给水管网多相界面中微生物表面疏水性研究

采用疾病控制中心（CDC）生物膜反应器模拟给水管网系统,选取聚氯乙烯（PVC）和聚碳酸酯（PC）2种材质的挂片,通过微生物粘附碳氢化合物（MATH）实验和Illumina高通量测序相结合的方法,对反应器水相、生物膜相和颗粒物相中微生物的疏水性进行了研究.结果显示,PVC材质挂片反应器中优势菌为厚壁菌门,相对丰度为68.31%~81.00%,PC材质挂片反应器中优势菌为变形菌门,相对丰度为24.39%~64.40%.PVC材质挂片反应器中优势菌包含3类致病菌,PC材质挂片反应器中包含8类致病菌.PC材质挂片生物膜相较于PVC材质疏水性更高,利于微生物吸附形成生物膜,而PVC材质不易形成生物膜,对控制输送过程中的二次污染具有积极作用,但在管网实际应用中还应考虑其他工程因素的影响.     

基于活性微生物特征的供水管壁生物膜生长特性

管网生物膜由各种活性微生物、微生物残体及有机无机杂质组成,管网生物膜的生长会导致机会致病菌寄居、管道腐蚀以及水质恶化等系列饮用水卫生问题。为研究供水管壁生物膜形成过程和附着生长活性微生物的分布特征,采用异养菌平板计数(HPC)、流式细胞术(FCM)和16S rRNA高通量测序对3种典型室内供水管材:聚氯乙烯(PVC)、无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)、不锈钢(STS)内壁活性微生物的生长特性和群落多样性进行了分析。结果表明,PVC管壁生物量在第73 d最先达到峰值,3种管材内壁单位面积最大生物量、生物膜成熟时期生物量均呈现PVCPPRSTS的规律。3种管材表面活性细菌群落结构组成上,PVC管表面主要以硝化螺旋菌门为主,PPR和STS管以疣微菌门为主,其中STS管壁上生物膜物种丰富度最低、多样性最小,群落结构最简单。PVC和PPR管内壁表面相较STS管存在更多的蓝藻细菌和放线菌,在饮用水输配过程中更易引发饮用水嗅味问题。管材介质对管壁生物膜上微生物群落结构存在一定影响。     

基于活性微生物特征的供水管壁生物膜生长特性

管网生物膜由各种活性微生物、微生物残体及有机无机杂质组成,管网生物膜的生长会导致机会致病菌寄居、管道腐蚀以及水质恶化等系列饮用水卫生问题.为研究供水管壁生物膜形成过程和附着生长活性微生物的分布特征,采用异养菌平板计数(HPC)、流式细胞术(FCM)和16S rRNA高通量测序对3种典型室内供水管材:聚氯乙烯(PVC)、无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)、不锈钢(STS)内壁活性微生物的生长特性和群落多样性进行了分析.结果表明,PVC管壁生物量在第73 d最先达到峰值,3种管材内壁单位面积最大生物量、生物膜成熟时期生物量均呈现PVC PPR STS的规律. 3种管材表面活性细菌群落结构组成上,PVC管表面主要以硝化螺旋菌门为主,PPR和STS管以疣微菌门为主,其中STS管壁上生物膜物种丰富度最低、多样性最小,群落结构最简单. PVC和PPR管内壁表面相较STS管存在更多的蓝藻细菌和放线菌,在饮用水输配过程中更易引发饮用水嗅味问题.管材介质对管壁生物膜上微生物群落结构存在一定影响.     

供水管网中微/纳米塑料的赋存及污染特性

微/纳米塑料具有分布广泛、粒径小、难降解、可吸附有毒物质等特性,其去除效果及对环境污染的现状尚不明晰,是当前研究热点和难点.本文从供水管网中微/纳米塑料的来源、分布规律及水质安全危害等角度,概述了全球范围内供水管网中微/纳米塑料的研究现状.结果表明,给水处理厂出厂水携带残留的微/纳米塑料颗粒进入供水管网,而塑料材质管道在水力、水质作用下(流速、机械磨损、消毒剂等)同样存在微/纳米塑料释放可能.微/纳米塑料自身的密度、电荷等固有特性影响了它在供水管网中的空间分布规律,且在饮用水输配过程中,微/纳米塑料可同有机物、微生物等物质反应,从而影响供水管网的水质安全.本文旨在提出未来的研究重点和方向,从而为进一步了解微/纳米塑料对饮用水安全的影响及如何控制其污染提供理论基础.     

