不同粒径铝粉火焰传播特性试验研究

为探索不同粒径铝粉火焰结构及其传播特性,用一竖直粉尘燃烧管道试验装置进行铝粉燃烧试验。借助高速摄像设备,观察不同粒径铝粉的火焰形态。利用微细热电偶记录铝粉火焰温度变化。分析不同粒径铝粉火焰的传播速度与铝粉火焰最高温度的关系。结果表明,铝粉粒径越小,火焰越平滑,燃烧越充分、越剧烈,火焰传播速度增长越快;铝粉火焰传播速度和火焰最高温度均与其粒径成反比。     

碳酸氢钠粉体粒径对铝粉火焰传播特性的影响

为探索碳酸氢钠粒径的变化对铝粉火焰结构变化和火焰传播特性的影响,采用竖直粉尘燃烧管道实验平台,研究惰化剂质量分数为30%的惰化条件下的火焰传播过程,并记录火焰温度。实验结果表明:碳酸氢钠粉体能显著降低火焰强度,钝化火焰前端;且粉体对铝粉火焰温度的抑制作用与其粒径成反比关系;碳酸氢钠粒径对铝粉火焰传播速度的惰化抑制作用在微米级与其粒径成反比关系,其粒径越小,对铝粉火焰最大传播速度的抑制效果越好。     

NH_4H_2PO_4和SiO_2粉体对铝粉火焰传播特性的影响

为探索受限空间内惰性粉体对铝粉火焰结构及火焰传播特性的影响机制,利用小尺寸开口竖直管道和高速摄影仪和微细热电偶,研究添加质量分数为20%的NH_4H_2PO_4和SiO_2粉体时铝粉燃烧火焰形态、火焰温度和火焰传播速度等参数的分布特征。结果表明:NH_4H_2PO_4和SiO_2粉体能稀释铝粉尘云浓度,有效减弱反应强度;铝粉粒径增大,惰性粉体对铝粉最高火焰温度的抑制作用先增大后减小,当铝粉粒径为30μm时,抑制效果最显著;惰性粉体对铝粉火焰传播速度的抑制作用与铝粉粒径负相关;NH_4H_2PO_4对铝粉火焰的抑制效果比SiO_2明显。     

微米级铝粉最低着火温度和爆炸特性试验研究

为更好防治铝粉爆炸,针对不同因素对微米级铝粉的最低着火温度和爆炸特性的影响灵敏度进行试验研究,揭示不同因素对其影响程度大小。最低着火温度和爆炸特性分别由粉尘云最低着火温度测试系统和20 L球爆炸装置测试。试验结果表明:粒径越小,比表面积越大,铝粉越容易发生燃烧爆炸;逐个分析粒径、质量浓度和分散压力这3项影响因素对铝粉尘云最低着火温度影响敏感度,得出敏感度大小为粒径分散压力质量浓度;逐个分析点火延迟时间、粒径和质量浓度这3项影响因素对铝粉爆炸参数的影响灵敏度,得出灵敏度大小为粒径点火延迟时间质量浓度。     

混合金属粉尘爆炸最小点火能量影响因素研究*

为探究混合金属粉尘爆炸危险性及与单一粉体爆炸特性差异,确保车间安全生产,采用粉尘云点火能量测试系统对车间混合金属粉尘及铝粉最小点火能量在不同影响因素下的变化规律及2种粉尘火焰变化特征进行测试。研究结果表明:混合金属粉尘和铝粉最小点火能量在一定范围内（38~96 μm）与粒径呈正相关性,当混合金属粉尘粒径大于75 μm时,所需最小点火能量大于1 000 mJ,其爆炸敏感性迅速降低,此时铝粉仍有较强爆炸敏感性;2种粉尘最小点火能量随质量浓度增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,最小点火能分别为295,15 mJ,对应的敏感质量浓度为600,1 000 g/m3,混合金属粉尘在质量浓度为500~700 g/m3时具有较大爆炸危险性;同铝粉相比,混合金属粉尘点火能量更高、火焰燃烧时间更短、火焰高度更低、爆炸剧烈程度更弱。     

