM类色氨酸组分(C1和C2)较草型湖区多(t=2.003,P=0.040;t=3.465,P=0.002),而DOM类色氨酸组分在不同类型湖区所占比重并无显著差异(P0.05)。综合POM和DOM的块金系数和荧光指数可知,冬季DOM整体表现出较强的自生源特征,夏季DOM、冬季POM、夏季POM均同时受内源和外源的双重影响,其中夏季POM受外源影响相对强烈。     

模拟酸雨对微米和纳米羟基磷灰石稳定化污染土壤的铜和镉淋溶效应

采用室内土柱淋溶试验,以1%的质量比向铜、镉复合污染土壤中添加微米羟基磷灰石(MHA)和纳米羟基磷灰石(NHA)稳定化培养72 h,并探讨模拟酸雨对稳定化修复土壤中Cu和Cd的释放影响,包括淋溶液的pH值、电导率(EC)、Cu和Cd浓度,以及Cu和Cd生物有效性的变化。结果表明,MHA处理淋溶液pH值最高,达7.78,其后依次为NHA和对照(CK)处理,且3种处理的pH值均高于模拟酸雨。MHA和NHA处理均增加了淋溶液EC值,MHA处理EC最高值是CK处理的10.41倍。与CK处理相比,MHA处理显著增加淋溶液Cu浓度,而NHA处理则降低Cu浓度;MHA和NHA处理均降低淋溶液Cd浓度。淋溶前MHA处理Cu和Cd的生物有效性降幅分别为75.0%和90.7%,NHA处理Cu和Cd生物有效性降幅分别为59.6%和52.2%,说明MHA处理稳定化效果比NHA处理更好。但是在模拟酸雨淋溶下,MHA处理Cu释放量更多,表明经MHA处理稳定的Cu和Cd在酸雨淋溶下易再次被活化。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture