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1.
This article discusses the perspectives of two First Nations of Canada, northeastern British Columbia’s West Moberly First
Nations, Halfway River First Nation, and Treaty 8 Tribal Council, regarding the impacts of industrial resource extraction
in lands critical to their traditional cultures and subsistence activities. This collaborative project interviewed First Nation
government officials and staff as well as community members and Elders, which created a complex picture of physical impacts
of industrial development as well as psychological and cultural concerns. In addition, we briefly explore the impacts of First
Nations being required to constantly participate in consultative processes, such as environmental assessment, designed to
predict potential impacts. We conclude that recognizing and meaningfully addressing all types of impacts that First Nations
experience is critical, both for ensuring environmental justice for indigenous peoples and for recognizing that some land
and resources must remain for indigenous peoples to continue to practice their traditional culture. We note, as well, that
if there is no room amidst industrial resource extraction activities for indigenous peoples, there is also no room for other
environmentally critical values such as healthy ecosystems. 相似文献
2.
Colleen J. Howell Kurt A. Schwabe Azizan Haji Abu Samah 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(1):1-18
Non-timber forest products (NTFP) represent key sources of cash and subsistence income for millions of rural and indigenous
peoples living in tropical developing countries throughout the world. The current study investigates the use and significance
of NTFP within a sample of Peninsular Malaysia’s Orang Asli (indigenous people). Data collected via household surveys across
three sampling phases reveals that more than 75% of the population is actively engaged in NTFP collection. Household responses
indicate diversity in both the types and uses of products collected. NTFP collection participation, frequency of collection,
and collection reliance are found to be significantly negatively related to village proximity to the market, as well as to
income level relative to the Malaysian poverty line. When collection variables are examined by different product categories,
relationships with market access and income group are variable. Implications for different approaches to forest conservation
and rural development are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Involving local farmers in rehabilitation of degraded tropical forests: some lessons from Ghana 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Dominic Blay Mark Appiah Lawrence Damnyag Francis K. Dwomoh Olavi Luukkanen Ari Pappinen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(4):503-518
The role of community-based plantation development in forest rehabilitation and poverty alleviation is a pressing issue for
the government of Ghana. In this paper, we present an analysis of the prospects of a community-based plantation using taungya
systems and indigenous trees as means to forest rehabilitation and livelihood improvement in Ghana. The project management
strategies, communication process and incentive mechanism and their impact on local participation are discussed with the aim
to recommending a mechanism through which local farmers can best be involved in rehabilitation of degraded sites in the future
in Ghana. Data were collected through a survey using personal interviews of 431 farming households and ten key informants
from ten communities living in scattered hamlets in and around forests reserves. The results show a high rate of local participation
in project tree planting activities. Four years after the project’s initiation, about 250 ha of plantations had been established
using twelve priority indigenous and one exotic species and farmers had indicated improvement in their farming practices and
availability of food and forest products. Restoring forest quality as a timber resource and associated values, getting money,
food stuff and timber and non-timber for domestic use, and having access to fertile land for farming were the top three issues
prioritised by respondents as motivational factors for engaging in the project activities. Overall, this project demonstrates
that reversing tropical forest degradation is possible. For this we need local involvement in tree domestication combined
with activities that addresses livelihood needs and environmental concerns. This case also demonstrates the prospects of utilising
indigenous tree species, not only exotic species that dominated tree planting in the past, for plantations and landscape rehabilitation
in Ghana.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
4.
