进口废物原料管理中存在的问题

废物原料主要是指经初加工再生、边角料、残次品等可以作为再生利用原料的废物。加强进口废物原料管理就显得尤为重要。本文首先分析了进口废物原料管理中存在的问题,其次,就如何加强进口废物原料管理进行了较为深入的探讨。     

进口废物对国内资源环境的作用机制与约束条件

随着经济的不断发展和全球贸易的持续增长,我国进口可用作原料的固体废物,由于其资源补充作用和环境风险并存的特殊地位,对该领域的研究逐步成为我国对外贸易中不可忽视的方向。从进口贸易的角度,分析了进口可用作原料的固体废物在产品、供给、技术外溢和产业优化4个方面的效应,及其对国内资源节约和产业结构调整产生的作用机制,阐述了进口可用作原料的固体废物产生资源环境效应所需的国内环境管理约束条件,并提出通过完善现有进口废物管理法律法规、重视进口废物的积极作用、保持对外贸易平衡和加强进口废物贸易合作等方式,在改善进口废物约束条件的同时,充分发挥进口废物的资源节约效应,缓解我国资源不足的压力。     

以环境保护优化我国进口废物资源配置

我国进口废物用作原料加工利用已有十几年历史,进口废物数量一直保持高速增长趋势,对于增加再生资源供给、缓解原材料供给不足等方面发挥了重要的作用.     

我国进口废物循环利用和环境管理政策研究

我国进口废物加工过程中的二次污染问题非常突出,非法进口垃圾的事件时有发生,大量危险废弃物通过夹带或走私等途径进入到国内,造成严重的环境污染问题,引起社会各个层面的广泛关注。针对我国进口废物管理中存在的这些问题,对国内废物进口和加工产业开展了多次调研,辨析我国当前进口废物管理中存在的主要问题,提出政策调整思路。     

我国将执行进口废塑料环保控制标准

为防止国外的生活垃圾非法进入我国 ,国家环保局、海关总署、国家工商局、国家质量监督检验检疫总局最近联合发出《关于国家限制进口可用作原料的废物目录的通知》。《通知》将塑料废旧物及下脚料列入国家限制进口的原料废物的目录之中。近来 ,我国海关、检验检疫机构连续截获以废塑料名义进口未经清洗的废饮料包装容器。这些废饮料包装容器一旦流入将对环境造成了严重污染。为严防城市垃圾进口 ,切实保护我国环境 ,各级环保、海关、检验检疫机构将严格执行强制性国家标准《进口废物环境保护控制标准—废塑料》。《进口废物环境保护控制标准…     

加强进口废物管理防范环境污染风险

进口废物可以缓解我国资源短缺,对经济发展、解决就业以及平衡国际贸易等方面具有重要作用,特别是对我国资源利用、节能减排、保护环境和资源储备意义重大。但进口废物在进口、加工利用等环节存在一些问题,管理不善将会对我国的环境造成危害。本文分析了目前我国进口废物现状及存在的问题,并提出相应的对策建议,希望通过加强管理来进一步规范进口废物,提高行业发展水平,促进我国经济可持续发展。     

加强进口废纸风险防控促进进口废纸资源最大化

进口废纸可以缓解我国造纸原料短缺,对经济发展、解决就业以及平衡国际贸易等方面具有重要作用,特别是对我国资源循环利用、节能减排、保护环境和战略资源储备意义重大。但进口废纸在进口、加工利用过程等环节如不防控风险和规范引导,则可能会对我国环境造成二次危害。本文介绍了我国目前纸张生产消费、造纸原料结构、进口废纸作用、进口废纸数量等基本情况,进而分析进口废纸存在的环境风险,提出了加强入境前检查、加强残余物管理、严格进口废物审批等对策建议,通过加强管理来进一步规范进口废纸的加工利用,提高行业发展水平,促进我国进口废纸资源最大化。     

进口废物原料也要市场准入

为进一步加强进口废物原料的检验管理 ,国家质量监督检验检疫总局近日出台新规定 ,2 0 0 4年 9月 1日起对进口废物原料实行市场准入制度。规定要求 ,向中国出口废物原料的境外企业、加工生产企业及代理机构必须向质检总局提出注册的书面申请 ,提交相关资料 ,经质检总局审核合格后予以注册 ,方可向中国出口废物原料。该规定在 2 0 0 4年 8月 31日前为过渡期 ,2 0 0 4年 9月 1日起正式执行。为防止其他国家假借废物再生利用的名义 ,通过贸易渠道向我国输出或转移有害工业垃圾和生活垃圾 ,按国家有关法律法规规定 ,属国家公布的《限制进口类可…     

