二(口哑)(口英)类化合物在生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中的分布

通过对上海市某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰中二(口哑)(口英)类化合物的长期监测,分析了它们的含量分布和毒性当量浓度贡献率,以探讨飞灰中二(口哑)(口英)类化合物的污染特征.结果表明,飞灰中多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)中1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF和1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF百分含量之和为36%～39%,2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF对PCDFs毒性当量浓度贡献率最大(>50%);多氯代二苯并-对-二(口哑)(口英)(PCDDs)中OCDD百分含量为46%～ 58%,1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD百分含量为28%～32%,而对PCDDs毒性当量浓度贡献最大的是1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD(55%～61%);多氯联苯(PCBs)中以3,3',4,4'-TeCB和3,3',4,4',5-PeCB百分含量较高,而且3,3',4,4',5-PeCB对毒性当量浓度贡献率占PCBs的94%以上.尽管不同取样时间的飞灰中二(口哑)(口英)毒性当量浓度变化较大,但二(口哑)(口英)类化合物却具有相似的分布规律,对毒性当量浓度贡献率最大的是2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (29%～33%),其次是1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD(21%～26%).     

垃圾焚烧飞灰或炉渣中二噁的分布特征

分别采集了3种生活垃圾焚烧炉产生的飞灰或熔融炉渣样品,分析了其中的二口恶口英含量及其毒性当量,并讨论了17种2,3,7,8位氯取代的二口恶口英分布特征及其对总毒性当量的贡献.结果表明,机械炉排焚烧炉产生的飞灰中二口恶口英最多,总浓度为319ng/g,毒性当量为6.7ngI-TEQ/g;其次为流化床焚烧炉,产生的飞灰中二口恶口英总浓度为38.7ng/g,毒性当量为0.8ngI-TEQ/g;气化熔融焚烧炉产生的熔融炉渣中二口恶口英很少,总浓度为38.7pg/g,毒性当量仅为1.1pgI-TEQ/g;所有的2,3,7,8位氯取代的13C同位素标记内标化合物回收率在39%~156%之间.尽管不同的垃圾焚烧炉在二口恶口英的生成量上有明显的差别,但是产生的二口恶口英同类物的归一化浓度以及对毒性当量贡献的归一化结果分布特征十分相似,表明3种垃圾焚烧炉在垃圾焚烧过程产生二口恶口英可能具有相似的反应机理.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中的二英分布及指示异构体的识别

对我国4座生活垃圾焚烧炉飞灰样品中的二英分析结果表明,二英的毒性当量范围为0.34～3.80 ng/g.二英异构体的分布具有相似性,其中1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD和2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF共占毒性当量的33.6%～40.5%.结合对某生活垃圾焚烧炉长期监测结果,同一焚烧炉不同时期飞灰样品的二英毒性当量与1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD和2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF贡献值具有很好的线性相关性（r分别为0.996 3和0.997 4）,1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD和2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF可作为指示异构体用于焚烧飞灰中二英毒性的快速测定,尤其适用于同一焚烧炉的长期监测,指示因子分别为4.466?4和3.164?6;不同焚烧炉飞灰的二英毒性当量与2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF有很好的线性相关性（r=0.984?9）,2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF可作为不同焚烧炉飞灰中二英检测的指示异构体,指示因子为3.419 4.     

添加剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程二噁分解的影响

为了研究添加剂对垃圾飞灰熔融处理过程中二噁(口英)分解特性的影响,选择碱性氧化物CaO和液体陶瓷(LC)2种添加剂,改变温度、气氛和熔融时间研究2种添加剂对二噁(口英)分解率的影响.研究表明CaO对二噁(口英)分解影响随气氛不同而改变,氧化气氛下,加入CaO使二噁(口英)的分解率略微降低,而在还原气氛下则会使二噁(口英)分解率升高.液体陶瓷添加剂对熔融过程二噁(口英)分解有显著影响.1400℃时,随着LC添加比例由0增加到10%,二噁(口英)分解率则从99.997%升高到100%.同时加入10%的LC可以使二噁(口英)的完全分解温度由无添加剂时的1460℃降低至1100℃.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰资源化利用的研究状况

随着垃圾焚烧工艺的广泛采用,焚烧飞灰产量越来越大,飞灰处理问题日趋紧迫。文中介绍目前国内外飞灰资源化的几种途径。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰稳定化处理新工艺的研究

在生活垃圾焚烧处置过程中，会产生一定量的飞灰（Fly Ash）．飞灰中含有危害环境的有害元素，根据国家有关规定，必须按危险废物处置。文章介绍了传统的水泥稳定化处理飞灰的工艺及应用射流技术稳定化处理飞灰的新工艺；对磷酸盐固化剂的固化机理及配比进行了分析；并对新老工艺的成本进行了比较。     

