ICP-MS法测定电子电器材料中的有害元素铅、镉、砷、铬

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱测定不同基体的电子电器材料中铅、镉、铬、砷四种有害元素的方法.对仪器的参数、测试稳定性等作了系统研究,优化了对不同基体样品中铅、镉、铬、砷元素分析的前处理条件,探讨了各种材料中基体元素与其它共存元素对待测元素的影响.方法检出限为0.0024-0.46μg·g-1,对标准物质的测定值与参考值相符,相对准偏差为0.6%-5.8%.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定化妆品中八种有害金属元素

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定化妆品中砷、铅、汞、铬、铍、镉、锑、铊等八种有害金属元素的方法.根据化妆品种类的不同,考察了不同的消解条件对上述元素的影响,选择适当的样品前处理方法.方法检出限为0.03-6.0 ng·g-1,加标回收率为91.2%-110.8%.     

代森锰锌及其代谢物乙撑硫脲在马铃薯和土壤中的残留动态

采用田间试验方法研究代森锰锌及其代谢物乙撑硫脲(ETU)在马铃薯和土壤中的残留动态.气相色谱法定量分析,本方法马铃薯中代森锰锌和ETU的平均回收率分别为85.41%-95.47%和87.71%-92.19%;土壤中代森锰锌和ETU的平均回收率分别为85.61%-103.09%和91.08%-94.46%.结果表明:代森锰锌和ETU在马铃薯茎叶中消解较快,在合肥市和天津市两地其消解半衰期分别为6.41-7.89d和6.16-7.15d;在土壤中的消解半衰期分别为5.26-7.71d和9.80-10.16d.在马铃薯上使用了72%锰锌·霜脲可湿性粉剂,按照推荐剂量的2倍(3240gai·ha-1)最多施药4次,采收期距最后一次施药7d,马铃薯中代森锰锌残留量小于1.0mg·kg-1,ETU小于0.05mg·kg-1.说明该药为低残留、易消解农药.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定8类化妆品中23种元素

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱,同时测定8类化妆品中23种元素的方法.根据化妆品不同基质,选用硝酸-双氧水或硝酸-双氧水-氢氟酸对样品进行微波消解,采用在线内标校正基体效应,外标法定量进行ICP-MS测定.方法检出限为0.03～6.2μg·kg-1,线性相关系数均大于0.999,RSD为1.3%～6.8%,加标回收率为88.6%～109.1%.实验结果表明,该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高、准确度好,适用于8类化妆品中23种元素的同时测定.     

典型土壤中微塑料的测定方法研究

土壤微塑料污染问题引起广泛关注,由于土壤基质的复杂性,目前尚没有提取土壤中微塑料的标准方法。为探究土壤微塑料提取标准方法,评估前消解、后消解和前后消解3种不同处理方法对红壤、褐土和黑土3种土壤中聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚酰胺树脂(PA)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)和聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)9种类型微塑料的提取效果。结果表明,3种土壤中不同消解处理微塑料总回收率范围在96%～102%之间。综合考虑去除基质效应及对目标物微塑料的破坏程度,最优消解方案为对土壤进行后消解处理;最优土壤微塑料提取方法为基于微塑料分离装置用饱和ZnCl₂溶液进行3次密度浮选,再用5μm孔径硝酸纤维素滤膜真空抽滤后,用w为30%的H₂O₂在70℃条件下消解去除土壤有机质,在消解完成后再次进行真空抽滤,这样可在有效去除土壤有机质的同时提取微塑料。     