基于EPANET-MSX的多组分给水管网水质模型的开发与应用

基于EPANET-MSX工具包开发了机制性的多组分给水管网水质模型,模型将管段概化为管壁、生物膜、液膜和液相4个组成部分.模拟过程包括基质利用和微生物生长、微生物衰减和死亡、溶解性物质的液膜传质、不溶性物质的吸附和脱落、余氯与有机物的氧化和卤代反应以及管壁腐蚀消耗余氯等.模拟变量共15个,包括生物膜和液相中各7个变量,即溶解性有机物、不溶性有机物、氨氮、余氯、异养菌、自养菌和惰性颗粒,以及管壁生物膜厚度.利用管段模拟实验数据进行模型验证,模型对余氯和浊度的模拟精度分别为0.1 mg/L和0.3 NTU.案例研究的模拟结果合理地反映了给水管网中余氯和浊度的动态变化特征,而同时考虑水厂出水水质可变性和参数不确定性的Monte Carlo模拟则可用于评价案例给水管网的水质超标风险.     

氯/氯胺和紫外顺序消毒对管网抗性基因的去除

为探究供水系统中氯/氯胺与低压紫外顺序消毒对抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)分布特征的影响,采用生物膜反应器模拟供水管网,对管网出水和生物膜进行60mJ/cm²低压紫外线(254nm)消毒,并利用高通量定量PCR技术检测模拟管网进、出水及生物膜内的典型ARGs和遗传原件(MGEs).结果表明,管网反应器运行150d,氯和氯胺管网出水ARGs总相对丰度分别为0.13和0.137,生物膜ARGs分别为2.45和0.277,表明供水管网中低剂量的氯或氯胺可有效降低水相和生物膜相中ARGs的相对丰度达90%,且氯胺消毒对生物膜中的ARGs控制作用更显著.氯和氯胺消毒后管网出水再经低压紫外线照射后,ARGs相对丰度分别为0.0682和0.0537,管网生物膜中ARGs的相对丰度分别为2.01和0.194.ARGs与MGEs间的相关性发生显著变化,转座子与strB和mepA的相关性增强,与ermX和tetM相关性减弱,而整合子与acrF、cmlA1-01、oprJ及tolC-01的相关性增强.研究表明,将紫外线消毒工艺设置在用水终端可以显著降低氯和氯胺管网水中ARGs丰度,但对管网生物膜中的ARGs影响较小.     

pH和温度对氯胺消毒给水管网硝化作用的影响

采用生物膜培养反应器(RAB)模拟给水管网系统,研究了pH和温度对硝化作用的影响.结果表明,较低水温(15℃)对硝化作用的影响不明显,而在较高水温(30℃)下模拟管网中明显地发生了硝化作用.较低水温(15℃)下,提高水的pH对硝化作用的影响较小,而在较高水温(30℃)情况下提高水的pH对硝化作用具有明显的控制效果.在较...     

生活饮用水管网中水质影响因素的研究

饮用水的安全性对人体健康至关重要,随着经济发展和人民生活水平的提高,饮用水质量受到广泛关注,而影响饮用水质量的因素有很多,例如水源水质、运输管网及处理设施等.针对江汉油田矿区饮用水运输管网,对饮用水处理站出口水质和管网末梢水质进行了感官性状指标、一般化学指标及细菌学指标的对比研究分析,发现用户所用的饮用水水质受出口水水质、输水管网材质及使用年限、二次供水设施情况的影响,并从运输管道材质的选择、消毒副产物的控制和对管道的技改、清洗等方面提出了改进建议.     

