四川简阳东溪镇土壤环境六种元素含量评价

本文用随机布点法,采集了简阳东溪镇土壤样品29个,分析了土壤中Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu、Mn、Pb六种元素含量,用Shapiro-Wilk法和偏态系数检验了土壤中的元素含量分布类型,结果六种元素含量均为正态分布。根据元素含量类型分布,统计简阳东溪镇土壤中六种元素平均含量为：Cd0．295ppm、Zn62．5ppm、Ni27．49ppm、Cu23．25ppm、bin157．25ppm、Pb17．47ppm。     

徐州云龙湖底泥重金属污染评价

本文测定了云龙湖底泥中铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)4种重金属元素含量。运用了累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度和潜在生态风险进行评价:4种重金属中Cu为中度污染,Pb为轻度污染,其余2种均未构成污染。云龙湖底泥中重金属污染的潜在生态风险表现为轻微的程度,生态风险顺序是Mn>Cu>Pb>Zn。     

潍坊市大气颗粒物中重金属污染特征

为了解潍坊市大气颗粒物中重金属浓度特征及其来源,于2014年对环境空气中颗粒物进行采样,分析了不同粒径颗粒物上的重金属(Fe、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Mn、As、Ni、Zn)含量。结果显示,可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、细颗粒物(PM_(25))中主要重金属为Fe、Zn、Pb、Cu、Mn。重金属Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu主要富集在PM_(25)上。重金属浓度一般表现为冬季最高,这可能是人为污染和气候共同作用造成的。通过富集因子和主因子分析,PM_(25)中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd是人为源贡献的,冶金、电镀和燃煤是主要人为源。     

6种芽苗菜微量元素的测定与比较

采用微波消解样品、电感耦合等离子发射发光法测定了红豆、绿豆、黄豆、黑豆、青豆和豌豆6种芽苗菜中的Mg、Ca、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Se、Cr、As、Pb、B、Cd 12种微量元素的含量.该方法的加标回收率为93.24％-108.09％,RSD值小于3％.结果表明,6种芽苗菜中含有多种微量元素,其中Mg、Ca相对含量较高,Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Se、Cr含量较小,As、Se和Cd未能检测出.实验结果为芽苗菜进一步合理开发提供科学依据.     

南京市PM_(2.5)中重金属含量分布及溶出规律研究

自2017年1～10月,采集南京市PM_(2.5)样品共计42批次,分析了Cu、Zn等9种重金属的含量分布及其溶出规律。结果表明,PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈现明显季节特征,冬季高,夏季低,年均值为41μg/m~3,与国家二级标准比超标17%。南京市PM_(2.5)中重金属总量高低顺序为Fe Zn Pb Mn Cu Cr As Ni Cd,其中As超出推荐限值19%。在模拟酸雨提取PM_(2.5)中重金属时,淋溶液pH是决定释放率的最主要因素,pH越低,释放率越高。用pH 5. 6的模拟酸雨淋溶液提取南京市PM_(2.5)样品,Cd、Zn、Mn的释放率超过60%,而Fe、Cr、Pb的释放率低于30%。     

黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场周边土壤重金属污染分析

为阐明黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场周边土壤重金属污染现状，应用单因子污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中Cd、Cu、Mn、Ni、Zn和Pb元素的污染状况进行分析。结果表明：以内蒙古土壤背景值为标准，矿区排土场周边土壤中Cd元素(P_i>5)属于重度污染为特征污染物；Cu和Ni(1i ≤2)处于微污染水平；Mn、Zn和Pb元素(P_i<1)未达到污染水平。Cd元素各样点分布不均，变异系数较大，说明该元素的富集受人类活动的影响严重，应对其进行监测与防治。该研究可为黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场周边土壤重金属污染防治及生态修复提供依据。     

锰矿资源开采区土壤环境特征分析与评价

为探明锰矿资源开采对矿区土壤的影响,选取重庆市城口县为研究区,对比分析了矿区土壤p H值、有机质及重金属含量,研究了矿区土壤环境特征;利用单因子和Nemerow综合污染指数法分析评价了矿区土壤重金属污染程度,运用Hakanson法评估了其潜在的生态风险,分析获得重金属含量与有机质、p H间的相关性。监测分析了该区域土壤中Mn、Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb金属的含量,整体呈现Cd、Mn污染,污染程度均达到5级;潜在生态风险RI值为1077.79,等级为很强;土壤有机质含量与Zn含量呈显著正相关,p H值与Cr含量呈显著正相关。     