二噁污染及其在垃圾焚烧中的控制

介绍二噁的毒性及其在环境中的存在状态,并就在垃圾焚烧中如何控制二噁(口英)的产生及焚烧后残渣、飞灰的处理进行了探讨。     

二噁的测定方法

详细叙述了二口恶口英样品的采集方法和提纯过程，应用色谱——质谱仪（ＧＳ／ＭＳ）分析．     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的物理化学特性研究

为进一步研究飞灰在建材中的可利用性,采用XRF(X射线荧光光谱仪)、SEM(环境电子扫描电镜)、XRD(X射线衍射仪)、IR(红外光谱仪)、ICP(电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪)、激光粒度分析仪等先进仪器,分析了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的粒径、微观形貌及组成.结果表明98%～99%的飞灰颗粒粒径在4～100 μm之间,颗粒分布比较均匀;玻璃相含量高达59%,其中的玻璃微珠使得飞灰具有较大的活性;主要化学成分是CaO、SiO2、Al2O3,含量分别35.8%、20.5%、5.8%,构成SiO2-Al2O3-金属氧化物体系;主要矿物成分是SiO2、CaCl2、Ca3Si2O7、Ca2SiO4·0.35H2O,Ca9Si6O21·H2O,K2Al2Si2O8·3.8H2O和AlCl3·4Al(OH)3·4H2O等硅酸盐及铝硅酸盐.指出飞灰是一种有用材料.     

商用垃圾流化床焚烧炉多环芳烃排放的环境评价

对流化床垃圾焚烧炉中PAHs的排放特性进行了研究 .结果表明 ,烟囱烟气为流化床垃圾焚烧炉PAHs排放的主要途径 ,日排放量要高于其它途径 1— 2个数量级 ,且以低分子量物质为主 .脱除剂的添加对烟气中PAHs有减少的作用 ,但却增加了循环出口水中PAHs含量 .不同工况时PAHs环境排放毒性有变化 ,垃圾与煤混烧大于全煤 ,添加脱除剂大于未添加工况 ,但少于垃圾比例高的工况 .垃圾比例越高 ,毒性越大     

生活垃圾焚烧厂周边环境空气中PCDD/Fs含量及分布特征

对我国某工业区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边5km范围内14个采样点环境空气中四氯~八氯代二 英(2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs)含量及其组成特征进行了分析.结果表明该垃圾焚烧厂周边环境空气PCDD/Fs浓度的变化范围为1.74~15.2pg/m3(0.156~1.44pg I-TEQ/m3),均值为4.60pg/m3(0.426pg I-TEQ/m3),其中3个点位接近或超出日本环境空气质量标准限值(0.6pg I-TEQ/m3),表明某些区域处于一个较高的污染水平;最大浓度点位于焚烧设施下风方向1.3km处,与AERMOD预测的最大落地浓度位置一致.1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF和OCDD是空气中二 英质量浓度主要贡献因子,而2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF是毒性当量浓度的主要贡献因子.样品中二 英同族物分布的指纹特征显示出可能受MSWI源影响点位与非MSWI影响(或受此源影响较小)点位的区别.主成分分析(PCA)源解析结论与空间分布以及指纹特征分析结论基本一致,且更具体地判断MSWI的影响点位,在一定程度上说明了此方法的可靠性.二 英呼吸暴露剂量估算结果表明该区域人群二 英呼吸暴露风险总体处于较为安全的水平.     

Spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil around a municipal solid waste incinerator

The impact of a typical municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in the surrounding soil was studied. Six stack gas samples were taken from the MSWI and 21 soil samples were collected from sampling sites between 300 and 1700 m from the MSWI stack. The total (∑PCB) concentrations of dioxin-like (dl) PCBs and indicator PCBs in the stack gas samples were between 3.41 and 34.3 ng/m3, and the corresponding toxic equivalents (TEQs) ranged from 4.45 to 66.9 pg WHO-TEQ/m3, with a mean of 28.6 pg WHO-TEQ/m3. A total of 2.43 g WHO-TEQ of PCBs per year was calculated to be released into the environment from MSWIs in China. The ∑PCB concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 28.0 to 264.4 pg/g, with mean and median values of 127.6 and 127.7 pg/g, respectively, while the TEQ values were between 0.020 and 0.18 pg WHO-TEQ/g, with mean and median values of 0.074 and 0.062 pg WHO-TEQ/g, respectively. Comparing this study with other studies performed around the world suggest that PCB emission from incinerators has a critical influence on PCB concentrations in the surrounding soil. An exponential function equation is proposed, which indicates a clear decline in ∑PCB concentrations with increasing distance from the stack. A contour map created using an ordinary kriging interpolation technique showed that a limited area (1250 m radius) from the stack was clearly influenced by PCB emission from the MSWI.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰物理化学性质的实验研究