火前锋附壁的模拟实验研究

设计了可变坡度燃烧实验台,利用气体燃烧器模拟沟槽地形火蔓延中的火前锋.以丙烷为燃料,主要开展了不同坡度和高宽比(挡板高度与燃烧器宽度之比)条件下的气体燃烧实验.结果表明,坡度是影响火焰附壁的关键因素,挡板的存在限制了侧向卷吸从而加快火焰倾斜甚至附着.上坡火前锋存在一个发生火焰部分附着的临界坡度,该临界坡度不随挡板高宽比...     

多火源火旋风相互作用的实验研究

为研究多火源条件下火旋风的相互作用,利用四面边墙夹缝式实验装置对3种不同直径油盘形成的火旋风进行实验研究。由电子天平记录的燃料质量随时间变化曲线,得到准稳态阶段火旋风的质量燃烧速率;利用摄像机记录的火焰连续图像,获得火焰高度;基于实验现象及实验数据对质量燃烧速率、火焰高度和火焰形态的分析,提出多火源火旋风质量燃烧速率和火焰高度的半经验线性关系式。研究表明:大直径油盘形成的火旋风比小直径油盘更容易受到拖拽力和涡量的作用影响。     

超细CaCO3惰化剂对铝合金抛光伴生粉尘爆炸的防控效果*

为探究超细粉体惰化剂对铝合金抛光伴生粉尘爆炸特性的影响规律,利用标准化实验装置及自行搭建的实验平台,在对爆炸基本参数进行测试的基础上,分别研究超细CaCO3粉体对抛光废弃物粉尘点燃敏感度的钝化作用以及对爆炸火焰传播进程的惰化效果,并在相同条件下与同等粒径高纯度铝粉的实验效果进行比对。研究结果表明:铝合金抛光废弃物粉尘最小点火能量为280 mJ,而同等粒径高纯度铝粉最小点火能量为35 mJ;在铝合金抛光废弃物粉尘质量浓度为300 g/m3条件下,发生爆炸的火焰传播速度峰值为7.4 m/s,约为高纯度铝粉的57%,铝合金抛光废弃物粉尘的爆炸敏感度及猛烈度均低于高纯度铝粉;当超细CaCO3粉体的惰化比为30%时,可将铝合金抛光废弃物粉尘的最小点火能量钝化至约1 J,爆炸火焰失去持续传播能力,惰化作用效果充分显现。     

火前锋附壁的模拟实验研究

设计了可变坡度燃烧实验台,利用气体燃烧器模拟沟槽地形火蔓延中的火前锋。以丙烷为燃料,主要开展了不同坡度和高宽比(挡板高度与燃烧器宽度之比)条件下的气体燃烧实验。结果表明,坡度是影响火焰附壁的关键因素,挡板的存在限制了侧向卷吸从而加快火焰倾斜甚至附着。上坡火前锋存在一个发生火焰部分附着的临界坡度,该临界坡度不随挡板高宽比的变化而改变,该文的临界坡度为10°~15°。随坡度继续升高,高于另一临界坡度时,火焰完全附着在实验台面上,形成薄片状结构,发生火焰完全附着。附着火焰表现出明显的脉动性,随坡度的增大而增强,挡板的存在明显加剧了火焰脉动,而高宽比的变化对火焰脉动特性无显著影响。     