管网多相界面下抗生素抗性菌的分布特征研究

以CDC生物膜反应器模拟给水管网输配系统,探究管网水相、生物膜相和颗粒物相三相界面下6种典型抗生素抗性细菌的分布特征.反应器稳定运行30d后,出水余氯从0.66mg/L下降到0.26mg/L,出水浊度和颗粒物浓度分别从进水的0.08NTU和377counts/mL增高至0.86NTU和4151counts/mL,出水水质变差.进水中仅有红霉素和氨苄西林的抗性细菌的数量较高,分别为36和99CFU/100mL,出水中,链霉素和氨苄西林的抗性细菌数量最高,分别为432和155CFU/100mL,远远高于进水中抗性细菌数量.生物膜相中异养菌总数和细胞总数达到了4089CFU/cm~2和1.5×10~6cells/cm~2,链霉素和红霉素的抗性细菌数量较高,为3432和2508CFU/cm~2,其抗性细菌比例分别达到了83.9%和61.4%.颗粒物相中,氯霉素和氨苄西林的抗性细菌比例较高,都在45%左右.生物膜和颗粒物都会给细菌提供一个安全稳定的生长场所,使细菌能够抵抗残留消毒剂和部分抗生素的抑制作用,更易产生耐药性,对人体健康的威胁也更大.     

生物膜对给水铸铁管腐蚀结垢的影响

采用XRD、XPS对给水铸铁管腐蚀结垢产物进行表征,结合水相中总铁浓度变化规律,研究了生物膜生长对给水铸铁管腐蚀结垢的影响.结果表明,0～7 d时生物膜存在条件下水相中总铁浓度更高,而15～30 d时无生物膜生长的对照组水相中总铁浓度更高.有生物膜生长时,锈垢的XRD图谱主峰为铁氧化物;无生物膜生长时,主峰为CaCO₃,次峰为铁氧化物,表明生物膜的存在会影响锈垢中晶体的生长及组成.7 d时有生物膜生长组锈垢中铁的质量分数更高,而15 d和30 d时对照组锈垢中铁的质量分数更高.有生物膜生长组锈垢中钙的质量分数始终低于对照组,可能是胞外多聚物吸附或微生物生长消耗钙离子所致.上述结果表明,生物膜发育7 d时会促进铸铁管的腐蚀,而发育15～30 d时会抑制铸铁管的腐蚀;存在生物膜生长会对铸铁管锈垢的形态和组成产生重要影响.生物膜对腐蚀的抑制作用为控制配水管网管道的腐蚀提供了一条新的途径.     

Impact of disinfection on drinking water biofilm bacterial community

Disinfectants are commonly applied to control the growth of microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. However, the effect of disinfection on drinking water microbial community remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the impacts of different disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine) and dosages on biofilm bacterial community in bench-scale pipe section reactors. Illumina MiSeq sequencing illustrated that disinfection strategy could affect both bacterial diversity and community structure of drinking water biofilm. Proteobacteria tended to predominate in chloraminated drinking water biofilms, while Firmicutes in chlorinated and unchlorinated biofilms. The major proteobacterial groups were influenced by both disinfectant type and dosage. In addition, chloramination had a more profound impact on bacterial community than chlorination.     

O3-BAC-Cl2: A multi-barrier process controlling the regrowth of opportunistic waterborne pathogens in drinking water distribution systems

Simulated drinking water distribution system (DWDS) treated with O₃-BAC-Cl₂ (ozone-biological activated carbon-chlorine) was constructed to study its effects on the regrowth of five typical opportunistic pathogens (OPs). It was found that O₃-BAC-Cl₂ could significantly reduce the regrowth of target OPs in the effluents of DWDS compared with Cl₂ and O₃-Cl₂ with the same residual chlorine levels. However, the effect of O₃-BAC-Cl₂ on the average numbers of target OPs gene markers in the biofilms of DWDS was not apparent, suggesting that OPs in the biofilms of DWDS were tolerant to the upstream disinfection process. The quantification of target OPs in the BAC-filter column demonstrated that OPs decreased with the increase of depth, which was likely due to the organic nutrient gradient and microbial competition inside the BAC-filter. Increase in the ozone dose could further reduce the OPs at the bottom of the BAC-filter. Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated that some significant correlations existed between target microorganisms, suggesting potential microbial ecological relationships. Overall, our results demonstrated that the BAC-filter may act as a “battlefield” suppressing the OPs through microbial competition. O₃-BAC-Cl₂ could be an effective multi-barrier process to suppress the proliferation of OPs in the bulk water of DWDS. However, OPs protected by the biofilms of DWDS should receive further attention because OPs may be detached and released from the biofilms.     

