气-固复合粉体在高原地区灭火性能的试验研究

为满足高原地区低压低氧环境对火灾防治的特殊需求,在拉萨进行模拟试验,研究由溴氟丙烯和13X沸石所组成的气-固复合粉体灭火剂对汽油火的灭火性能,并与平原地区的合肥的灭火效果进行对比。试验结果表明,在拉萨低压低氧的环境下,复合粉体灭火剂对汽油火具有很好的灭火性能。在同样的试验条件下,其灭火时间和灭火剂用量比合肥减少20%以上,说明该复合粉体灭火剂在高原地区有很好的适用性。     

A study of the probability distribution of pool fire extinguishing times using water mist

Water mist, a replacement for Halon gaseous agents in fire fighting, has been studied for decades. However, the fire-extinguishing reliability of water mist is debated. For example, there are significant differences in extinguishing times between tests conducted under the same conditions, and water mists have difficulty extinguishing small fires. To date, no study of the probability distribution of extinguishing times has been reported. In this study a statistical analysis of the extinguishing time distribution of pool fires extinguished using water mist is presented. The fire sources were circular/square stainless steel pans with gasoline, diesel, ethanol or daqing RP-3 as fuel. Two types of extinguishing scenarios were observed. In one situation, the fire was extinguished via a blow off process, when the flames had not yet been suppressed. Flame cooling is the primary fire extinguishing mechanism; the mass loss rate and combustion heat of the fuel are two key factors. In the other situation, the fire was initially suppressed and subsequently extinguished after a long suppression stage. Surface cooling is the primary fire extinguishing mechanism; the flash point of the fuel is the key factor.     

复合干粉灭火剂抑制食用油火的试验研究

为改善普通碳酸氢钠干粉灭火剂(BC干粉)抑制食用油火时抗复燃性较差的不足,选择聚磷酸铵、溴化钾和一水合草酸钾作为添加剂,与普通BC干粉灭火剂混合配制成复合干粉灭火剂。通过全尺度模拟试验研究各种复合粉体对食用油火的灭火效果及其抗复燃性能。结果证明,普通BC干粉与一水合草酸钾复配而成的复合粉体针对食用油火的灭火效果和抗复燃性能在几种粉体中最佳。根据试验数据和各粉体的理化特性,对4种粉体的灭火效果差异作了详细的分析和讨论。     

Numerical modeling of water spray suppression of conveyor belt fires in a large-scale tunnel

Conveyor belt fires in an underground mine pose a serious life threat to miners. Water sprinkler systems are usually used to extinguish underground conveyor belt fires, but because of the complex interaction between conveyor belt fires and mine ventilation airflow, more effective engineering designs are needed for the installation of water sprinkler systems. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate the interaction between the ventilation airflow, the belt flame spread, and the water spray system in a mine entry. The CFD model was calibrated using test results from a large-scale conveyor belt fire suppression experiment. Simulations were conducted using the calibrated CFD model to investigate the effects of sprinkler location, water flow rate, and sprinkler activation temperature on the suppression of conveyor belt fires. The sprinkler location and the activation temperature were found to have a major effect on the suppression of the belt fire, while the water flow rate had a minor effect.     

含氯化亚铁添加剂细水雾灭火有效性的实验研究

为了提高常规细水雾的灭火有效性,拓展其应用范围,本文采用小尺度实验的方法,研究了含氯化亚铁添加剂细水雾在不同燃料种类、添加剂浓度、压力下扑灭池火的有效性。实验结果表明：向细水雾中添加氯化亚铁,显著地影响了它的灭火性能;细水雾的灭火时间随着加入的氯化亚铁的质量浓度变化而发生改变,而且存在一个最短灭火时间浓度;细水雾喷头的工作压力和燃料的类型也对细水雾的灭火性能有影响,喷头工作压力越大,细水雾的平均灭火时间越短;在相同的实验条件下,细水雾灭煤油火的时间要短于灭乙醇火的时间。     