Patterns of land-use and land-cover change are usually grouped into one of two categories defined by the dominant trend: (1) deforestation resulting from expanding agriculture and (2) forest expansion, usually related to the abandonment of marginal lands. At regional scale, however, both processes can occur simultaneously even in the absence of net change. Given the focus on net change, such redistribution of agricultural and natural and seminatural lands has been generally overlooked. The interaction between agriculture modernization, human demography and complex topographic gradients of northwestern Argentina has resulted in processes of both forest recovery and deforestation, thus providing the opportunity to analyze patterns and driving forces of land-cover redistribution. We analyzed 20 years (1986–2006) of land-cover change in a subtropical watershed in relation to topographic and demographic variables. Although net forest change represented <1 %, forests redistribution affected 7 % of forest lands. There was a consistent geographic segregation of deforestation and forest recovery, with forests expanding over steep highlands and agriculture expanding over lowland irrigated areas. Population trends were not associated to forest expansion in lowlands but they explained 32 % of forest recovery in highlands. Highland forest expansion and lowland deforestation, respectively, imply conservation opportunities for humid montane forests and the environmental services they provide (e.g., watershed conservation) and threats for the conservation of dry forests and its biodiversity. Our study exemplifies the importance of land-use redistribution (rather than net change) with relevant environmental consequences at regional scale. 相似文献
5.
兼顾生态系统功能和生态需求强度的城市生态用地重要性评价——以长沙市为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
生态环境保护和城市经济发展的矛盾由来已久,科学评价生态用地的重要性,对维护区域生态安全和引导城市有序扩张具有重要意义。生态用地的重要性不仅由生态用地自身的生态系统功能决定,同时受到人类生态需求强度的影响。选取生物多样性维持功能、土壤保持功能、水源涵养功能、户外休闲需求和生态用地稀缺度等指标,以长沙市中心城区为研究区,构建了兼顾生态系统功能和区域生态需求强度的生态用地重要性评价模型,进行了生态用地重要性评价。其中,生态系统功能通过生物多样性维持功能、土壤保持功能、水源涵养功能量化,区域生态需求强度通过户外休闲需求和生态用地稀缺度量化。实验结果表明:长沙市中心城区生态用地空间分布差异显著,极重要生态用地主要由大面积集中连片的森林、重要饮水源地和高质量的耕地构成,既包括城市外围提供生态屏障的大块生态用地,同时包括人口稠密城市建成区内的湿地、河流等小面积生态用地。与传统评价模型相比,构建的模型能够体现人类需求的影响,结果更符合人们的实际生态需要。 相似文献
6.
Globally, tropical forests are being perturbed by human activity. Tropical vegetation constitutes some of the largest terrestrial
carbon stocks against the build up of greenhouse gases. In this paper, a local-scale case study utilising remote sensing methodology
in estimating forest loss is presented, for a section of tropical South Africa’s Soutpansberg Mountains where land use pressure
threatens some of the last remaining indigenous forests. Landsat TM images from October 1990, August 2000 and September 2006
were used, together with municipality level demographic data. Hybrid image classification techniques distinguished forest
cover on the images, which were classified into vegetation density categories. About 20% of forest and woodland cover was
lost in the 16-year analysis period, mainly due to pine and eucalyptus plantation and residential housing expansions. The
local-scale key drivers behind the deforestation are examined. 相似文献
7.
Forestry is a productive sector with significant effects on meeting national socio-economic and environmental functions as
well as the improvement of rural livelihoods. Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) in particular have been widely advocated by
conservation and development organisations as potential alternative livelihood strategies, particularly among vulnerable forest
dependant households. Like in most tropical countries, NWFPs are relevant in the sustainable development of Kenya that is
particularly endowed with important forest resources. Kenya hosts about 17 million ha of forested land (about 3.51% of the
total Sub-Saharan Africa forest cover by 2000), of which about 16,865,000 ha is under natural forest (EarthTrends: Forests,
grasslands and drylands, 2003). Outside the gazetted forests, there are other large tracks of forests in trust lands, including
national parks and reserves, hill forest reserves and privately owned lands covering about 0.5 million ha (Kenya’s forest
resource assessment in the EC-FAO Partnership Programme Report, 2000; The Kenya Forests Act, 2005). Woodlands, bushlands and
wooded grasslands, mainly found in the arid and semi-arid lands cover 37.6 million ha, while forest plantations (started in
1946) cover about 170,000 ha of land (The Kenya forestry master plan, 1994–2020, 1994). In most NWFPs endowed regions of the
country however, this socio-economic and environmental potential is still unrealized. We illustrate the latter by a case study
of NWFPs use and management in four villages in Mbooni Division of Makueni District, Kenya. The division was chosen because
of its relatively high NWFPs availability, particularly from South Mbooni forest that is located at a distance less than 5 km
for an estimated 80% of the interviewed households. Data used for the analysis was collected through a fieldwork survey carried
out on women (35+ years) in August, 2005. One hundred and sixty (160) NWFPs are harvested (from plant and animal species)
and used mainly for food, income generation (supplemental) and medicinal purposes. A number of challenges limit women’s enjoyment
of the full benefits from NWFPs exploitation, the overriding problem being their inadequacy (in quantity and/or quality).
