NaCl盐度对活性污泥处理系统的影响

海水冲厕是一项具有重大节水意义的工程。针对所产生的含盐生活污水的处理 ,试验研究NaCl盐度对活性污泥处理系统的综合影响。分别研究不同盐度驯化下活性污泥的生长、有机物降解和去除情况、SBR反应系统内溶解氧随时间的变化以及污泥沉降性等。试验结果表明 ,NaCl盐度影响了微生物的生长 ,降低有机物降解速率和去除率 ,但是却增强了细胞的溶胞作用和微生物的呼吸作用     

污水处理厂低温运行期活性污泥核心菌群初探

东北部冬季污水处理效果较差,污泥效能不佳,该文以长春市5座污水处理厂为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术分析了污水处理厂活性污泥中的微生物组成,最后通过5座污水处理厂活性污泥微生物共有OTUs及优势菌属功能特性初步鉴定出核心功能微生物。结果表明,不同污水处理厂的活性污泥微生物丰富度及多样性没有显著差异性（P>0.05）。初步确定了2个阶元系统的优势微生物,在门水平上为Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes、Acidobacteria、Actinobacteria Verrucomicrobia,且均与生物降解相关。属水平上为Dechloromonas、Zoogloea、Arcobacter、Ferribacterium、Candidatus＿Accumulibacter、Sulfuritalea,其中与生物降解污染物相关的有Dechloromonas、Arcobacter、Ferribacterium、Candidatus＿Accumulibacter、Sulfuritalea;与促进活性污泥菌胶团生长相关的菌属有Zoogloea。以上微生物有较...     

碳源类型对超短泥龄活性污泥系统运行影响研究

由于可以同时实现污水中碳磷的快速分离,超短泥龄活性污泥系统在降低能耗与资源回收方面受到人们的广泛关注.本研究对不同 进水碳源（乙酸钠、丙酸钠、葡萄糖、生活污水）条件下超短泥龄活性污泥系统污泥性质、碳磷分离规律与分离机制、微生物动力学参数等进行了研究.结果表明,与生活污水相比,由单一碳源所培养超短泥龄活性污泥浓度较低,活性较高,但乙酸钠与丙酸钠培养活性污泥处于微膨胀状态.不同碳源培养系统中COD的去除性能并无明显差异（p>0.05）,并且由于生活污水中含有悬浮物,COD去除性能弱于单一碳源培养系统.不同碳源培养系统中磷酸盐的去除性能存在较大差异,乙酸钠与丙酸钠基本依靠生物效应除磷,但生物效应无法实现高效除磷,葡萄糖与 生活污水培养系统均同时依靠生物效应与EPS吸附效应除磷,不同碳源培养系统除磷效率排序为：葡萄糖>生活污水>丙酸钠>乙酸钠.研究同时发现,碳源分子量越小,培养系统中活性污泥生物活性越高,异养菌生长与衰减系数越高.     

高氨氮废水与城市生活污水短程硝化系统菌群比较

短程硝化是污水脱氮工艺中的重要环节,系统中的菌群结构决定了其处理效果.为探讨短程硝化系统中的微生物对不同污水的适应性,利用细菌16S rDNA克隆文库、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)和定量PCR分析方法对高氨氮废水和城市生活污水短程硝化系统中活性污泥的细菌群落结构、总体微生物的多样性以及功能微生物进行了比较.克隆文库结果表明两个系统中细菌群落结构明显不同,城市生活污水中细菌种类更丰富,但两个系统的优势菌群都属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidete).磷脂脂肪酸分析结果显示高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中微生物多样性指数和均匀度指数明显低于城市生活污水.定量PCR结果表明,高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中氨氧化菌(AOB)与亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的数量都多于城市生活污水短程硝化系统;高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中AOB比NOB高3个数量级,而城市生活污水短程硝化系统中AOB比NOB高2个数量级.     