庚烷池火多火源燃烧特性的实验研究

多火源燃烧是森林火灾和城市群发性火灾中重要而又特殊的火灾现象,相关研究很少。通过恒定控制液面高度的实验系统,对直径0.1m、0.2m和0.4m的庚烷池火在单个火源、两火源燃烧和三火源线性排列时的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率等特性进行了实验研究。研究发现,三火源燃烧时中间火源的火焰高度、火焰体积和燃烧速率明显高于两火源燃烧和单火源燃烧,三火源燃烧时边上火源与两火源的燃烧状况难以区分。这些燃烧特性随着火源间距的减小,呈现增大趋势。热量反馈增强和空气卷吸受限这两种火源相互作用机制相互耦合,且随着火源间距的减小而增强,在S/D（S为火源间距,D为油池直径）为2～4时,两种机制强烈竞争,在其他参数范围内热量反馈增强效应占主导作用。研究还发现火焰体积与热释放速率有较好的线性相关关系,单位火焰体积的热释放速率约为1614kW/m3。     

医院手术室火灾预防应对策略研究

随着可燃性吸入麻醉药、激光及电凝电切设备在医院手术室内的广泛应用,发生在医院手术室内的火灾具有其特殊性.一旦发生火灾时,对于正在接受手术的患者而言,由于其处于全麻或局麻的非全清醒状态,意识及行动高度受限,可能对其造成极度其严重的伤害.因此,控制手术室内火灾和爆炸危险对于手术室工作人员极为重要.     

Effect of admixture of solid inertant on fire hazard of dust layers oriented at varying degrees of inclination

Unlike metallic dust layers, the layer flammability levels (LFL) of non-metallic dust layers exhibit a wide range from Class 1 (No self-sustained combustion) to Class 6 (explosive combustion). However, determinations of layer flammability have not considered the effect of inclination angle, thereby potentially underestimating fire hazard of combustible dust layers in many industrial situations. In this research, inclined dust layers showed greater fire hazard than did horizontally oriented dust layers. For example, LFL of wood dust jumped from class 3 to class 5 when layers were positioned with an incline. Flame spread rate of PMMA dust layers increased from 1.8 to 3.6 mm/s when the angle of inclination increased from 0 to 40°. Even small amounts of solid inertant significantly decreased surface layer fires. The required amount of inertant to completely inert layer fires was far less than that for smoldering layer fires or dust explosions.     

服装商店火灾的实体灭火试验研究

为研究服装商店火灾蔓延和燃烧的特性及其对消防部队灭火作战的影响,按照真实的场景布置并进行了两次通风条件不同的服装商店火灾的实体灭火试验.试验结果显示由于服装商店内可燃物较多,燃烧耗氧量大,火灾的蔓延和强度受通风状况的影响较大.在供氧充足的情况下,服装商店火灾的蔓延发展可以分为引燃阶段、缓慢发展阶段和快速发展阶段三个阶段.当火灾发展到快速发展阶段的时候,火场的温度和烟气浓度很高,能见度低,灭火困难,导致灭火时间长,消防用水量大.     

不同实验标准对几种常见阻燃剂粉尘可爆性影响研究

为研究阻燃剂粉尘可爆性,依据不同实验标准所采用的哈特曼管和20 L球爆炸实验系统,对几种常见阻燃剂粉尘可爆性进行了初步研究。结果表明:按不同标准实验,四溴双酚A、三聚氰胺、二乙基次膦酸铝、赤磷和对二丁基氧化锡均为可爆性粉尘;三氧化二锑、钛白粉、碳酸钙、氢氧化铝和二氧化硅均为不可爆性粉尘;氰尿酸三聚氰胺、球形硅树脂粉以及膨胀石墨的粉尘可爆性结果不一致。对于某些阻燃剂,点火源的起始能量对粉尘可爆性结果有较大影响;某些阻燃剂对爆炸具有抑制效应,抑制程度同物质本身的性质和浓度有关系。     

Methods to determine the mine gas explosibility – An overview

Mine gas explosions present a serious safety threat in the worldwide mining industry. Since the beginning of mining, many coal miners have been killed due to the explosions. Accordingly, on a regular basis, mine operators should get air samples from the underground atmosphere. At the same time, monitoring and tracking the explosibility of the air sample should be done as a timely matter to avoid any potential explosions. All these works can provide very important information to assist the mine operators to well understand the mine atmospheric status and its trends. In additional, when facing the coal spontaneous combustion, mine fire events, or other chemical reactions related mine accidents, determination of explosibility is a definitely significant work for the safety of miners and mine rescue personnel especially when planning and implementing any mine rescue strategies. For many years, mining engineers and researchers have developed a number of methods for assessing the explosibility of the air–gas-mixture. Their research results provide a baseline for judgments of the mine gas explosibility and in determining the extent of change. In this paper, main popular and typical methods used in mining industry to determine the mine gas explosibility are introduced and reviewed. Case demonstrations for each method are also shown and can be used to instruct readers to understand how to apply them. Finally, a brief discussion about the current methods is presented and some preliminary suggestions are also listed for the further improvements in the future research.     

Characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and their extinguishment by water mist

Large cooking oil pool fires, occurring in industrial oil cookers, present a severe hazard to food processing plants due to their size and the large amount of hot oil involved. This paper reports a series of full-scale fire experiments conducted in a large industrial oil cooker mock-up. The characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and the effect of oil depth and hood position in the oil cooker on fire growth were studied. The use of water mist for extinguishing large oil pool fires and their extinguishing performance under different discharge pressure and with different types of water mist systems were investigated. Experimental results showed that the cooking oil underwent a substantial expansion in volume during heating. The fires developed quickly once the oil auto-ignited. The fire growth rate was affected by the oil depth in the pan and the hood position in the oil cooker. The water mist fire suppression systems effectively extinguished large cooking oil fires and prevented them from re-igniting. Their extinguishing performance was determined by the type of water mist system, discharge pressure and hood position in the oil cooker.     

Research on the influence of foaming gas in compressed air/nitrogen foam on extinguishing the n-heptane tank fire

Tank fires threaten the lives of people and pollute the environment for their intense radiant heat, rapid fire spread and explosion hazard. Compressed air/nitrogen foam (CAF/CNF), a cleaner fire extinguishing technique used for the tank fire suppression because halogen-based agents were prohibited for environmental reasons. In this work, the influence of foaming gas in CAF/CNF on extinguishing the n-heptane tank fire was firstly investigated. Firstly, it was found that CNF spreads faster with rapid increase in foam thickness, mainly due to its better stability and less evaporation. Secondly, after foam was discharged, there existed a short increase of the combustion intensity, associated with three monotonous regions and two time delays in the whole extinguishing time. The two time delays were caused by Rayleigh–Taylor instability and flame sheet shift, respectively, and the shift distance was larger for CNF. Finally, the influential factors contributing to flame extinction were exhibited to be mainly related to the decrease in liquid burning rate and gas-phase Damkohler number. Among these factors, foam spreading rate and thickness dominated due to coupled chemical and physical extinguishing effects. Resulted from some competitive effects, CNF was slightly more efficient at extinguishing tank fires than CAF.     

“Vybuchovy trojuhelnik”: A software tool for evaluation of explosibility of coal mine atmosphere

Rescue operations during mine fires or methane explosions are highly dangerous for rescue workers. The knowledge of the composition of the coal mine atmosphere and the calculations of its explosibility may help to increase the safety of the rescuers. In the Czech Republic, a system called “Mine Gas Laboratory” (DPL) has been used for these purposes. The DPL allows measurement of the composition of the mine atmosphere and transmits the data necessary for evaluation to the surface. Up to now the explosibility evaluation of the coal mine atmosphere has depended either on the rescuers’ experience or on software code calculation. The code called “Vybuchovy trojuhelnik” (explosion triangle) is a graphical computing system intended for fast assessment of explosibility of fuel–air mixture. This article introduces the code and describes two simple methods of explosibility evaluation. The first method is “explosion triangle analysis”—a graphical method based on empirical graphs transformed into equations. The second method uses thermodynamic calculation based on chemical balance dynamics and Gibbs and Helmholtz energy. According to the requirements of the Czech Bureau of Mining (CBU) and Central Mine Rescue Service (HBZS), the code solves the problems of explosion triangle for both standard and non-standard coal mine atmosphere compositions. Unfortunately, the atmosphere composition must be introduced manually due to the unknown format of the data transmitted from the old DPL model. On 1 September 2005, a project started to develop a new system for on-line monitoring and atmosphere explosibility evaluation. The system should be able to measure CO₂, O₂, CH₄, H₂ and CO concentrations as well as the wind speed, temperature and humidity. The “Vybuchovy trojuhelnik” code will be used as a basis for explosibility evaluation, and an on-line connection with the new model of DPL will be established.     