关于进口危险废物原料的鉴别

近年来,从国外进口废物原料的数量逐渐增多,有的进口废物原料不经过专门的分类和属性鉴别,很难判断其是否属于危险废物,给日常监管工作带来困扰。结合进口具体货物实例,对进口危险废物的属性进行研究,为检验监管工作提供科学依据。     

进口废物管理目录调整原则和方法及对策建议研究

简要介绍了我国固体废物进口情况,以及进口废物管理目录在进口固体废物管理方面的重要作用。详细阐述了进口废物管理目录动态调整的发展过程,分析了现行进口废物管理目录中存在的问题,提出了进口废物管理目录动态调整的原则、方法和对策建议,为今后我国动态调整进口废物管理目录提供参考。     

Disaster risk reduction and international catastrophe risk insurance facility

The objectives of this research are to investigate resource loss effects from flooding and to provide recommendations on disaster risk reduction policies. This research utilized a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, which found that losses of resources had major negative impacts on real gross domestic product (GDP). Transitioning from national catastrophe insurance fund to an international risk pooling approach is discussed, and as the Global Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility has not yet been established, our proposal suggests the Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus three (ASEAN?+?3) Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (ACRIF) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus three catastrophic bonds (ASEAN?+?3 CAT bonds) as effective means of reducing fiscal liabilities arising from natural disasters, also effectively enhancing disaster risk reduction. These tools are complementary to Catastrophe Risk Swaps which are innovative global financial adaptation strategies designed to make communities and governments more resilient to disaster damages. They are ex-ante risk financing tools and sources of liquidity for damage restoration and economic recovery, which facilitates flexibility among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus three (ASEAN?+?3) and other governments requiring special assistance. Most importantly, utilization of insurance and catastrophic bonds promotes the achievement of set objectives of global adaptation strategies, sustainable economic growth, and climate resilient development.     

Insuring Southeast Asian commercial forests: Fire risk analysis and the potential for use of data in risk pricing and reduction of forest fire risk

The author uses his own data gleaned from over 10 years of commercial forestry insurance across the world to propose that despite a low intrinsic fire risk across most of Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia, commercial fire losses are unacceptably high, and could be reduced substantially within the current financial legal and political framework within which forestry companies operate. Opening with a statement about the dearth of forest fire loss data in the commercial sector, it is observed that the consequent inability of general insurers to estimate the rate of fire loss leads to very low insurance participation in forestry within Indonesia. A summary is then provided of the financial and environmental benefits of insurance participation in commercial forestry were this situation to be changed. A short discussion on risk perceptions is introduced to make the point that without reliable commercial forest fire loss data, risk perceptions of fire exposure in Southeast Asia by the financial sector, including insurers, is a barrier to risk transfer and investment. While real fire risk and perceived fire risk for Indonesia seem at present to be in agreement, the paper challenges that this should the case. Comparisons are made with different parts of the world with the knowledge that, in commercial terms, plantations in the low latitudes behave similarly everywhere in terms of fire causes, fire propagation factors, and characteristics of plantation or managed mixed forest fires. A review of the fire sizes within commercial forests is a good indicator of the efficiency of fire management strategies, and profiles from a high fire risk territory and Indonesia are compared. Using commercial and unidentified data the author then demonstrates that commercial growers in Indonesia have a high annual rate of forest fire loss and may also have a significant catastrophe fire exposure. This ‘cat’ exposure is far greater than for equivalent plantations in clearly higher fire risk environments. These conclusions are and should be discussed with forestry companies to change attitude and investment levels. Practical points for improved plantation fire management are made along with comments about the resources required. A parallel discussion then reviews fire risk assessment and management by the insurers to prevent their own ‘forest fire’ losses if they are to get further involved with the provision of Indonesian commercial forest risk transfer. The explanation of how insurers price risk within a portfolio helps identify the specific data needed for a proper risk management strategy to be developed.     