MBR活性污泥培养驯化过程中生物多样性研究

以MBR反应器启动调试阶段的活性污泥为主要研究对象,系统考察了传统活性污泥法(Conventional activated sludge,CAS)污泥接种至MBR反应器内污泥培养驯化过程中生物多样性情况及微生物群落结构的演变规律.同时,在传统污水污泥检测指标的基础上,对各阶段污泥中总细菌基因组DNA进行提取,应用PCR-DGGE分子生物学技术获得了相应的凝胶电泳图谱并进一步分析了菌群间的相似性.结果表明,以CAS污泥为接种污泥在MBR反应器内培养驯化过程中微生物的多样性变化突出,细菌群落结构演替明显,不同阶段菌群间的相似性说明了各阶段菌群的演变关系:污泥培养驯化是一个逐步有序的过程,微生物随反应器内不同时期及环境的变化而调整,逐渐演变成适应MBR工艺的群落结构.     

纳米材料对活性污泥系统影响的研究进展

纳米材料(NMs)在生产、使用过程中,必然会通过各种途径进入污水中,从而进入污水处理系统中,这可能会对活性污泥中的微生物群落结构带来影响,从而影响污水生物处理效果。文章概括地介绍了目前关于NMs对活性污泥系统处理效果及活性污泥中群落结构影响的研究;讨论了其影响活性污泥系统处理效果和微生物群落结构的机理;最后总结了该研究领域的不足,并对该领域的研究进行了展望。     

微生物磁效应及其强化废/污水生物处理的研究进展

介绍了微生物磁效应的现象、原理及其在强化废/污水生物处理过程应用的研究进展,包括磁场对微生物运动、微生物生长、微生物酶活力以及对活性污泥法或生物接触氧化法处理废/污水过程的影响。提出生物亲和亲水磁性填料以及磁粉的合理运用,可能是实现微生物磁效应在废/污水生物处理中应用的有效途径。     

表面活性剂对微生物降解污水中有机物的影响

通过确定污水进水水质和活性污泥的性质,对微生物降解动力学进行定量描述,对活性污泥法污水处理系统的数学模型模拟是非常必要的。文章研究了活性污泥法降解含有表面活性剂污水的动力学参数,并对污水的成分进行了定性分析(以COD分数的形式表达)。5种表面活性剂分别为3种阴离子型的和2种非离子型的,每种均与进水混合形成表面活性剂的浓度为50 mg/L的人工配制工业污水。增大污水中表面活性剂的浓度会降低微生物对营养物质的亲和力。在含有表面活性剂的污水中,异养微生物的最高生长比速率(μmax)也维持在较高水平,但是低于不含表面活性剂的情况。含有苯环的表面活性剂最容易抑制活性污泥系统的生物降解能力。     

SBR法在中小城市污水处理厂设计中的应用

SBR法是依靠活性污泥微生物的生命活动来净化污水的一种方法，是与活性污泥法运行方式不同的一种方法。传统活性污泥工艺采用连续运行方式，连续进水，连续出水，系统内每个处理单元的处理功能不变。SBR工艺为时序控制运行方式，污水可连续进入处理系统，间歇排出，并且只设一个处理单元，该单元在不同时间发挥不同的作用，污水进入该单元后按时间顺序进行不同功能的处理，最终完成总的处理后排出。因此，可省去传统活性污泥工艺中的调节池，一沉池、二沉池以及回流活性污泥泵房。因此投资更省单元更简便。同时由于省去了初沉池，所以对…     

处理印染污水的活性污泥中主要微生物种群

<正> 印染污水的微生物生化处理,日益受到人们的重视。在处理印染污水的过程中,我们研究了活性污泥中的主要微生物种群,探讨了它们生长繁殖的营养条件以及生化效果。经研究,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、产碱菌属(Alca-Ligenes)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、无色细菌属(Achromobaster)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)和微球菌属(Microccus)是活性污泥中的主要微生物种群。优势种的混合菌比单一优势种处理印染污水的效果BOD_5去除率     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.