The formation kinetics and control of biofilms by three dominant fungi species isolated from groundwater

Filamentous fungi can enter drinking water supply systems in various ways, and exist in suspended or sessile states which threatens the health of individuals by posing a high risk of invasive infections. In this study, the biofilms formation kinetics of the three genera of fungal spores, Aspergillus niger (A. niger), Penicillium polonicum (P. polonicum) and Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum) isolated from the groundwater were reported, as well as the effects of water quality parameters were evaluated. In addition, the efficiency of low- concentrations of chlorine-based disinfectants (chlorine, chlorine dioxide and chloramine) on controlling the formation of fungal biofilms was assessed. The results showed that the biofilms formation of the three genera of fungi could be divided into the following four phases: induction, exponential, stationary and sloughing off. The optimum conditions for fungal biofilms formation were found to be neutral or weakly acidic at 28 °C with rich nutrition. In fact, A. niger, P. polonicum, and T. harzianum were not observed to form mature biofilms in actual groundwater within 120 hr. Carbon was found to have the maximum effect on the fungal biofilms formation in actual groundwater, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The resistance of fungal species to disinfectants during the formation of biofilms decreased in the order: A. niger > T. harzianum > P. polonicum. Chlorine dioxide was observed to control the biofilms formation with maximum efficiency, followed by chlorine and chloramine. Consequently, the results of this study will provide a beneficial understanding for the formation and control of fungal biofilms.     

富营养化湖泊中微囊藻毒素及其控制去除技术

微囊藻水华是湖泊水体中产生最频繁、危害最严重的一类。微囊藻毒素作为富营养化水体中最常见的藻类毒素,获得了国内外的广泛关注与研究报道。我国淡水水体受微囊藻毒素污染的程度已经相当严重,尤其是饮用水水源的污染,对人们的健康构成了极大的危害。因此当前急需确认藻类毒素对我国水环境影响的程度,研究蓝藻水华产毒的生态条件及控制去除途径,探索毒素对人体健康的影响和防治对策,目前关于微囊藻毒素的健康效应的研究多是从饮用水角度出发,今后的研究可收集详细的数据以建立危险性评估模型,并评价各种降低微囊藻毒素危险性措施的效果。文章就微囊藻毒素的产生、性质与结构、对环境与人类健康的危害、以及微囊藻毒素在水处理过程中的控制方法等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了研究展望。     

饮用水中的消毒副产物及其控制策略

消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)是在饮用水消毒时由消毒剂与有机或无机前体物反应生成的一类次生污染物,其由于具有致癌、致畸和致突变的三致特性在全球范围内广受关注.聚焦于饮用水中的DBPs,介绍了DBPs的主要分类和研究历程,汇总了多地饮用水中常见DBPs的浓度水平以及全球饮用水水质标准对DBP指标的管控要求.随后系统介绍了饮用水中DBPs的控制策略,包括源头控制、过程控制、末端控制以及协同控制这4大类,并对各类控制方法的优缺点进行了分析.评述了中国的DBPs研究的现有水平和未来趋势,并展望了未来有关DBPs控制方法的研究方向.一方面,在评价某种工艺或技术对DBPs的控制效果时需要考虑DBPs浓度和水质综合毒性的变化,另一方面,建议关注耦合源头、过程和末端控制技术的协同控制方法,兼顾从源头到龙头每个节点,实现对饮用水中各类DBPs的高效控制.     