风险沟通在港口环境风险管理中的应用

风险沟通是风险管理中新兴起的领域,很快发展为风险管理中非常重要的内容。其对于促进事件处理、告知公众真相、增强政府威信、疏导公众情绪、维护社会稳定等都起到很大的作用。通过风险沟通内涵的探讨,建立了风险沟通模型,在分析美国、意大利等先进国家风险沟通经验以及研究进展分析的基础上,将风险沟通理论引入到我国港口环境风险管理中,从预防性沟通、应急性沟通和善后处理三方面讨论了我国港口发展过程中的风险沟通思路。     

Expert risk perceptions and the social amplification of risk: A case study in invasive tree pests and diseases

The Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) is often used as a conceptual tool for studying diverse risk perceptions associated with environmental hazards. While widely applied, it has been criticised for implying that it is possible to define a benchmark ‘real’ risk that is determined by experts and around which public risk perceptions can subsequently become amplified. It has been argued that this objectification of risk is particularly problematic when there are high levels of scientific uncertainty and a lack of expert consensus about the nature of a risk and its impacts. In order to explore this further, this paper examines how ‘experts’ – defined in this case as scientists, policy makers, outbreak managers and key stakeholders – construct and assemble their understanding of the risks associated with two invasive tree pest and disease outbreaks in the UK, ash dieback and oak processionary moth. Through semi-structured interviews with experts in each of the case study outbreaks, the paper aims to better understand the nature of information sources drawn on to construct perceptions of tree health risks, especially when uncertainty is prevalent. A key conclusion is that risk assessment is a socially-mediated, relational and incremental process with experts drawing on a range of official, anecdotal and experiential sources of information, as well as reference to past events in order to assemble the risk case. Aligned with this, experts make attributions about public concern, especially when the evidence base is incomplete and there is a need to justify policy and management actions and safeguard reputation.     

基于风险场的区域突发性环境风险评价方法研究

在大尺度空间,风险源、风险受体和风险传播途径的多样性和相互作用的复杂性是区域环境风险评价的难点.同时,现有评价方法很少关注风险因子的释放规律,释放后在空间中的分布格局,以及风险受体受到损害的途径和程度.本文应用风险场理论,分析描述风险场形成和对风险受体作用的机制.结合南京化工园区实例进行环境风险源识别,采用集对分析等方法构建了各风险源产生的环境风险场,再分析处于风险场中的环境风险受体,最后得到区域环境风险水平分布,同时将其划分为5个等级.评价结果显示,位于风险源周围或河道下游的人口稠密、生态环境敏感地区环境风险值R≥6,风险水平处于极高、高等级,与园区现状具有较好的一致性.建议依据环境风险水平的分级、分类结果建立起以预防为主的环境风险管理体系.     

环境风险全过程评估与管理模式研究及应用

基于环境风险“全过程管理”与“优先管理”的理念,提出了环境风险全过程评估与管理的概念框架和理论体系,涵盖了风险源识别、受体易损性评估、环境风险表征、风险应急控制决策以及风险事故损失后评估等关键步骤.并以某化工园区企业为例,以硝基苯储罐塌陷为初始事件,采用蝴蝶结方法进行风险源识别,得到硝基苯储罐泄漏事件蝴蝶结,通过GIS空间分析方法揭示居民对地表水水源污染易损性的空间分异,分析结果不仅为事故安全防范与应急控制提供关键节点,而且有助于在日常风险管理中增强受体抗风险能力.     

Disinfection byproduct regulatory compliance surrogates and bromide-associated risk

Natural and anthropogenic factors can alter bromide concentrations in drinking water sources. Increasing source water bromide concentrations increases the formation and alters the speciation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed during drinking water treatment. Brominated DBPs are more toxic than their chlorinated analogs, and thus have a greater impact on human health. However, DBPs are regulated based on the mass sum of DBPs within a given class (e.g., trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids), not based on species-specific risk or extent of bromine incorporation. The regulated surrogate measures are intended to protect against not only the species they directly represent, but also against unregulated DBPs that are not routinely measured. Surrogates that do not incorporate effects of increasing bromide may not adequately capture human health risk associated with drinking water when source water bromide is elevated. The present study analyzes trihalomethanes (THMs), measured as TTHM, with varying source water bromide concentrations, and assesses its correlation with brominated THM, TTHM risk and species-specific THM concentrations and associated risk. Alternative potential surrogates are evaluated to assess their ability to capture THM risk under different source water bromide concentration conditions. The results of the present study indicate that TTHM does not adequately capture risk of the regulated species when source water bromide concentrations are elevated, and thus would also likely be an inadequate surrogate for many unregulated brominated species. Alternative surrogate measures, including THM3 and the bromodichloromethane concentration, are more robust surrogates for species-specific THM risk at varying source water bromide concentrations.     

生态投资风险管理

我们可以用一个复合词汇来描述未来的世界——有限的生态容量。无论从投资者还是从人类自身的角度出发，地球有限的生态容量都是我们面临的最大挑战。我们已面临这一难题。然而，判断这一难题所带来影响的程度如何，则取决于你生活于哪里，你有多少钱。