人工增雨不会污染环境

今年春天,粤东、粤西都出现了历史罕见的旱情。有关部门在粤东成功实施人工增雨,在一定程度上缓解了旱情。“人工影响天气”所带来的趋利避害效应十分显著。不过,人们在欣喜之余,多少也有些担忧:将炮弹打上天空,或用飞机在云层上播撒化学物品,是否会给环境造成污染呢?     

人工增雨与空中水资源的合理开发

在分析我国开发空中水资源的可能性及战略意义基础上，针对目前空中水资源开发中存在的问题，提出了相应的对策和建议。     

人工增雨开发空中水资源探讨

以云南省3年实践为例，说明人工增雨具有投入少，效益高的特点，是一种值得推广的、能够缓解水短缺的有效科技手段。     

基于PSR模型的乌鲁木齐人工增雨环境效应评价

随着全球气候变暖,干旱区水资源短缺问题表现得日趋突出,实施人工增雨技术开发空中云水资源已引起人们的广泛关注。基于PSR模型,从压力、状态、响应3个层面筛选出11项指标,构建乌鲁木齐人工增雨环境效应评价的指标体系,并建立了人工增雨环境效应评价的综合指数。运用AHP法确定各指标的权重,并对评价指标无量纲化处理,使人工增雨环境效应评价的结果具有可比性。在此模型指标的基础上对乌鲁木齐一次人工增雨作业的环境效应进行了初步量化。结果表明,增雨作业后环境效应综合指数为0.542,达到良好状态,与增雨前环境效应综合指数(0.316)相比有明显好转,这在一定程度上反映了此次人工增雨作业对改善区域生态环境起到积极作用。研究结果可增进对人工增雨环境效应的认识,为今后人工增雨作业的效益评估及资源可持续利用等提供科学依据。     

人工增雨（雪）的环境效应及评价方法

随着全球气候变暖,水资源短缺问题表现得日趋突出,实施人工增雨（雪）技术开发空中云水资源已引起人们的广泛关注,对人工增雨（雪）的环境效应及评价方法进行深入研究具有重要的理论意义与实践价值。从大气、土壤、水体等方面,对人工增雨（雪）所引起的环境效应进行阐述,并归纳总结了人工增雨（雪）的评价方法。包括物理学方法、天气学方法、统计分析方法和数值模拟方法等。旨在科学合理地开发空中云水资源,降低人工增雨（雪）的作业成本。     

人工增雨对贵港市空气质量影响的分析研究

利用广西壮族自治区贵港市2015～2019年降水等气象资料和空气质量资料,分析不同日雨量对污染物浓度和空气质量指数(AQI)的影响、自然降雨日和人工增雨日对污染物的清除率、还有污染日的天气系统可开展作业的天气形势和时机。结果表明,降雨量R≥1mm时人工增雨的污染物浓度比自然降雨日的污染物浓度要明显偏低,其中烟炉增雨的污染物浓度又小于火箭增雨的污染物浓度。人工增雨5≤R<50mm的降水对首要污染物PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃和AQI值清除率较理想,可明显改善空气质量。因此,在适宜开展人工增雨作业的污染天气类型中抓住冷高压脊、冷高压后部、西南暖低压的合适时机开展作业,便能达到改善空气质量的效果。     

义乌市人工增雨的经济价值估算

正确地评价人工增雨作业的经济价值可为管理部门今后开展人工增雨工作提供决策依据。在对2007年义乌市人工增雨经济价值的估算中,提出从水资源经济价值的角度,采用效益分摊系数法来测算人工增雨中增加的地表水资源的经济价值。通过估算结果,并由静态经济分析计算得出其经济价值费用比为562:1,净收益为8244×10⁴元。因此,在伏旱季节对义乌市进行人工增雨的效果良好。     

气象局：人工增雨不会对生态环境造成影响

中国气象局应急减灾与公共服务司副司长郑江平近日表示,科学数据证明人工增雨有效果。人工影响天气使用的催化剂,剂量比较小,不会对现在的生态环境造成影响,包括美国、加拿大等国家的科学研究也得出的相同结论。     

罕见冬季降雨中人工增雨微物理过程分析研究

用Micaps实时资料、CPAS卫星反演分析资料、NCEP再分析资料、ECMWF再分析资料,多普勒雷达PUP产品资料,对2015年12月1日夜间至2日凌晨沈阳地区罕见冬季降雨过程,进行了天气学分析、及大气微物理人工增雨作业条件分析,并结合沈阳地区人工增雨作业指标,得出本次降雨过程在厄尔尼诺正在发生的背景下,为常见的高空槽转东北冷涡型,水汽、动力等微物理作业条件也适合于开展人工增雨作业,并给出了相应的作业指导参数,为沈阳地区今后在冬季降雨天气过程中开展人工增雨作业积累了宝贵经验.     