持久性、迁移性和潜在毒性化学品环境健康风险与控制研究现状及趋势分析

持久性、迁移性、毒性或高持久和高迁移性化学品(PMT/vPvM)在全球地表水、地下水和饮用水水体已被广泛检出,是未来可能显著影响人类健康和环境的一类重要新兴污染物.按照欧盟提议的鉴别标准,现有化学品中的PMT/vPvM数以千计,涉及用途广泛,包括三聚氰胺等数10种较高产量的工业化学品.PMT/vPvM可通过农田径流、工业废水和生活污水排入环境,污水处理厂目前被认为是其主要排放途径.因难以被现行常规水处理技术有效去除,PMT/vPvM可长期存在于城镇人居环境水循环系统中,危及居民饮用水及生态系统安全.欧盟已率先开始将PMT/vPvM专门纳入现行化学品风险管理体系中的优先范畴.目前,环境中仍有众多潜在PMT/vPvM,其监测方法亟待进一步完善,物质鉴定、类别范围及清单建立均尚需时日;PMT/vPvM在全球各地区的环境分布和暴露研究十分有限,其潜在、长期的生态毒性和人体健康危害效应研究较为匮乏.与此同时,替代品或替代技术以及污水处理、污染场地修复等环境工程治理技术的研究和开发,都将成为未来PMT/vPvM风险科学研究与管理决策的迫切需求.     

Development and application of innovative technologies for drinking water quality assurance in China

The continuously deteriorating quality of source water is threatening the safety of drinking water in China. Various efforts have been made to update water treatment processes to decrease the pollution problems of drinking water, such as protection of drinking water sources, enhancement of conventional treatment processes, and development of new or advanced treatment technologies. This paper reviews a variety of protection and remediation methods for drinking water sources, development and application of drinking water treatment technologies, new technologies for special pollutants removal from groundwater, and the latest research progress on water distribution systems in China.     

饮用水中溴酸盐的去除技术

臭氧在饮用水处理中得到了广泛的应用,但当水源中含有溴离子时,臭氧深度处理过程中会产生2B级潜在致癌物溴酸盐。我国新的《生活饮用水卫生标准》规定溴酸盐浓度为10μg/L。溴酸盐在水中是极易溶解,具有高度稳定性,溴酸盐一旦形成,就很难用传统的处理技术去除。综述了目前去除溴酸盐技术的最新研究进展及其优缺点,主要包括活性炭吸附去除法、离子交换法、亚铁离子还原去除法、零价铁还原去除法、紫外线照射法等去除技术。现有的去除技术大部分处于实验阶段,在实际应用中存在一定的局限性,因此需要进一步的实验研究,以便有效的应用于工程实践。     

Drinking water quality governance: A comparative case study of Brazil,Ecuador, and Malawi

Human health is greatly affected by inadequate access to sufficient and safe drinking water, especially in low and middle-income countries. Drinking water governance improvements may be one way to better drinking water quality. Over the past decade, many projects and international organizations have been dedicated to water governance; however, water governance in the drinking water sector is understudied and how to improve water governance remains unclear. We analyze drinking water governance challenges in three countries – Brazil, Ecuador, and Malawi – as perceived by government, service providers, and civil society organizations. A mixed methods approach was used: a clustering model was used for country selection and qualitative semi-structured interviews were used with direct observation in data collection. The clustering model integrated political, economic, social and environmental variables that impact water sector performance, to group countries. Brazil, Ecuador and Malawi were selected with the model so as to represent the diversity of the clusters. This comparative case study is important because similar challenges are identified in the drinking water sectors of each country; while, the countries represent diverse socio-economic and political contexts, and the case selection process provides generalizability to our results. We find that access to safe water could be improved if certain water governance challenges were addressed: coordination and data sharing between ministries that deal with drinking water services; monitoring and enforcement of water quality laws; and sufficient technical capacity to improve administrative and technical management of water services at the local level. From an analysis of our field research, we also developed a conceptual framework that identifies policy levers that could be used to influence governance of drinking water quality on national and sub-national levels, and the relationships between these levers.