近30年青海三江源西部干旱区草地退化特征的遥感分析

使用自20世纪70年代末~2004年的3期遥感图像(70sMSS、90sTM和2004年TM/ETM),研究了近30年青海三江源西部干旱区草地退化的格局与过程,结果表明:整个研究时段内,草地退化发生面积占总草地面积的10%左右,且以草地覆盖度轻度下降为主,其退化面积占总草地退化面积的80%以上,其次是轻度沙化/盐化,相应比重占10%以上。草地退化面积呈东南向西北减少趋势,退化程度呈东南向西北降低格局,而退化类型也由复合型向单一型过渡。整个时段内,草地退化面积呈增加趋势,尤其是沙化面积增加较快。不同海拔、坡度和坡向间草地退化面积差异显著。海拔4 800~5 100m范围内为草地退化发生的主要分布区,4 500~4 800m和5 100m以上草地退化基本相当。退化率较高的坡度级别介于2~8°之间,类似于草地面积随坡度变化的基本趋势。不同坡向呈阴坡、半阴半阳坡高于阳坡的态势。脆弱的基底、极端气候年际间周期波动等限制性因子控制着草地退化的基本格局,人为扰动则决定草地退化的强度和速度。总体看来,研究区地带性自然条件决定的荒漠化草地已占据主导地位,人类活动相对较弱,草地退化程度增加趋势不明显,新的草地退化现象不十分突出。     

藏西北高寒牧区草地退化现状与机理分析

以藏西北高寒牧区为研究区域,综合利用NOAA、MODIS卫星NDVI(归一化植被指数)、气象资料、社会统计资料并结合GIS技术,对藏西北高寒牧区的草地状况和退化机理作了分析。结果表明:①藏西北高寒牧区草地覆盖度等级呈正态分布,且中等偏下略多,地表植被总体上比较稀疏;②2005年区域内的草地退化总面积为14.19×10⁴km²,占区域天然草地总面积的39.64%,其中轻度退化面积最多,占退化总面积的65.96%,其次是中度和重度退化,分别占25.20%和8.84%;③草地退化的主要原因一是与近年来该区域的气候变化有关,二是草地超载率达到59.18%,过度放牧引起的草地退化和沙化现象也越来越严重,是局部草地退化的根本原因,人口的增加和人类活动频繁对草场的破坏,也是近年来草地退化的主要原因。     

三江源区东部8县草地退化格局分析

利用3期遥感影像（20世纪70年代末MSS,20世纪90年代初和2004年TM）,借助1：100000地形图、1：1000000 草地图和植被图以及野外考察景观照片,对三江源区东部8县的草地退化状况进行分析,结果表明：①东部8县草地退化,总体为轻微退化类型区,退化趋势减弱。轻度破碎化草地、轻度破碎化和轻度覆盖度下降草地类型占该区总退化类型面积的63%;②轻度退化草地以阿尼玛卿山地周围所占比例最大。中度退化草地主要位于西部和南部山体的阳坡、半阳坡,而在阴坡上很少发现。重度退化草地多数分布于河流、居民点周围;③海拔3700~4500m之间是草地退化主要发生区,两时段退化草地面积分别占总草地面积的11.88%和8.01%,而8°~25°也集聚了东部8县主要草地退化类型;④两时段草地退化比重由20世纪70年代末到90年代初11.2%减小为20世纪90年代初到2004的9.8%,但草地退化趋势仍在持续;⑤研究有助于从本底上准确把握三江源区草地退化状况,进而认识源区主体生态系统本底状况。     

西藏那曲地区草地退化驱动力分析

那曲地区位于西藏自治区北部，现有草地34173300hm^2，占那曲地区土地总面积的79．51％，占西藏自治区草地总面积的42．15％，居自治区各地市的首位，是西藏自治区主要草地畜牧业基地之一。草地畜牧业产值几十年来一直占该区国民生产总值的50％左右。但是，由于该区生态环境极其脆弱，自然条件恶劣，草地破坏后其恢复难度很大。再加之长期以来，对草地资源的不合理利用。载畜量的不断增加，导致草地环境急剧恶化，草地退化严重，生产力日趋下降，已严重影响了牧区国民经济的持续发展。本文在对那曲草地退化现状调查的基础上，对那曲草地退化原因进行了剖析，并提出了切实可行的防治策略。指出自然环境的变化是那曲草地退化的基本原因，而不合理人类活动则是草地退化的主要原因。因此，在制定草地退化防治对策时，应以社会-经济-自然复合系统理论为指导，让社会、经济、自然协调发展。     

天山北坡典型荒漠草地退化特征及其成因

以天山北坡典型荒漠草地为研究对象,利用"点-线-面"的方法,结合景观生态学的原理,以人类活动频繁的城市和农业为主要研究点,设置横竖样带分析典型荒漠草地19 a间的动态变化,进而从自然社会因子角度探讨荒漠草地退化成因。结果表明:1990-2008年间,研究区域荒漠草地面积急剧下降,而农业及其它用地面积增加。同时,荒漠草地覆盖度也明显下降,特别是中覆盖度和高覆盖度草地植被变化较大。从自然因素和社会因素角度分析草地退化原因,起主导作用的是人类的活动和不合理的资源利用导致草地面积减少、覆盖度降低。因此,通过对天山北坡草地退化特征及其成因分析的研究,以期为合理利用、科学管理天然草地提供理论基础。     