典型织物覆盖下软质聚氨酯泡沫火焰蔓延特性研究

为进一步认识软质聚氨酯泡沫(Flexible Polyurethane Foam, FPUF)的燃烧特性和火灾危险性,通过搭建小尺寸试验平台并开展多组试验,从火焰传播现象和传热机理角度分析底部通风条件与织物覆盖耦合作用对火焰形态、样品表面火焰温度、质量损失及火焰蔓延速率等FPUF燃烧参数的影响。结果表明：底部不通风时,覆盖织物涤纶含量越低,燃烧过程中卷缩程度越小,碳层残留物越多,其可隔绝氧气与阻碍热交换,对FPUF火焰蔓延及热解起到一定抑制作用;底部通风时,氧气充足,热交换过程相对自由,覆盖织物的涤纶含量对火焰蔓延及热解影响轻微;覆盖织物涤纶含量越大,热流峰值越大,火焰初期热量积累时间变短,对FPUF的燃烧起促进作用。结合熵值法与加权秩和法,对FPUF进行火灾危险性评价的结果表明,底部通风工况下覆盖涤纶织物的FPUF火灾危险性最大,底部不通风工况下覆盖棉织物的FPUF火灾危险性最小。     

Effects of moisture and particle size distribution on flame propagation of L-lysine sulfate powder

Lysine is an essential amino acid for human body, and lysine sulfates are at risk of fire and explosion during the production and processing. However, there is no public report on the lysine sulfate powder explosion hazard research. In this paper, the effects of moisture, mass concentration and particle size on the flame propagation behaviors of L-lysine sulfate powder were studied in a vertical pipe. The results showed that the flame propagation could be divided into 3 stages: free propagation, acceleration and attenuation, in which the acceleration was owed to the positive feedback of combustion reaction, gas expansion and turbulence. Moisture content could promote the flame propagation of L-lysine sulfate powder to a certain extent, but it had a strong inhibitory effect on the explosion when the moisture content was too large. The flame propagation velocity increased with the decrease of the average particle size of powder,.With the increase of the particle concentration, the flame propagation velocity of powder explosion increased first and then decreased, that was, there was an optimal concentration of powder explosion, and the powder was more sensitive to the change of concentration in the range of low concentration.     

闪光烟火剂感度变化因素的实验研究

研究铝粉的粒度、形状和粘合剂的含量对闪光烟火药剂感度的影响。发现由铝粉和高氯酸钾配制的二元药剂对摩擦和冲击比较钝感，而对静电火花和火焰敏感；当加入粘合剂后，冲击感度和摩擦感度均明显提高。而静电火花感度和火焰感度均明显下降。粒度和形状对感度的影响是铝粉比表面积变化引起的；粘合剂对感度的影响是由于加入粘合剂后形成的微胶囊的脆性和硬度较大，且易藏有气泡，容易形成热点。     

Flame propagation through aluminum particle cloud in a combustion tube

The propagation of a flame is investigated experimentally and theoretically for a large, horizontal combustion tube containing a mixture of air and aluminum powder with pre-existing turbulence. One end of the tube is closed and the other is connected to a large dump-tank. Twenty dispersion systems are used on the tube to produce a uniform suspension of aluminum dust in the tube with a mean diameter of 6 μm. The characteristics of a flame front from the ignitors at the closed end are measured using photodiodes and the development of pressure is monitored by transducers. Experimental results revealed the entire process of an accelerating flame and the development of shock waves. A set of conservation equations for two-phase turbulent combustion flow is derived, using the two-fluid model, k–ε model, Hinze–Tchen model and EBU-Arrhenius model for turbulent combustion. The SIMPLE scheme usually applied to the homogeneous turbulent combustion is extended to fit this two-phase, reactive behavior. The results of calculations show the positive feedback coupling among combustion, expansion and turbulence during flame propagation. Computed and measured results are generally in good agreement.     

Structure of flames propagating through aluminum particles cloud and combustion process of particles

Structure of flames propagating through aluminum particles clouds and combustion processes of the particles have been examined experimentally to understand the fundamental behavior of a metal dust explosion. The combustion process of individual aluminum particles in a flame propagating through the aluminum particles cloud has been recorded by using a high-speed video camera with a microscopic optical system, and analyzed. The flame is shown to be consisted of a preheat zone of about 3 mm thick, followed by a combustion zone of 5–7 mm thick. In the combustion zone, discrete gas phase flames are observed around each aluminum particle. Also an asymmetric flame around a particle is observed, which might be caused by an ejection of aluminum vapor from a crack of oxide shell surrounding the particle.     