In this paper we discuss these commonly utilized and managed NWFPs plant species in Mbooni and their potential contribution
to improved livelihoods and sustainable development in Mbooni, Kenya and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in general. 相似文献
8.
Darrell E. Napton Roger F. Auch Rachel Headley Janis L. Taylor 《Regional Environmental Change》2010,10(1):37-53
The ecoregions of the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, Southeastern Plains, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge provide a continuum of
land cover from the Atlantic Ocean to the highest mountains in the East. From 1973 to 2000, each ecoregion had a unique mosaic
of land covers and land cover changes. The forests of the Blue Ridge Mountains provided amenity lands. The Piedmont forested
area declined, while the developed area increased. The Southeastern Plains became a commercial forest region, and most agricultural
lands that changed became forested. Forests in the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain declined, and development related to recreation
and retirement increased. The most important drivers of land conversion were associated with commercial forestry, competition
between forest and agriculture, and economic and population growth. These and other drivers were modified by each ecoregion’s
unique suitability and land use legacies with the result that the same drivers often produced different land changes in different
ecoregions. 相似文献
9.
Jeremy John Escobar Torio 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2018,12(4):480-494
It is well established that external national policies and internal ethnic politics contribute to indigenous power struggles that create a disharmonious indigenous voice. The purpose of this paper is to interrogate how such fissures intersect with internal, covert communication forces embedded in indigenous communities. Based on a case study of Peru’s national indigenous Amazonian organization Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana (AIDESEP or the Interethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Rainforest), the authors advance a geographical perspective of communication to interrogate the physical and social spaces that contribute to and fragment indigenous public spheres, drawing from a content analysis of interviews and news media reports. The aim is to analyse how power—influenced by the spatio-cultural effects on communication—divided a national indigenous voice following Peru’s 2009 Amazon conflict. 相似文献
10.
Diego Higuera Berta Martín-López Andrés Sánchez-Jabba 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(4):861-872
Despite the importance of neotropical cloud forests as providers of ecosystem services to society, they are one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world. We analysed the importance of three cloud forest reserves in central Colombia as providers of ecosystem services, as well as the social support to conservation actions in these ecosystems through willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to give up time (WTT) estimates. Our results highlight the high commitment of all users of the cloud forest areas towards the conservation of the ecosystem services provided by these strategic ecosystems. We found that the most important perceived ecosystem services were water supply and habitat maintenance for species. Our findings also suggest that the respondents’ ecological knowledge (measured as the awareness of the ecosystem services supplied by cloud forests) was an important factor in determining both WTP and WTT for conserving cloud forests. Moreover, our results indicate that WTT should be a viable technique to explore individual preferences of different stakeholders towards conservation activities in cloud forests. Based on our results, we propose a conservation strategy of cloud forests that considers different users’ socio-economic and environmental characteristics, in which both experimental and experiential knowledge should be incorporated in order to promote collective action. 相似文献
11.