黄河源区草地退化对土壤持水性影响的初步研究

在黄河源区草地退化严重的玛沁县军牧场地区,采用不同草地退化样地对比的方法,开展草地退化对土壤持水性影响研究。结果表明:①毛管持水量和饱和含水量在0~10 cm土层以无退化草地最大,极度退化草地最小,而在10~20 cm土层,两者在不同退化草地之间差异不明显,仍以极度退化草地最小,但两者在20~30 cm土层以轻度和重度退化草地较大,无退化和中度退化草地相对较小;②在土壤表层(0~10 cm),无退化草地的田间持水量远大于其他退化草地,轻度和重度退化草地田间持水量较大,极度退化草地最小,而在10 cm以下土层,田间持水量以轻度和重度退化草地较大,无退化和中度退化草地相对较小;③各土壤持水量与土壤理化性质关系密切,主要受容重、总碳、有机质和总氮这4个因素影响;④不同草地退化程度下地表覆被状况、植物根系生物量以及分布特征引起土壤容重、有机质等发生变化,可能是进一步导致土壤持水性差异的主要原因。研究可为区域草地退化对土壤水文生态效应影响提供科学依据。     

草地退化的因素和退化草地的恢复及其改良

草地退化是一个世界性的普遍问题。几乎所有的天然草原和人工草地,在利用不当时都可能出现这种现象。对草地退化的过程和原因比较复杂。草地生态系统的变化过程总是伴随着相关的地理、气候、土壤、灾害等各种自然因素的作用,有时一二种自然因素（如火或洪水）就可能造成生态系统的退化。所以对退化草地的恢复势在必行,本文着重对近几年较流行的退化草地的恢复方法进行了介绍。     

锡林郭勒盟草地变化监测及驱动力分析

综合利用RS和GIS技术,结合2000~2013年长时间序列遥感影像数据,对锡林郭勒盟的草地变化进行了监测与分析,并从土地利用、气象条件、人类活动等多方面,利用地理相关分析等地统计分析方法,开展了草地变化驱动力分析.结果表明:2000~2013年间,锡林郭勒盟的草地质量总体上得到改善,约有4.04%的区域发生变化,变化区域中大部分属于显著或微弱增加,仅有约3.93%的变化区域退化比较明显,它们主要集中在辖区从东北向西南的中部地区,尤以苏尼特左旗东南部、锡林浩特市中部以及西乌珠穆沁旗东北部退化严重.通过相关分析发现,研究区域内草地变化与气温的相关性不显著,而与降水和人类活动的相关性显著.在上述草地退化比较严重的苏尼特左旗东南部?锡林浩特市中部以及西乌珠穆沁旗东北部地区,气温和降水的变化对草地年NDVI最大值的变化均没有显著影响(P0.1);但除苏尼特左旗东南部外,锡林浩特市、西乌珠穆沁旗辖区内的草地退化区域皆分布在矿区8km的缓冲区内,尤其是西乌珠穆沁旗辖区内,矿区内部的草地出现了严重退化.相关的结论可服务于锡林郭勒草原生态保护监管等管理决策工作,同时相关的技术方法也可为其他区域生态变化的监测与分析提供借鉴和参考.     

内蒙古草地生产力资源和载畜量的区域尺度模式评估

在气候变化和人类活动的干扰下熏内蒙古草地在过去50年里产生大面积的退化沙化。论文在大气植被相互作用模式穴AVIM雪的基础上发展了一个区域评估模型AVIMia。该模式包括陆面物理过程、植被生长过程和草地利用模式,用来评估放牧利用和气候变化对草地生产力和载畜量的影响。结果表明:内蒙古草地区域生产力剧烈的年际变化与降水量密切相关,而与温度没有明显相关关系。模式估计内蒙古草地总的地上生产力为771.7×108kg/a,可食地上生物量为498.1×108kg/a,典型草原和草甸草原占了大部分的生产力。据此推算的内蒙古地区总的载畜量为45.51×106羊单位,与1997年实际载畜量比较,超载100%。因而熏提出过牧可能是内蒙古草地大面积退化沙化的主要原因,甚至超过气候变化的影响。     

GIS支持下我国干旱区草地资源动态分析

以遥感与GIS为支撑技术,以干燥度为干旱指标,并以此提取草地的动态变化,分析1995-2000年的中国干旱区草地动态变化状况.研究表明:草地面积减少5 49×104 km2,主要表现在低覆盖度草地面积的大量减少,草地资源的变化主要是转变成耕地,城镇占用,及草地类型间的转换,并且有不同程度的退化.草地的变化以变耕地为主,主要是受人口的压力;草地的退化在很大程度上是过度放牧、盲目开垦耕地所致,而草地资源为我国西部、北部主要资源,这种草地的退化将造成我国北方环境的恶化及资源的退化.草地的动态变化以自然与人为动力为主.草地面积的减少及覆盖度的降低对中国干旱区的生态环境质量及区域经济发展有一定的影响.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.