Study on explosion risk of aluminum powder under different dispersions

This paper mainly studied the influence of particle size distribution on the explosion risk of aluminum powder under the span of large particle size distribution. The measurement was carried out with the 20 L explosion ball and the Hartmann tube. The statistical analysis was used to analyze the relevance between the parameters of explosion risk and the particle size parameters. Test results showed that with the increase of particle size, the sensitivity parameter increases and the intensity parameter deceleration decreases. The effect of particle size change on MEC and MIE of small particle size aluminum powder is relatively small but greater impact on Pm and (dP/dt)m. The small particle size components greatly increasing the sensitivity of the explosion and accelerating the rate of the explosion reaction; while the large particle size component contributes to the maximum explosion pressure. D_3,2 particle size dust determines the risk of aluminum powder explosion.     

煤氧化阻化过程中的热特性研究

化学阻燃剂通过化学作用破坏或降低煤分子中活化能较低易被氧化的活性基团,使煤自燃链式反应中断难以达到自燃。为研究煤氧化阻化过程中的热特性变化,通过煤的热重实验,从微观角度研究了次磷酸盐在煤自燃氧化过程中对其表面官能团的影响,分析了阻化剂添加前后的热特性曲线和特征温度,研究了不同升温速率及不同粒径下阻化煤样的热特性变化规律。结果显示:随升温速率的增大和煤样粒径的减小,热特性曲线及特征温度均出现向后推移,特征温度出现不同程度的升高。     

Flame propagation mechanisms in dust explosions

To reveal the effects of particle characteristics, including particle thermal characteristics and size distributions, on flame propagation mechanisms during dust explosions clearly, the flame structures of dust clouds formed by different materials and particle size distributions were recorded using an approach combining high-speed photography and a band-pass filter. Two obviously different flame propagation mechanisms were observed in the experiments: kinetics-controlled regime and devolatilization-controlled regime. Kinetics-controlled regime was characterized by a regular shape and spatially continuous combustion zone structure, which was similar to the premixed gas explosions. On the contrary, devolatilization-controlled regime was characterized by a complicated structure that exhibited heterogeneous combustion characteristics, discrete blue luminous spots appeared surrounding the yellow luminous zone. It was also demonstrated experimentally that the flame propagation mechanisms transited from kinetics-controlled to devolatilization-controlled while decreasing the volatility of the materials or increasing the size of the particles. Damköhler number was defined as the ratio of the heating and devolatilization characteristic time to the combustion reaction characteristic time, to reflect the transition of flame propagation mechanisms in dust explosions. It was found that the kinetics-controlled regime and devolatilization-controlled regime can be categorized by whether Damköhler number was less than 1 or larger than 1.     

Flame propagation behaviors of nano- and micro-scale PMMA dust explosions

Flame propagation behaviors of nano- and micro-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dust explosions were experimentally studied in the open-space dust explosion apparatus. High-speed photography with normal and microscopic lenses were used to record the particle combustion behaviors and flame microstructures. Simple physical models were developed to explore the flame propagation mechanisms. High-speed photographs showed two distinct flame propagation behaviors of nano- and micro-PMMA dust explosions. For nano-particles, flame was characterized by a regular spherical shape and spatially continuous combustion structure combined with a number of luminous spot flames. The flame propagation mechanism was similar to that of a premixed gas flame coupled with solid surface combustion of the agglomerates. In comparison, for micro-particles, flame was characterized by clusters of flames and the irregular flame front, which was inferred to be composed of the diffusion flame accompanying the local premixed flame. It was indicated that smaller particles maintained the leading part of the propagating flame and governed the combustion process of PMMA dust clouds. Increasing the mass densities from 105 g/m³ to 217 g/m³ for 100 nm PMMA particles, and from 72 g/m³ to 170 g/m³ for 30 μm PMMA particles, the flame luminous intensity, scale and the average propagation velocity were enhanced. Besides, the flame front became more irregular for 30 μm PMMA dust clouds.