Industrial pollution transport. Part 2. Control of industrial emissions

Solutions of the pollution transport problem and its adjoint are used to monitor mean pollution concentration in an ecologically important zone. Four strategies of control over pollutants released into the atmosphere by industrial plants are suggested. They differ by the restrictions imposed on the emission rate of each plant. All the strategies use solutions of the adjoint transport problem and assure the fulfillment of the sanitary norm in the zone. A linear interpolation of these strategies also brings pollution level in the zone down to the sanitary norm. A method of detecting the plants violating the prescribed emission rates is also given. A simple example is given to illustrate the strategies suggested.     

化工园区环境风险监管与事故应急决策支持系统的构建

针对化工园区危险化学品品种繁多、日常储运量大且集中、事故发生频繁、危害较大的情况,通过建立危险化学品原料、产品、排放及其特性数据库,辨识重大危险源,并利用GIS等先进技术,进行园区废水、废气的日常排放监管,综合统计、预测、评价环境影响程度,结合案例库和救援处置体系,进而构建一个面向园区的污染物排放动态监管与环境污染事故应急决策支持系统。     

Development and Application of Urban High Temporal-Spatial Resolution Vehicle Emission Inventory Model and Decision Support System

This paper reports on the development and application of an urban high temporal-spatial resolution vehicle emission inventory model and decision support system based on the current situation in China and actual vehicle emission control requirements. The system incorporates a user-friendly modular architecture that integrates a vehicle emission model and a decision support platform and includes scenario analysis and visualisation capabilities. A bottom-up approach based on localised emission factors and actual on-road driving condition has been adopted to develop the system. As a case study of application and evaluation, an emission reduction effect analysis of the supposed low-emission zone (LEZ) policy in Beijing (2012) was conducted. According to the simulated results in the forms of tables, histograms and grid maps, the establishment of this LEZ had a definite effect on the emission reduction of various types of air pollutants, especially carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon. In the system, the simulation methodology for identifying environmental benefits brought by the LEZ policy could be used to assess other similar environmental policies. Through flexible modification of configuration values or input data variables, the efficacy of separate or joint policies could be quantifiably evaluated and graphically displayed.     

Assessment of Dust Generation Due to Opencast Coal Mining– An Indian Case Study

Every mine in India has to obtain environmental clearance fromthe Govt. Air pollution is one of the most important parametersto be considered in preparing an EIA. However, there is no welldefined method for predicting thr air pollution impact due tomining. Increasing trend of opencast (O/C) mining leads toproduction of huge quantities of dust. Emission factor data havebeen utilised to quantify the generation of dust. The projectunder study is one of the largest opencast project (OCP) forcoking coal. The main sources of air pollution have beenidentified. The rate of emission per unit of a given activityknown as an emission factor has been utilised, taking localfactors into account. It has been estimated that due to topsoilremoval, overburden (O/B) removal, extraction of coal, sizereduction generated 7.8 t of dust per day. Wind erosiongenerated 1.6 t of dust per day and the whole operationproduced dust which accounted for 9.4 mt/day. They cause airpollution in the work zone and surrouding locations. Themethodology adopted may be used to quantify generation for otherprojects also.     

An empirical study of estimating vehicle emissions under cordon and distance based road user charging in Leeds, UK

This paper presents the impact of road user charging (RUC) on vehicle emissions through application of traffic assignment and pollutant emission models. It presents results of an analysis of five RUC schemes on vehicle emissions in Leeds, UK for 2005. The schemes were: a ￡3 inner ring road cordoncharge; a double cordon with a ￡2 inner ring road and a ￡1 outer ring road charge; and distance charges of 2, 10 and 20 p/km levied for travel within the outer cordon. Schemes were compared to a no charge option and results presented here. Emissions are significantly reduced within the inner cordon, whilst beyond the cordon, localised increases and decreases occur. The double cordon exhibits a similar but less marked pattern. Distance charging reduces city-wide emissions by 10% under a 2 p/km charge, 42–49% under a 10 p/km charge and 52–59% under a 20 p/km charge. The higher distance charges reduce emissions within the charge zone, and are also associated with elevated emissions outside the zone, but to a lesser extent than that observed for cordon charging.     

