高铝粉煤灰综合利用节能减排对比分析

高铝粉煤灰是近年来在我国内蒙古中西部地区发现的一种粉煤灰新类型,特别是鄂尔多斯高原东北缘的准格尔煤田,煤中富铝矿物燃烧后产生的粉煤灰中氧化铝含量达到50％左右,相当于我国中级品位铝土矿中氧化铝的含量。本文首先介绍了我国铝土矿的资源现状,然后叙述了目前国内外利用高铝粉煤灰提取氧化铝主要生产工艺及工艺特点,并对不同工艺的能源消耗和节能减排进行了对比分析。     

高铝粉煤灰资源化过程重金属环境影响研究

针对高铝粉煤灰碱石灰烧结多资源利用工艺过程中重金属元素迁移规律和潜在环境影响量化问题,基于物质流分析方法,分析该工艺中重金属元素的边界输入输出和内部迁移规律.结果表明,输入端54%的铅元素由工业过程废弃物即高铝粉煤灰带入,其余来自工业原材料.输出端64%的铅元素进入产品,其余部分进入废弃物.该工艺主要环境排放节点在烧结和水泥生产环节.通过定义相对环境排放指数(REEI),比较分析该工艺与拜耳法工艺重金属排放情况.结果表明,该工艺单位氧化铝产量铅元素净排放显著降低,铬元素环境排放量与拜耳法基本持平,说明高铝粉煤灰碱石灰烧结多资源利用工艺不仅可以实现高铝粉煤灰的综合利用,也可以显著降低氧化铝产品的重金属环境影响.     

依托高铝煤炭资源建立循环经济产业链

我国内蒙古自治区中西部和山西北部等地区高铝煤炭资源储量丰富,发电后产生大量高铝粉煤灰,可用于提取氧化铝,生产铝深加工产品,提取氧化铝过程中产生的固体废物和副产品可综合利用。分析了依托高铝煤炭资源,并以高铝粉煤灰提取氧化铝为核心打造循环经济产业链的必要性,以期实现高铝煤炭资源价值最大化,形成具有我国特色的煤炭—电力—有色冶金—化工—造纸—建材的循环经济产业链。     

利用粉煤灰制备高纯超细氧化铝粉体的研究

利用粉煤灰为原料制备高纯超细氧化铝粉体。给出了采用硅酸二钙晶相转变自粉化、高效分散剂———碳化法从粉煤灰中制备氧化铝方法的工艺路线 ,确定了从粉煤灰制备高纯超细氧化铝粉体的最佳工艺条件 ,为粉煤灰的高价值利用开辟了一条新途径     

基于物质代谢分析的高铝煤炭循环利用全产业链评估研究

高铝煤炭广泛分布于我国内蒙古自治区中西部煤田,富含丰富的铝、硅、锂、镓等有价元素,对其进行资源协同开发,有望大幅提升我国铝资源供给体系韧性并提高固废利用率,以及改善燃煤电厂的飞灰堆存等环境污染问题. 本研究以大唐国际托电园区的高铝粉煤灰示范生产线为案例,解析了高铝煤炭中各类无机资源的分布规律,并在全面梳理“原料—工艺—技术—产品/副产品”匹配机制的基础上,构建了集成“高铝煤炭清洁燃烧工艺-多级预脱硅工艺-氧化铝低能耗提取工艺”于一体的高铝煤炭循环利用全产业链;采用物质代谢分析方法,研究高铝煤炭循环利用全过程中有价元素的迁移转化规律,建立了高铝煤炭伴生有价元素的走向与分配模型,识别了该产业链中物质代谢优化调控的关键环节;此外,以传统铝土矿炼铝产业和木浆造纸产业为参考基准,核算了该产业链推广应用的经济、环境效益. 结果表明,高铝煤炭循环利用全产业链中有价元素总体循环回收利用率超过80.0%,在内蒙古自治区推广应用该产业链,每年可生产1 303.0×104 t氧化铝,联产964.0×104 t活性硅酸钙和3 192.0×104 t硅钙渣,创造年收入401.2×108元,节约3 505.0×104 t铝土矿,保护11.5 km2植被. 研究显示,高铝煤炭循环利用全产业链的有价元素回收率高,具有良好的环境和经济效益.      

低温碱溶粉煤灰中硅和铝的溶出规律研究

采用低温碱溶法对粉煤灰中硅和铝(分别以氧化硅和氧化铝计)的溶出规律进行了研究,考察了粉煤灰热处理温度、碱浓度、溶出时间、溶出温度等因素对粉煤灰中硅和铝溶出量的影响.结果表明:在热处理温度为950℃,碱浓度为2～3 mol/L,溶出温度为120～130℃,溶出时间为4～6 h时,氧化硅的溶出量为29.23%,氧化铝的溶出量为1.26%,溶出比为23.63,可实现粉煤灰中硅和铝的分步溶出,并利用XRD对溶出结果进行了分析.      

造块焙烧对于酸碱联合法提取粉煤灰中氧化铝工艺的改进

以实现粉煤灰最大利用价值并有效回收氧化铝为出发点,采用造块焙烧引入酸碱联合法的方式来提高粉煤灰的利用率。在造块方式下,最优实验条件得到最高的氧化铝浸出率为84%,通过XRD、SEM等进一步分析了造块方式的优势。该工艺可以实现铝硅分离,硫酸也可以循环使用。动力学研究表明:造块过程粉煤灰颗粒和块样内部毛细通道起到了类似高炉中焦炭的骨架作用,造块处理为反应塑造了介观尺度的多孔结构,在缩小了固液两相之间距离的同时,有效改善了气液两相的传质条件,从而提高氧化铝的浸出率。     

从粉煤灰中提取氧化铝无“三废”清洁工艺

从粉煤灰中提取氧化铝,并作废气、废液和废渣循环及利用,是一种粉煤灰高附加值、低污染的综合利用新工艺。在工艺流程设计的基础上,通过工艺原理分析和试验,阐述了该工艺的可行性和合理性。      

以高铝煤炭为起点发展循环经济

以宁夏北部的高铝煤炭发电为起点,形成电力、电石、石灰氮、单氰胺、双氰胺、氧化铝、金属铝、金属镓、水泥熟料、水泥、轻质碳酸钙、金属铁粉和熟石灰的循环经济产业链,该产业链上游产品或排出的废渣作为下游产品的原料,不仅综合利用电厂排出的粉煤灰、双氰胺厂排出的黑渣,而且整个循环系统无废水、废渣、废气排放,在减少粉煤灰、黑渣对环境污染的同时,提高了资源的循环利用效率.     

酸溶-微波热解法从粉煤灰中制取聚合氧化铝的研究

从粉煤灰中提取聚合氧化铝（ＰＡＣ）是粉煤灰综合利用的途径之一。本研究提出了酸溶 微波热解从粉煤灰中制取ＰＡＣ的方法。通过工艺原理分析和试验，阐述了该工艺的可行性和合理性     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.