南京市PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征分析及健康风险评价

自2013年12月至2014年11月,采集了南京市大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品共计56个,分析了As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cu和Mn这8种重金属元素的含量及污染特征,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型,对其通过呼吸途径引起的人体健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,南京市大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈现明显季节特征,冬季秋季春季夏季,全年均值为86μg/m3,超我国年均二级标准的1.4倍。PM_(2.5)中8种元素浓度排序为:ZnPbMnCuCrAsNiCd,As均值超标77%,其他未超。4种致癌重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Ni)及4种非致癌重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn)中,Cr对人体健康具有很高的潜在性危害,其他7种重金属的风险可忽略,不会对暴露人群构成明显的危害。     

柴窝堡湖表层底泥重金属污染评价

研究了乌鲁木齐市柴窝堡湖表层底泥的重金属含量,并采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对底泥中的重金属潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明:底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均超出乌鲁木齐市土壤背景值。除湖心区外,Cd在5个监测区域中的潜在生态危害均为中等;其它重金属在5个采样点的潜在生态危害均为轻微。各重金属间的相关性分析表明,Zn与Cu,Pb与Cd、Cu呈显著正相关,说明这4种元素污染源可能相同。柴窝堡湖表层底泥受到Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd污染,需采取相应措施防止重金属由底泥进入水相。     

保宁醋中化学成份和保宁醋厂环境中微量元素抗癌性的初步研究

四川食管癌高发区内的保定醋厂50余年无癌症死亡者,收集了醋和主要酿醋成份(水、麦麸、药麯)为试样,用原子吸收光谱等方法分析其中微量元素含量,与对照样相比,井水是以富铜(及高Cu/Zn、Cu/Cd)低镉为特征,麦麸以富铜低铬富微量元素(Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe、Mo)的化学组分为表征,药曲也以富铜为主的微量元素为特征,醋中微量元素比酿醋用水富集几十倍到上百倍,特醋与普醋相比也有明显差别,文中分析了该厂环境中的微量元素抗癌作用,并提出了富铜酶(络合物)抑制癌症的机理摸式。     

Broiler litter as a micronutrient source for cotton: concentrations in plant parts

Analytically, poultry litter contains nearly all essential micronutrients but the extent of phytoavailability of these nutrients and whether cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and other crop plants can receive adequate amounts of these nutrients from litter is not fully known. The objective of this research was to determine whether cotton receives sufficient amounts of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn from litter and estimate the efficiency of cotton in extracting these metal nutrients from litter in the absence of any other source of the micronutrients. The greenhouse research used plastic pots filled with approximately 11 kg of a 2:1 (v/v) sand to vermiculite growing mix. Cotton (cv. Stoneville 474) was grown in the pots fertilized with broiler litter at rates of 30, 60, 90, or 120 g pot(-1) in a factorial combination with four supplemental nutrient solution (NS) treatments. The nutrient solutions consisted of full Hoagland's nutrient solution (NS-full); a solution of the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, and Mg (NS-macro); a solution of the micronutrients Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B, and Mo (NS-micro); and water (NS-none). Based on tissue nutrient analysis, a one-time broiler litter application supplied adequate amounts of Fe, Cu, and Mn to bring the concentration of these nutrients in upper leaves within published sufficiency ranges. Zinc, with <17 mg kg(-1) concentration in the upper leaves, was the only micronutrient below the established sufficiency range regardless of the rate of applied litter. Cotton extracted Fe and Mn more efficiently than Cu or Zn, removing as much as 8.8% of Fe and 7.2% of Mn supplied by 30 g litter pot(-1). In contrast, the extraction efficiency was 1.7% for Cu and 1.9% for Zn. Roots accumulated 58% of the total absorbed Fe and 64% of Cu, and leaves accumulated 32% of the Fe and only 13% of the Cu supplied by litter. In contrast, only 16% of the total absorbed Mn and 23% of Zn accumulated in roots while leaves accumulated 64% of the total Mn and 37% of Zn. These results demonstrate that broiler litter is a valuable source of the metal nutrients supplying Fe, Cu, and Mn in full and Zn in part, but a very large fraction of the litter-supplied metal nutrients remained in the growing mix.     