受限空间内细水雾与火相互作用的实验研究

细水雾灭火系统作为卤代烷系列灭火剂的替代产品之一，以其高效无毒、经济实用的优点，近年来在国际上研究得非常活跃。本文在受限空间内利用先进的材料热释放速率测量仪研究了细水雾与火的相互作用过程，并得到了以下结论：细水雾通过汽化吸热冷却燃料及氧化剂、体积膨胀隔氧以及吸收热辐射降低对燃料的热回馈等效应与火相互作用，达到控制和扑灭火灾的目的，在受限空间内汽化隔氧效应起着重要作用。     

西藏森林火灾时空分布规律研究

根据1992～2005年西藏藏族自治区森林火灾统计,分析了森林火灾发生的时间和空间规律.森林火灾的年际间波动较大,2001以来火灾次数呈明显的上升趋势,但主要是火警次数增多.西藏的森林火灾主要发生在春季和冬季,特别是12月～翌年5月,2月和3月份的森林火灾最为严重.从森林火灾的空间分布来看,森林火灾主要发生在藏东南地区,特别是芒康、察隅、林芝和米林等县的森林火灾较多.引起森林火灾的火源主要是由生产用火和生活用火引起的.文中还对西藏森林火灾发生的火环境进行了分析,气候特点和可燃物分布特征决定了西藏的森林防火期为冬春季,火灾多发生在海拔2800 m～3600 m的阳坡针叶林和阔叶林中,以地表火最多,大多火场面积少于10 hm2.根据西藏森林火灾的发生特点,建议今后在防火基础建设、火源管理、可燃物管理、林火预防和扑救等方面加强工作,提高森林防火的能力.     

小尺度森林火灾的渐近幂律分布

森林火灾系统是一个自组织临界性系统，它的表现之一就是火灾的尺度分布满足幂律规律。然而实际数据分析表明，在尺度最大和最小的两个区域，火灾分布与幂律规律存在较大的差异。对小尺度火灾的偏离现象，研究者通常猜测是由于小面积火灾记录数据遗漏较多造成的，目前尚没有一个理论上的依据，而小尺度火灾的分布规律对大尺度火灾的预测起看关键作用。为了解释这种偏离现象，该文将火灾看作一个生灭过程，并对火灾蔓延和熄灭的机理进行了分析，最终得到了森林火灾分布与火灾尺度的定量依赖关系及其机理。将该文的结果与日本近年来全国范围内的森林火灾统计数据进行了对比，表明该文得到的结果与真实数据得到较好符合，并且成功解释了小尺度森林火灾分布与幂律关系的偏离现象。该研究可望对深入认识火灾系统的自组织临界性和防治火灾具有一定的实际意义。     

压缩空气泡沫系统(CAFS)产生泡沫屈服应力的试验研究

压缩空气泡沫系统(CAFS)是一种高效泡沫灭火手段.泡沫的流变学性能是森林火灾扑救中泡沫发挥直接和间接灭火能力的一个决定因素.本文用专门设计的钟摆式屈服应力测定装置测定了泡沫屈服应力,验证了泡沫屈服应力假设.泡沫屈服应力与泡沫气体百分比、析液时间和泡沫平均直径有关,试验得到了屈服应力与其影响因素的关系曲线和数学表达式模型.部分描述了泡沫这种特殊流体的流变学性质,对应用CAFS系统泡沫扑救森林火灾有重要指导意义,可用于预测外力作用下灭火泡沫的流动行为.     

超细水雾抑制酒精火有效性实验研究

为了研究超细水雾对酒精火的抑制效果,通过搭建超细水雾抑制受限空间酒清火燃烧的小尺寸实验平台,利用基于质量损失速率的热释放速率计算方法,研究超细水雾与酒精火焰相互作用时,酒精火火焰的变化规律及酒精火的热释放速率,与此同时,采用高速摄像仪对火焰进行拍摄,利用Matlab图像处理程序对采集的火焰图片剖面进行处理.研究发现:施...     

细水雾抑制熄灭书架火的模拟实验研究

细水雾灭火系统被建议用于保护对水敏感的环境,例如图书馆的珍稀图书收藏室。该文通过实验研究了细水雾控制与扑灭图书库火灾的可能性;论述了确定细水雾应用在图书库火灾防治中的局限性;得到了细水雾的灭火效率与书架火的点火位置以及火源的尺寸(功率)之间的关系,并作出了相应的解释。