Nobuyuki Tsuji Anthony R. Chittenden Takuya Ogawa Takenori Takada Yan-Xuan Zhang Yutaka Saito 《Sustainability Science》2011,6(1):97-107
Since the late 1980s, spider mite pests have caused serious damage to many moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forests in China’s Fujian province. The culms of this plant are an essential component of the building and handicraft industries,
and the shoots are a prized food item in many Asian countries. Furthermore, bamboo forests play an important soil conservation
role in mountainous areas. We examined pest mite outbreaks in several moso bamboo plantations in Fujian, and could show that
a change in cultivation style from polyculture (a kind of mixed forest) to monoculture (all plants other than bamboo were
removed) was primarily responsible for the local extinction of an important predaceous mite species. This phenomenon is due
to the periodic shedding of leaves by the bamboo, which forces the predator mites occurring on bamboo to switch to prey mite
species that occur on other plants. We then tried to elucidate the factors that resulted from such a cultivation change. Adopting
a computer simulation approach, we could successfully show that at least two plants, moso bamboo and Chinese silvergrass,
are necessary to maintain stable predator–prey interactions in moso forests. That is, systems consisting of one common predator
and two host-specific pest mites on different host plant species frequently became stable when the pest mites were at low
density. This finding indicates clearly that bio-diversity, even when it consists of only two plants and three mite species
as in this study, is necessary for the sustainable regulation of large-scale forests, such as moso bamboo plantations. 相似文献
12.
Lisa Leimar Price Astrid Björnsen Gurung 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2006,8(4):507-517
The paper presents a methodology that guided several ethnoentomological research projects and goes on to examine and compare the results from two independent research locations in Asia. The first location is in the Philippines, a Green Revolution area that has been heavily impacted by extension messages and insecticide use. The second location is in Nepal which has a traditional subsistence orientation and has remained widely unaffected by agricultural modernization. The paper emphasizes the differences and similarities of the results from the two sites and discusses the role of the methodology and methods used in capturing ethnoentomological knowledge, particularly with regard to insect pests in rice. The results of both investigations share the importance of agronomic criteria among farmers in insect classification and sorting criteria, thus highlighting the relevance of functional criteria. Farmers at both research sites have difficulties in identifying the lifecycles of insects. We discuss the issues of tradition and change in farmer entomological knowledge and providing support to the knowledge base of farmers though programs like IPM-Farmer Field Schools as opposed to broad-based recommendations for crop pest management.Article type: MS-ENVI-SI ETHNOSCI MS04 Contribution to Environment, Development & Sustainability, special issue ‘Bridging the gap between natural resources and their human management for the future using ethnoscience’. 相似文献
13.
Service Opare 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2017,19(6):2217-2236
Surface water sources remain the dominant sources of water supply for a significant proportion of poor communities. These water supply sources tend to have low water quality levels. Application of water quality determination and purification measures could minimize water-related diseases associated with direct consumption of water with poor quality levels. A number of simple measures have been devised and utilized by indigenous communities based on their resource conservation knowledge to improve water quality levels. However, scientific approaches that are more in tune with modern demands for reliability and exactness are the preferred, mainstream approaches for determining water quality. Growing recognition of the relevance of indigenous knowledge has led to renewed interest in the possibility of utilizing it for such tasks. Research conducted in 2007 and 2008 in two indigenous communities in Ghana revealed a diversity of indigenous methods for water quality determination and purification including straining, settling and use of special seeds which could still be useful in this contemporary era. This paper recommends that knowledge co-production and transdisciplinary approaches be employed to enable indigenous communities and experts to collaborate and develop measures that tap both knowledge systems for improving water quality levels for human use. 相似文献
14.
Community attitudes toward forest conservation programs through collaborative protected area management in Bangladesh 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mohammad Shaheed Hossain Chowdhury Chloe Gudmundsson Shigeyuki Izumiyama Masao Koike Nahid Nazia Md. Parvez Rana Sharif Ahmed Mukul Nur Muhammed Mohammed Redowan 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2014,16(6):1235-1252
The formulation of conservation policies with options for creating protected areas is significantly influenced by the social factors of the surrounding communities. Therefore, indigenous knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of the local communities need to be explored during the planning and implementation stages of conservation projects. A government-initiated experiment in co-management was conducted in the Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh. This paper analyzes the attitudes toward conservation by members of local communities living in and around the wildlife sanctuary. Training incentives on alternative income-generating (AIG) activities and allotment of agricultural lands were distributed among the Forest User Groups. It is of interest to policy makers and resource managers whether this technique leads to improved attitudes on the part of local people. Although there were different attitudes toward protected areas and conservation, overall, a favorable attitude of the respondents was observed. The opinions of respondents also varied based on factors such as village position, village dependency level on forest resources, ethnicity and gender. Increase in annual income resulting from the augmented skills by trainings on AIG activities and getting agricultural lands leased from the Forest Department contributed significantly to the variation in respondents’ conservation attitudes. It is suggested that eliminating inequity and inequality in incentive distribution, discovering and launching training on more need-based livelihood activities, and liberalizing the restriction of resource extraction from the protected area by fixing the harvesting limit would encourage the community to be more cordially and actively involved in the conservation efforts of the sanctuary. 相似文献
15.