Natural attenuation of residual heavy metal contamination in soils affected by the Aznalcóllar mine spill, SW Spain

Non-amended soils affected by pyritic sludge residues were monitored for 7 years to assess the long-term natural attenuation ability of these soils. The decrease in both the total concentration of elements (particularly As) and (NH(4))(2)SO(4)-extractable fractions of Mn, and Zn, below the maximum permissible levels indicate a successful natural ability to attenuate soil pollution. Soil acidification by pyrite oxidation and rainfall-enhanced leaching were the largest contributors to the reduction of metals of high (Mn, Cu, Zn and Cd) and low (Fe, Al, and As) availability. Periodic use of correlation and spatial distribution analysis was useful in monitoring elemental dispersion and soil property/element relationships.     

Heavy metal content and distribution in surface sediments of the Seyhan River, Turkey

Chemical fractionation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) was studied using a modified three-step sequential procedure to assess their impacts in the sediments of the Seyhan River, Turkey. Samples were collected from six representative stations in two campaigns in October 2009 and June 2010, which correspond to the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The total metal concentrations in the sediments demonstrated different distribution patterns at the various stations. Cadmium was the only metal that was below detection at all stations during both sampling periods. Metal fractionation showed that, except for Mn and Pb, the majority of metals were found in the residual fraction regardless of sampling time, indicating that these metals were strongly bound to the sediments. The potential mobility of the metals (non-residual fractions) is reflected in the following ranking: Pb > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr in October 2009 and Mn > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr in June 2010. The second highest proportion of metals was bound to organic matter/sulfides, originating primarily from anthropogenic activities. Non-residual metal fractions for all stations were highest in June 2010, which may be linked to higher organic matter concentrations in the sediment samples with 1.40% and 15.1% in October 2009 and June 2010, respectively. Potential sediment toxicity was evaluated using the Risk Assessment Code (RAC). Based on RAC classification, Cd and Cr pose no risk, Cu and Ni pose low risk, Pb and Zn were classified as medium risk metals, while the environmental risk from Mn was high. In addition, based on the sediment quality guidelines (SQG), the Seyhan River can be classified as a river with no, to moderate, toxicological risks, based on total metal concentrations.     

Photosynthesis, chlorophyll integrity, and spectral reflectance in lichens exposed to air pollution

The major objective of the present study was to identify the relationship of physiologial parameters of the photosynthetic system with the elemental content of the lichen Ramalina lacera (With.) J.R. Laund. Thalli of R. lacera were collected in an unpolluted site and transplanted in a national park and an industrial region in Israel for 8 mo. Analyses of photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll integrity, spectral reflectance, and amount of 11 metals were performed after this period of exposure. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), indicative of the spectral reflectance response of the thallus, correlated with photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll and K content and correlated inversely with amounts of Ba, Cr, Cu, and Ni. The NDVI appears to enable the detection of early signs of pollutant-induced stress before changes in other physiological parameters become apparent. Elevated amounts of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in lichens transplanted to an industrial area and the correlation of Mn and Ni, Mn and V, Ni and V, Fe and Mn, Fe and V, and Fe and Zn point for the greater part to metal processing in a steel smelter. Correlations of Cr and Ni, Cu and Ni, Zn and Cu, Cu and Mn, and Zn and Ni could be related to metal processing in the industrial area but indicate also vehicular activity as a possible originator.     

TOXIC METALS IN SURFACE WATERS FROM COAL ASH1

ABSTRACT: The concentration of 10 [titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), chromium (CR), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)] toxic elements were measured in the water, benthic sediment, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of an ash basin and its drainage system at a coal-fired power plant of the Savannah River Project, Aiken, S.C., over a period of two years. During 12 months of this period the basin was essentially filled and little settling of ash occurred. In the remaining 12 months, dredging had been completed, adequate settling occurred and most of the effluent turbidity was removed. All elements were more concentrated in sediment and biota than in water, and five (Mn, Cu, As, Zn, and Se) were biomagnified by at least one biotic component as compared to concentration in benthic sediment. Plants had high accumulations of Ti, Mn, As, and Hg; invertebrates had high accumulations of Co, Hg, Cu, Cr, Cd, and As; and vertebrates greatly biomagnified Se and Zn. The streamlined biotic community of the system accomplished major removal of Mn, Zn, As, Se, and Cd from the effluent. The magnitude of bioaccumulation of Ti, Mn, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Hg was increased during the period of adequate settling in the basin.     