基于3S技术的桂林市南溪河污染现状调查

城区小流域常是水污染较重的区域,又是污染源密集的地方,其非点源污染的监测与评估,需要实用方法。本调查基于3S技术,开展流域的监测与评价,包括空间定位的精度控制、非点源的遥感分类解译、采用排污系数对非点源污染评估、对污染源及污水管网做GIS空间分析。结合水质监测进行污径比和水环境容量的评价。重点讨论了城区人口解译方法和污染源评估方法,探讨典型城区非点源污染监测的思路。     

Exposure to airborne isocyanates and other thermal degradation products at polyurethane-processing workplaces

The thermal degradation products of polyurethanes (PURs) and exposure to isocyanates were studied by stationary and personal measurements in five different occupational environments. Isocyanates were collected on glass fibre filters impregnated with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (2MP) and in impingers containing n-dibutylamine (DBA) in toluene. connected to a glass fibre postfilter. The derivatives formed were analysed by liquid chromatography: 2MP derivatives with UV and electrochemical detection and DBA derivatives with mass spectrometric detection. The release of aldehydes and other volatile organic compounds into the air was also studied. In a comparison of the two sampling methods, the 2MP method yielded about 20% lower concentrations for 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) than did the DBA method. In car repair shops, the median concentration of diisocyanates (given as NCO groups) in the breathing zone was 1.1 microg NCO m(-3) during grinding and 0.3 microg NCO m(-3) during welding, with highest concentrations of 1.7 and 16 pg NCO m(-3), respectively. High concentrations of MDI, up to 25 and 19 microg NCO m(-3), respectively, were also measured in the breathing zone during welding of district heating pipes and turning of a PUR-coated metal cylinder. During installation of PUR-coated floor covering, small amounts of aliphatic diisocyanates were detected in the air. A small-molecular monoisocyanate, methyl isocyanate, and isocyanic acid were detected only during welding and turning operations. The diisocyanate concentrations were in general higher near the emission source than in the workers' breathing zone. A sampling strategy to evaluate the risk of exposure to isocyanates is presented.     

Evaluation by TCAM Model of Physical–Chemical Properties of Aerosol in Northern Italy

The chemical and size characterisation of aerosol in northern Italy was investigated by means of transport chemical aerosol model (TCAM) multiphase model long-term simulations performed within the frame of the CityDelta-CAFE exercise. The results show a high contribution of secondary inorganic compounds, in particular far from the Milan metropolitan area and in the large rural area of the Po valley where the major chemical fractions are ammonium and nitrates. The sulphate contribution is quite similar throughout this region, with the exception of areas close to SOx point emissions. Primary PM and organic compounds fractions, on the other hand, are greater close to major urban areas, in particular the Milan metropolitan zone. This work also presents a seasonal characterisation analysis of physical and chemical aerosol features. The results show that in winter, due to domestic heating emission of NOx and low temperatures, which favour the formation of secondary nitrate and organic aerosol, the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations are higher than those in summer, in agreement with experimental data presented in several studies focussing on the same region.     

A GIS-based Study for Optimizing the Total Emission Control Strategy in Lanzhou City

A geographic information system (GIS)-based approach with spatial analysis advantages was developed to optimize the total emission control scheme on air pollution in Lanzhou, combined with Models-3 modeling system and a linear programming model. GIS system is mainly used for establishing a multifactor assessment model to quantitatively divide environmental functional zone, and also used for selecting control sites in linear programming model. The results show that most of the urban area belongs to the second type of function, which is 122.8 km² occupying about 76.5% and the third type of about 32.9 km² occupying 20.5%. To reach the air quality up to the national standard in the entire control area, some large-emission factories need to cut emissions from 19% to 27%. For small but low-emission height sources, the cut may be as high 40%. The improvement of the ecological environment is urgently needed for controlling the background particle pollution in Lanzhou city.     