典型河套气旋影响下的人工增雨天气过程分析

利用Micaps实时资料、T639数值预报资料、MM5中尺度数值预报资料,对2012年3月4-6日期间辽宁地区发生的大范围雨雪天气的天气形势、云宏观和云微观物理量场进行了再分析,探讨并总结了人工增雨作业条件。结果表明:该次春季大范围雨雪天气是高空冷涡底部分裂的高空槽结合地面河套气旋共同影响的;水汽条件及水汽输送条件是判断降水强度及人工增雨潜力的重要条件;立体分析宏观及云微观物理量场是确定人工增雨作业时间和部位的必要条件。该研究结果为今后类似的河套气旋或河套倒槽的降水天气系统提供人工增雨经验。     

用科学发展观指导新一轮钨矿找矿

南岭东段有着特殊的钨成矿背景,是我国钨矿资源富集区。区内钨矿产量占我国总产量的85%以上。随着近30年的大量开采,钨资源量在没有明显增加的情况下,大量消耗,目前许多大中型矿山已资源耗竭。据有关资料预测,如果不尽快开展新一轮钨矿资源勘查工作,我国黑钨矿山现有探明储量只     

红壤丘陵区人工林降水化学研究

对比研究了亚热带丘陵区几种人工林在对大气降水再分配后发生的水质变化。对P、K、Ca、Mg、Na、S元素的测定分析表明,不同林分具有不同的交换特性,3种人工林中Mg和K、Ca均较容易淋失,而对于P和Na则呈现明显的吸收或吸附作用。     

Status and problems of fusion reactor development

Thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium constitutes an enormous potential for a safe, environmentally compatible and sustainable energy supply. The fuel source is practically inexhaustible. Further, the safety prospects of a fusion reactor are quite favourable due to the inherently self-limiting fusion process, the limited radiologic toxicity and the passive cooling property. Among a small number of approaches, the concept of toroidal magnetic confinement of fusion plasmas has achieved most impressive scientific and technical progress towards energy release by thermonuclear burn of deuterium-tritium fuels. The status of thermonuclear fusion research activity world-wide is reviewed and present solutions to the complicated physical and technological problems are presented. These problems comprise plasma heating, confinement and exhaust of energy and particles, plasma stability, alpha particle heating, fusion reactor materials, reactor safety and environmental compatibility. The results and the high scientific level of this international research activity provide a sound basis for the realisation of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), whose goal is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of a fusion energy source for peaceful purposes.     

广东省发展循环经济的现实思考

广东省是全国经济发达省份,在未来几年发展中,面临着保持较高的增长速度与资源供给不足的矛盾.因此,发展循环经济是保持广东省经济持续快速发展,提升产业竞争力的必然抉择.     

人工模拟降雨条件下紫色土坡地生物可利用磷的输出

采用人工模拟降雨研究了不同坡度和降雨强度条件下紫色土坡地的磷素迁移方式和规律.结果表明,降雨强度和坡度越大, 颗粒态生物可利用磷(BPP)输出值越大.壤中流BPP 浓度为地表径流BPP 输出浓度的30%~45%;壤中流可在一定程度上减缓地表径流和生物可利用磷(BAP)的输出;地表径流和壤中流水溶性磷(DP)输出无显著差异, BPP 与BAP 浓度比在80%以上; BPP 主要通过泥沙以径流方式迁移,壤中流的少量泥沙是壤中流BPP 迁移的主要途径; BAP 输出浓度和径流量的关系显著相关.暴雨易引起BAP 和泥沙的大量迁移,表明强度大的降雨可能给水体环境带来更大的压力.     

Systemic thinking in environmental management: support for sustainable development

Our society has been undergoing a transition process from a mechanicist to a systemic or ecological paradigm. Within the environmental context, this transition represents an issue of survival for man and for the biosphere itself, which is being constantly assaulted by man's productive activities and as a result of this has been suffering great physical changes.The currently adopted development model is highly consumerist and predatory. A systemic vision of the world and its application in the process of environmental management is essential to transcend our present day development model and to reach a fair and ecologically correct social model or, in other words, sustainable development (SD).     