应用激光粒度粒形分析仪、灰熔融性测定仪、原子吸收光谱仪和XRD等仪器手段对国内2种垃圾焚烧飞灰的密度、颗粒特性、熔点、成分和晶相结构等物理化学性质进行了详细的研究。研究发现，2种灰样颗粒直径的数量积分分布非常接近，其中基本没有超过40／μm的颗粒。由于垃圾焚烧飞灰在化学成分上存在的差异导致了其熔点有很大的不同。此外，XRD结果显示不同来源的飞灰其晶相结构存在较大的差别，这可能与垃圾的来源和焚烧工艺以及烟气处理方法有关。实验结果为飞灰无害化低温烧结工艺的选择和运行参数的制定提供了依据。     

Occurrence and impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in the air and soil around a municipal solid waste incinerator

To assess the influence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) on the environment in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWIs), we determined the levels of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples collected around a MSWI, which is the largest in China. The International Toxicity Equivalency Quantity(I-TEQ) concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air samples were from 0.0300 to 1.03 pg I-TEQ/m~3(0.445–13.6 pg/m~3), with an average of 0.237 pg I-TEQ/m~3, while in soil samples they ranged from 0.520 to 3.40 pg I-TEQ/g(2.41–88.7 pg/g) with an average of1.49 pg I-TEQ/g. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples were comparable to other areas, and Pe CDFs were the dominant contributors, which was different from stack gas homologue patterns. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that PCDD/Fs emission from the MSWI did not directly affect the profiles of PCDD/Fs in air and soils, so that vehicles and unidentified emission sources should be considered. The daily inhalation levels of PCDD/Fs for children(0.0110 to 0.392 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) and adults(0.00600 to 0.221 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) near the MSWI were lower than the tolerable daily intake of 1.00 to 4.00 pg WHO-TEQ/(kg·day), but in winter the values were higher than in summer. These results can be used as basic data for assessing the risk of PCDD/Fs exposure in residents living around this MSWI, and more monitoring programs and studies should be carried out around MSWIs.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧炉周边环境空气及土壤中二噁英来源研究

系统研究了某城市生活垃圾焚烧炉周边地区6个焚烧炉废气样品、14个环境空气样品和3个表层土壤样品中二噁英的组成及其含量,并对其来源进行了解析.结果表明,焚烧炉排放废气中二噁英含量较高,周边地区环境空气及主导风向下风向污染物最大落地点附近土壤中的二噁英含量均处于较低水平,且主导风向下游环境空气中二噁英含量与其它地点采集的样品中二噁英含量差别不明显,但最大落地点表层土壤样品与背景点表层土壤样品中二噁英的组成及含量均有一定的变化.主成分分析结果表明,最大落地点附近表层土壤样品中的二噁英可能受到了污染源废气排放的影响,但环境空气中二英类污染物来源较为复杂,具体原因还需进一步的深入研究.     

Anaerobic treatment of fresh leachate from a municipal solid waste incinerator by upflow blanket filter reactor

This paper describes the feasibility of fresh leachate treatment by an upflow blanket filter (UBF). Through dilution and partial effluent recycling, the organic loading rates increased from 0.51 to 14.56 kg COD/(m³·d), meanwhile the corresponding hydraulic retention time decreased from 9.0 to 3.6 d. The reactor was able to achieve steady-state within 80 d. Based on the distribution of COD fluxes in the process, it was concluded that anabolism was the main pathway of COD removal in the initial phase (1–33 d), accounting for 57%–85% of total COD removed. As the anaerobic consortium of bacteria reached steady-state (after 70–86 d), the majority of COD removed was transformed into methane, because the specific methane yield was close to the theoretical value (0.36 L CH₄/(g COD_deg)).     

Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

Chemical speciation is a significant factor that govems the toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Sequential extraction procedure is applied to fractionate heavy metals( Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Cr) into five defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals is also investigated with the aid of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In the fly ash sample, Pb is primarily presented in the carbonate (51%) and exchangeable(20% ) fractions; Cd and Zn mainly exist as the exchangeable(83% and 49% respectively) ; Cu is mostly contained in the last three fractions(totally 87% ) ; and Cr is mainly contained in the residual fraction(62% ). Pb, Zn and Cd showed the high mobility in the investigation, thus might be of risk to the natural environment when municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is landfilled or reutilized.     

垃圾焚烧炉渣对电镀废水中Cu的吸附特性

以垃圾焚烧炉渣作吸附剂,对电镀废水中Cu的吸附特性进行了研究,包括吸附速率、解吸速率、吸附等温线和连续柱吸附实验等。结果表明,炉渣对电镀废水中Cu的吸附平衡时间和解吸平衡时间均为8 h。炉渣对Cu的吸附等温线为直线型,可用Henry型方程进行拟合。连续柱吸附实验结果表明,炉渣对电镀废水在连续吸附55 h后吸附能力逐渐丧失,累计最大吸附量为921μg/g,而炉渣对人工配水在连续吸附80 h后吸附能力完全丧失,累计最大吸附量为2 687μg/g。