Kirkfeldt Trine Skovgaard Hansen Anne Merrild Olesen Pernille Mortensen Lucia Hristova Kameliya Welsch Alexander 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(3):725-737
Regional Environmental Change - The Arctic Region is characterised by vulnerable ecosystems and residing indigenous people, dependent on nature for subsistence fishing and hunting. The Arctic also... 相似文献
16.
Forest income and dependency in lowland Bolivia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Patricia Uberhuaga Carsten Smith-Hall Finn Helles 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2012,14(1):3-23
Forests contribute to livelihoods of rural people throughout the tropics. This paper adds to the emerging body of quantitative
knowledge on absolute and relative economic importance, through both cash and subsistence income, of moist forests to households.
Qualitative contextual information was collected in six villages in lowland Bolivia, followed by a structured survey of randomly
selected households (n = 118) that included four quarterly income surveys. We employed a novel data collection approach that allows detailed estimation
of total household accounts, including sources of forest income. We estimated the average forest income share of total annual
household income (forest dependency) at 20%, ranging from 18 to 24%. Adding environmental income increased the average to
26%, being fairly constant across income quartiles at 24–28%. Absolute levels of forest income increased with total household
income, while forest dependency was the highest in the best-off income quartile—the primary harvesters of forest products
are better-off households. The pattern of high forest dependency among better-off households has also been reported from other
countries, indicating that this pattern may be more common than advocated by conventional wisdom. Using ordinary least squares
(OLS) regressions, we found significant determinants of absolute forest income to be household size, sex of household head
and area of cultivated land; the significant determinants for forest dependency were level of education, whether household
head was born in village and whether household was food self-sufficient. Better-off households were able to realise cash income
from forests, while poorer households—in particular if headed by women—were more reliant on subsistence forest income. We
argue that the differential patterns of forest income across income quartiles should be considered in future development interventions
and that findings indicate a potential for forests to contribute to moving households out of poverty. 相似文献
17.
Potential synergies of the main current forestry efforts and climate change mitigation in Central Africa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In Central Africa, important carbon stocks are stored in natural forest stands, while activities that modify the carbon storage
occur in the forest landscape. Besides clean development mechanisms, the reduction of emission through deforestation and degradation
(REDD) initiative is viewed as one way to mitigate climate change. Important forest habitat protection activities have already
been implemented with the aim of conserving the biodiversity of the region in a sustainable manner. The main causes of land
use changes in the region are small holder subsistence practices and logging activities. Agricultural production has low productivity
levels and therefore investments in improved agricultural techniques can both reduce pressure on existing forests and perhaps
allow for the reforestation of existing degraded lands. The logging industry is dominated by large, industrial scale, logging
operations performing selective logging of specific species and large trees. The adoption of improved forest management practices
can reduce the impact of such logging on the ecological integrity and carbon stocks. Some efforts to engage in the carbon
market have begun in the region. Further research is needed into the types of projects that will most likely become successful
in the region and what locations will offer the greatest benefits. 相似文献
18.