Secondary mobilisation of heavy metals in overbank sediments

Heavy metal mobility was studied in overbank sediments of the Grote Beek river in Central Belgium. The geochemical signature of heavy metals in fine-scale sampled overbank sediments was compared with data on heavy metal emission into the river. The influence of acidification, organic and inorganic complexation on heavy metal mobility in overbank sediments was studied by single and sequential extractions and leaching tests. As confirmed by these tests, the elevated CaCl(2) content of the river water significantly enhanced the mobilisation of especially Cd, while Zn was mobilised to a lesser extent. The mobilisation of As on the other hand decreased in the presence of elevated CaCl(2) concentrations. Based on the results of single extractions, two highly contaminated zones with a different Cd mobility were observed in one of the overbank profiles. A detailed investigation of Cd leaching behaviour in the zone of Fe-accumulation during pH(stat) leaching tests, suggested that it was related to the association of Cd with Fe-oxides, while adsorption was the dominant binding form of Cd in the clay-rich part of the overbank sediment profile.     

污染物在地下水毛细饱水带的运移规律浅释

分析了毛细饱水带的水动力学特性，指出在地下水污染研究中，污染物在毛细饱和水带和潜水怪具有相同的水平运动规律，并以实例分析说明该带对污染物运移的重要性。建议在研究和一非饱和条件地下水及污染物运动问题时把毛细饱水带与潜水含水层统一为饱马毛细饱水带顶面作为饱水面。     

Monitoring and Assessment of Exhaust Emission in Bangkok Street Air

Measurement of the exhaust emission from gasoline-powered motor vehicles in Bangkok were performed on chassis dynamometer. A fleet of 10 vehicles of different model, years and manufacturers were selected to measure the air pollutants in the exhaust effluent. The study revealed that the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions averaged 32.3–64.2 and 1.82–2.98 g km^–1, respectively, for 1990–1992 cars and decreased to 17.8–40.71 and 0.75–1.88 g km^–1, respectively, for 1994–1995 cars. A monitoring program for air pollutant concentrations in ambient air was also conducted to evaluate the air pollution problems in Bangkok arising from vehicle exhaust emission. Four air sampling stations were strategically established to cover the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR). Composite air samples in this study area were collected during the day/night times and weekday/weekend. The average concentrations of suspended particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide in Bangkok street air were found to be 0.65 mg/m³ (24 hr ave.), 19.02 mg/m³ (8 hr ave.) and 0.021 mg/m³ (1 hr ave.), respectively. The average concentrations of benzene and toluene in the ambient air of the study area were found to be 15.07–50.20 and 25.76–130.95 g/mf³, respectively, for 8 hr average. These results indicated that there was a significant increase in air pollutant emissions with increasing car mileage and model year. Subsequent analysis of data showed that there were only 20% of the test vehicles complied to approved emission standard. The finding also revealed that there was a correlation between the average air pollutant concentrations with average traffic speed in each traffic zone of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR).     

Fuel characteristics and emissions from biomass burning and land-use change in Nigeria

Nigeria is one of the 13 low-latitude countries that have significant biomass burning activities. Biomass burning occurs in moist savanna, dry forests, and forest plantations. Fires in the forest zone are associated with slash-and-burn agriculture; the areal extent of burning is estimated to be 80% of the natural savanna. In forest plantations, close to 100% of litter is burned. Current estimates of emissions from land-use change are based on a 1976 national study and extrapolations from it. The following non-carbon dioxide (CO₂) trace gas emissions were calculated from savanna burning: methane (CH₄), 145 gigagrams (Gg); carbon monoxide (CO), 3831 Gg; nitrous oxide (N₂O), 2 Gg; and nitrogen oxides (NO_x), 49 Gg. Deforestation rates in forests and woodlands are 300 × 10³ ha (kilohectare, or kha) and 200 × kha per year, respectively. Trace gas emissions from deforestation were estimated to be 300 Gg CH₄, 2.4 Gg N₂O, and 24 Gg NO_x. CO₂ emissions from burning, decay of biomass, and long-term emissions from soil totaled 125 561 Gg. These estimates should be viewed as preliminary, because greenhouse gas emission inventories from burning, deforestation, and land-use change require two components: fuel load and emission factors. Fuel load is dependent on the areal extent of various land uses, and the biomass stocking and some of these data in Nigeria are highly uncertain.     