低影响开发对城市内涝节点雨洪控制效果研究——不同降雨特性下的情景模拟

以中国福建省福州市晋安区解放溪流域高密度居民住宅区为例,针对不同降雨重现期、降雨历时和雨峰系数的降雨情景,利用PCSWMM模型模拟该地区的雨洪情况,并运用模型的低影响开发（LID）模块,研究7种不同LID用地布局情景对研究区内涝节点的雨洪控制效果.情景模拟结果表明：在不同降雨情景下,各LID用地布局情景会使节点的洪峰流量减小、积水时间减少、积水深度变小;植被浅沟措施和植被浅沟&绿色屋顶组合措施会使节点SS峰值浓度高于现状用地,其余布设情景下,SS峰值浓度均减小.LID措施对节点流量和水质的控制效果在低降雨重现期和长降雨历时的降雨情景下较为有效.在单个LID布设情景中,渗透铺装措施控制最佳,而组合LID布设情景中,渗透铺装&植被浅沟&绿色屋顶是最佳的组合控制措施.研究结果可为南方城市居民区实施海绵城市建设提供技术支持,并为地方制定相关规范和标准提供参考和借鉴.     

The institutional logic of life cycle thinking

This article considers the role of LCA in environmental management and policy. Organization theory and the social studies of science and technology are drawn on to gain an understanding of LCA as not only an instrumental tool, but also as an emerging institutional logic that influences the way environmental problems, and responsibility for them, are conceptualized. Empirical data from interviews with wholesale-retail purchasers are used to illustrate how the life cycle approach influences economic agents. The article concludes with a discussion of whether the life cycle approach has the power to infuse more responsibility into atomistic and fragmented markets.     

土壤污染物健康风险评价技术现状及发展趋势

我国土壤污染总体形势依然严峻。土壤污染物人体健康风险评估（health risk assessment,HRA）成为支撑土地分类管理、行业准入管理、土壤污染风险管控的核心技术之一。梳理分析了国内外土壤污染物HRA发展现状,明确土壤污染物HRA技术发展趋势是在传统“四步法”程序的框架下,进一步与评价空间化、生物有效性精细化以及暴露特征定量化等技术融合。进一步以土壤修复目标值及合理规划土地安全利用的环境需求为例,分析了土壤HRA技术在环境管理实践中的不足,提出土壤污染物HRA技术在承载力评价与排放源管理上仍是薄弱环节。为有效管控土壤风险,提出未来HRA技术重点可以“污染源—途径—敏感保护”为突破点,以实现通过设定管控单元HRA风险约束性指标来指导产业调整的目标的建议。

     

Environmental decision making in multi-stakeholder contexts: applicability of life cycle thinking in development planning and implementation

According to the targets set for sustainability, integrating the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs is one of the main goals for development projects. A major challenge in the development field is cross-sectoral integrated planning and achieving multi-stakeholder consensus for collaborative joint projects, especially when sustainability is a goal. This increases the complexity of the multi-stakeholder interaction in decision making and requires enhanced mechanisms for stakeholder participation, coordination, and commitment beyond narrow self-interest. A critical aspect in the decision making process is to enable stakeholders to not only interpret and make decisions based on expert judgments, but also to appropriately involve the relevant parties in the research and decision making process. Therefore, scientific analyses in multi-stakeholder contexts have to be more transparent, participatory, and stakeholder-based in order to provide useful information to assist responsible decision making.This paper presents an outline of a stakeholder-based life cycle assessment approach that can be used to support sustainable decision making in multi-stakeholder contexts. The framework is discussed and compared to other common methods used to support environmental decision making in development projects. We argue that the fundamental concept of life cycle thinking can be effectively used to incorporate stakeholders in the research and decision making process, which can lead to more comprehensive, yet achievable assessments in collaboration with stakeholders. Life cycle thinking is not just a way to examine environmental impacts of activities, but also a way to comprehend and visualize a broader set of upstream and downstream consequences of decisions in development planning and implementation. A life cycle framework including the mapping of stakeholder involvement at each activity in upstream and downstream stages would give stakeholders a holistic view that they otherwise may not have.