Decentralized forest management is a pivotal approach in Ethiopia for balancing biodiversity conservation with demand for economic development, and for improving forest-dependent local peoples’ livelihoods. With the aim of filling the literature gap on Ethiopia, this paper explores the dynamics of decentralization in the forestry sector using the actor-power-accountability framework. Generally, three forms of decentralization are practiced: deconcentration to government administrative branches, devolution of selected decision-making power to local people, and delegation to enterprises. Although transfer of meaningful discretionary power to local people or to downwardly accountable lower-tier governments is a precondition for achieving positive outcomes from decentralization, this prerequisite has been realized in none of the three forms decentralization. Overall, three important trends emerged from the latest decentralization reform, which was a switch from the conservation-oriented deconcentration form of decentralization to the income generation-oriented delegation form of decentralization. Those trends are as follows: monetary income generation for local people through enterprise, albeit with possible risk of being deprived of income and subsistence opportunities on which local people depend for their livelihoods; moving decision-making power away from the grassroots; and lack of incentive to manage natural forests, a major source of biodiversity. 相似文献
19.
Armenteras Dolors Rodríguez Nelly Retana Javier Morales Mónica 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(3):693-705
Colombian Andean forests cover nine million ha. These forests provide an informative case study of mountain deforestation
in South America. They are surrounded by tropical lowland forests, and they host most of the country’s human population. This
study evaluates the relative importance of human and natural variables in deforestation of the Colombian Andes between 1985
and 2005 using remote sensing methods, geographic information system (GIS) technology and general linear models (GLM). The
following factors affected the annual deforestation in the region positively: forced population migration, unsatisfied basic
needs, economic activity, crops, pastures, illicit crops, protected areas and slope. Factors having a negative effect were
tenure of small land parcels, road density, water scarcity and mean temperature. The results of this study also provide insight
into the differences between the dynamics of lowland forests and those of montane forests. Montane forests had a lower annual
rate of deforestation than did forests in the lowlands. Socio-economic, demographic and biophysical factors explain overall
deforestation rates for the region. However, when altitude variation is taken into account, intraregional differences in the
Andes become evident. Deforestation processes differ between those areas adjacent to the high Andean valleys where most of
the country’s population concentrates and those areas in the tropical lowlands north, west and east of the Andean chain. Differences
between lowland and montane forest dynamics are due partly to the accessibility of forests and differences in wealth and economic
activities. In montane forests, deforestation is positively influenced by economic activity, the presence of protected areas
and higher slopes. Deforestation in montane forests is negatively affected by tenure of small land parcels, road density,
water scarcity and mean temperature. Lowland deforestation rates are more closely related to rural population, pasture percentage,
crops, protected areas and temperature. Our results suggest that montane forests appear to be in a more advanced stage of
colonisation and economic development, whereas lowland forests are closer to the colonisation frontier and to rapidly growing
colonist populations. This study reinforces the idea that although the most common tropical drivers of deforestation are found
in the Andes, these drivers operate differently when intraregional differences are considered. 相似文献
20.
E. J. Sattout P. D. S. Caligari S. N. Talhouk 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(1):107-127
The signature and ratification of the convention on biological diversity by the Lebanese government has boosted the declaration
of nature reserves. Cedar forests formed the pilot ecosystems, using international funds, for the implementation of a conservation
programme and development of management plans. Although different in their attributes, all recent nature reserves have the
same basic management objectives and goals but they ignore the idea of taking into account the difference in specific site
features and assets that could boost the success of any management plans. Twelve cedar forests flourish in the Mount Lebanon
chain. These forests are either protected by the forestry law or are declared as nature reserves by the Ministry of Environment.
The results reveal, through Participatory Rural Appraisals and Rapid Rural Appraisals, that religion, geographical location
and land ownership play, to a certain extent, a role in adopting successful management practices of cedar forests. The RRAs
and PRAs spell out the origins of woodcraft, old stories memorized by elderly people and ethnobotanical knowledge. The 4Rs
tools method adopted highlighted the need for more collaboration and synergy of effort between various institutions. The social,
ecological and economic aspects of the regions play a major role in defining the backbone of management plans for cedar forests
in Lebanon. The present paper proposes guidelines for the establishment of a network of cedar nature reserves in Lebanon adopting
collaborative management and assigning a separate role for each reserve; the details rely on the site’s natural features,
as well as socio-economic and cultural characteristics.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue 相似文献