“十一五”期间重点流域化学需氧量排放及减排潜力分析

根据"十一五"期间七大流域化学需氧量(COD)排放总量、工业COD排放量及生活COD排放量的变化情况对各流域的减排幅度进行了综合评价,根据单位水资源COD负荷、单位工业产值COD排放强度及人均生活COD排放强度对各流域的污染压力进行了综合评价,以七大流域的减排幅度和污染压力为基础分析了各流域COD的减排潜力,并对各流域的重点防控领域和配套减排措施等方面提出了政策建议。     

广州白云国际机场飞机大气污染物排放分析

根据收集到的2008-2012年广州白云国际机场航班起降次数,参考《珠江三角洲非道路移动源排放清单开发》飞机污染物估算方法及排放因子,计算出此期间机场飞机大气污染物排放量,并与2010-2012年广州市机动车污染物排放情况对比。结果表明：飞机大气污染物排放量随客运量的增长呈逐年上升趋势,而与机动车排放相比,飞机大气污染物排放量较小,故现阶段仍应以机动车作为移动源污染控制的重点。     

洛阳市2017年大气氨排放清单的建立及其空间分布特征

基于洛阳市不同类型氨排放源的活动水平数据,主要采取排放因子法构建了2017年洛阳市大气氨排放清单,并以GIS技术为基础进行2 km分辨率的空间网格分配。通过研究得出,2017年洛阳市的大气氨排放量为63.2 kt,排放强度达到4 t/km~2以上,全市主要的氨排放源为畜禽养殖和农田生态系统,排放量分别为43.7 kt和10.4 kt,分别占氨排放总量的69.2%和16.5%。在畜禽养殖源中,肉牛是最大的贡献源,贡献率为30.4%;在农田生态系统中,氮肥施用是最大的贡献源,贡献率为87.7%。各区县中,宜阳县和伊川县排放量最大,共占氨排放总量的32.0%;偃师市、伊川县为排放强度最高;空间分布特征上呈现北部氨排放量大、南部排放量少、在城市区周边氨排放量较突出的现象。     

南京市加油站VOCs排放清单

在分析国内外加油站VOCs排放因子的基础上,结合油气回收进程和排放控制现状,初步建立南京市加油站VOCs排放清单。结果表明：全市加油站VOCs排放因子为168 mg/L,年排放VOCs为300 t。S1+S2、S1+S2+OMS和S1+S2+OMS+VRD 3类加油站的VOCs排放因子分别为335 mg/L、198 mg/L和147 mg/L,OMS和VRD对VOCs排放控制效果显著。     

上海市城镇污水处理厂氨气排放定量研究

通过对上海市3家城镇污水处理厂主要污水处理工艺臭气收集处理装置进出口有组织排放和二沉池等敞开液面无组织排放氨采样,研究污水处理厂氨气排放特征,建立污水处理厂分季节本地化氨排放系数,并计算2019年上海市城镇污水厂氨排放量。结果表明:3家污水处理厂氨排放系数平均为4.8 mg/m³,其中污水处理环节氨排放系数为3.3 mg/m³,污泥处理环节氨排放系数为1.5 mg/m³。2019年上海市城镇污水处理厂氨排放量为10.3 t。     

重庆市主城区农业源氨排放研究

对重庆主城区畜禽养殖业氨(NH3)排放因子进行了本地化修正,估算了农业源NH3排放量。主城区农业源年排放NH38 482 t,其中化肥施用NH3排放量最大,占总排放量的66.7%;畜牧养殖业占26.3%;农作物释放占6.9%。巴南区农业源NH3排放量最大,占主城区排放总量的41%,渝中区为零排放。主城区农业源NH3排放强度为1 552.1kg/km2,大渡口区排放强度最高。主城区畜禽养殖业NH3排放比例低于全国平均水平,化肥施用NH3排放比例高于全国平均水平,但与全国农业源NH3排放结构类似。     

《恶臭污染物排放标准》修订的若干意见

从实际的恶臭监测分析出发,结合执行《恶臭污染物排放标准》过程中的各种体会,从标准的适用范围、浓度排放限值以及采样环节等三个方面,对《恶臭污染物排放标准》的修订提出了若干意见.建议对排放标准的适用范围进行调整,增加行业排放标准,对有组织排放增加浓度排放限值规定,对采样气象条件、采样点位、采样频率进行明确,并引入背景值或本底值的测量,对测量结果进行修正.