Solubilization of manganese and trace metals in soils affected by acid mine runoff

Manganese solubility has become a primary concern in the soils and water supplies in the Alamosa River basin, Colorado due to both crop toxicity problems and concentrations that exceed water quality standards. Some of the land in this region has received inputs of acid and trace metals as a result of irrigation with water affected by acid mine drainage and naturally occurring acid mineral seeps. The release of Mn, Zn, Ni, and Cu following saturation with water was studied in four soils from the Alamosa River basin. Redox potentials decreased to values adequate for dissolution of Mn oxides within 24 h following saturation. Soluble Mn concentrations were increased to levels exceeding water quality standards within 84 h. Soluble concentrations of Zn and Ni correlated positively with Mn following reduction for all four soils studied. The correlation between Cu and Mn was significant for only one of the soils studied. The soluble concentrations of Zn and Ni were greater than predicted based on the content of each of these metals in the Mn oxide fraction only. Increases in total electrolyte concentration during reduction indicate that this may be the result of displacement of exchangeable metals by Mn following reductive dissolution of Mn oxides.     

不同酸消解方法在土壤重金属测定中的比较研究

分别用三种不同的酸消解方法进行土壤标准样品的前处理,用原子吸收分光光度法测定其中铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、锰、总铬元素的含量。结果表明,电热板/硝酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸消解方法耗酸量少,消解时间短,适用于土壤中铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、锰元素的前处理,相对标准偏差为1.0%～5.0%;而使用电热板/硝酸-硫酸-氢氟酸方法针对土壤中总铬元素进行消解前处理,准确度更高,相对标准偏差为2.7%～5.1%。     

Metals in vineyard soils of the Penedès area (NE Spain) after compost application

The application of organic wastes to improve soil physical characteristics in mechanized vineyards planted after land levelling is becoming a common practice in Mediterranean areas. It may be useful as an additional source of organic matter and nutrients, but these wastes could also have negative effects due to their metal content. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of compost application on soil metal contents in mechanized vineyard soils of the Spanish Mediterranean area, where this practice is repeated every three years. The study was carried out in a ten-year-old vineyard where the main soil type is Typic Calcixerept. Composted cattle manure was applied in alternate rows, at a rate of 40 Mgha(-1) dry-weight. Nine sampling points were located along the slopes of two plots: a levelled plot prepared for mechanization with large soil disturbance movements within the plot, and a plot of undisturbed soil. At each location, soil samples were taken in both treated and untreated soils. Total concentrations (digestion with aqua regia) and the extractable DTPA (Diethylene-triaminepentacetic)-CaCl2-TEA (Triethanolamine) fractions of Cu, Zn and Mn were analyzed in each sample. For Cu and Zn, the initial concentration was higher in the undisturbed plot. In both cases, total Cu and total Zn were positively affected by manure input and the concentration in treated soils was significantly higher than in untreated soil. For Mn, the initial concentration was higher in disturbed soils than in undisturbed ones, and although in both scenarios the concentrations increased with manure, no significant differences were found between treated and untreated soils. The extractable fraction also increased in treated versus untreated soils, although for Cu and Mn the extractable/total metal ratio was similar in treated and untreated soils. After one compost application, total metal contents increased significantly, particularly for Zn. Most of those metals are accumulated in the soil, due to the soil characteristics.     

Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of Igbede, Ojo and Ojora rivers of Lagos, Nigeria

The distribution of some heavy metals, namely Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cr and Mn in epipellic sediments of Igbede, Ojo and Ojora rivers of Lagos was studied weekly in the early summer (November) of 2003. The levels of selected trace metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (UNICAM 969 AAS SOLAR). Trends in heavy metal burdens in the sediments revealed weekly variations in all the rivers assessed. Statistical analyses also showed different mean levels of trace metals in the aquatic environments, the distribution of which followed the sequence Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd, Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cr > Cd and Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd in Igbede, Ojo and Ojora rivers respectively. Fe recorded the highest concentration levels (1,582.95 ± 96.57 μ g/g–1,910.34 ± 723.19 μ g/g) in all the sediments investigated while the Cd levels (0.06 ± 0.10 μ g/g–0.47 ± 0.36 μ g/g) were the lowest. Expectedly, trace metal concentrations in fine grain muddy sediments of the Igbede and Ojo coastline were much higher than those of Ojora which consist of coarse and sandy deposits covering the near shore area. Generally, the results obtained fell within tolerable limits stipulated by World Health Organization (WHO).