土壤/沉积物中14种金属元素的ICP-MS准确测定方法

建立了微波和湿法两种消解方式的不同条件下土壤/沉积物中V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Se、As、Sr、Mn、Pb、Cd、Ba和Fe共14种金属元素的ICP-MS准确测定方法.比较了微波消解不同称样量及湿法不同消解体系、温度对不同金属元素的消解效果.以103Rh和195Pt作为ICP-MS测定时的内标元素,针对不同测定元素选择合适的监测质量数及碰撞/反应模式.结果表明,微波消解称样量为0.10 g、消解体系为硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸时,除Mn、Sr、Ba、Fe等半金属外大部分金属元素消解效果良好;湿法消解采用硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸(5∶1∶1∶5)体系、消解最高温度为180℃时消解效果最佳,14种金属元素测定结果均在标准值范围内,但需防止少数易挥发元素如As、Se、Pb等在蒸酸过程中挥发损失.分别采用上述两种消解体系对湖底沉积物和两种国际比对土壤样品进行了前处理,并以ICP-MS进行了准确测定,14种金属元素的RSD均在0.10%—3.32%范围之间,国际比对中As、Cd、Pb、Mn的测定结果与初步公布结果一致.该方法重复性好、准确度高,适用于常规土壤/沉积物样品的准确测定.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定化妆品中的十四种稀土元素

用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定化妆品中镧(La)、铈(Ce)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钐(Sm)、铕(Eu)、钆(Gd)、铽(Tb)、镝(Dy)、钬(Ho)、铒(Er)、铥(Tm)、镱(Yb)、镥(Lu)第十四种稀土元素.根据化妆品种类的不同,考察了不同的消解条件和消解方法对上述元素的影响,方法检出限为0.03-0.8ng·g-1,加标回收率为98.7%-107.2%.     

不同酸化体系测定中国不同地区土壤重金属的比较研究

本文采用硝酸-氢氟酸-盐酸-过氧化氢(5∶1∶1∶1)的消解体系和硝酸-过氧化氢(6∶2)消解体系,均通过微波消解法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤中的铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、镉、铅等7种元素.分析了来自全国不同地区的9种土壤与水系沉积物的质控样品,研究了全量微波消解酸体系对土壤中7种重金属测定的影响.结果表明,对于Cr和Pb元素,硝酸-过氧化氢消解体系可溶态元素的结果显著低于元素全量的结果,未加入氢氟酸,难以将硅晶格中的Cr和Pb析出.对于As元素,硝酸-氢氟酸-盐酸-过氧化氢消解体系的回收率略有偏高,推测其原因为盐酸引入的氯离子对ICP-MS的测定产生了质谱型干扰,因此消解体系应尽量避免引入氯.对于Ni、Cu和Zn的结果,硝酸-过氧化氢消解体系的回收率在75%—110%的范围,两种消解体系结果的偏差较小,硝酸-过氧化氢法测定的可溶态元素的结果可以较好的反映元素全量的水平.对比不同地区土壤的结果发现,除水系沉积物和砖红壤中的Pb及砖红壤中的Cr,土壤中部分Cr和Pb难以被硝酸-过氧化氢体系消解出来,在环境中处于稳定的状态,因此采用硝酸-过氧化氢体系能更准确地评估Cr和Pb对环境的危害.     

烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的残留及消解动态

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的残留.烯啶虫胺在棉叶中的平均回收率为99.41%-101.54%,变异系数为2.88%-5.76%;棉籽中烯啶虫胺的平均回收率为79.42%-94.19%,变异系数为1.06%-6.30%;在土壤中的平均回收率为96.68%-105.58%,变异系数为1.40%-4.81%.烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的消解动态以及最终残留结果表明,烯啶虫胺消解较快,在山东省和河南省两地棉叶中的消解半衰期分别为5.75d和5.58d,土壤中的消解半衰期为1.45d和1.35d.在棉花上使用10%的烯啶虫胺水剂,按照最高推荐剂量和最高推荐剂量的1.5倍,施药3次,收获期距最后一次施药21d,烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中最终残留量均小于0.006mg·kg-1.     

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS )的八级杆碰撞/反应池(ORS)技术测定地质样品中的铂、铭、钯

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的八级杆碰撞/反应池(ORS)技术测定地质样品中Pt,Pd,Rh的方法.结果显示,王水溶样、微波消解,可以有效地提高Pt、Pd、Rh的溶出率.ORS技术的使用,有效地消除了多原子离子对待测元素的干扰,特别是对Pd的干扰,使Pt、Pd、Rh的测定结果准确.Pt,Pd、Rh的检出限分别为0.47ng·g-1,0.44ng·g-1,0.065n·g-1,精密度为1.11%-2.57%.此方法为复杂基体样品中贵金属元素的快速、准确分析提供了一种新的途径.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.