一种缺氧型生物滴滤塔对硫化氢去除的最佳反应条件

取自污水处理厂二沉池活性污泥载入生物滴滤塔中,与传统生物滴滤塔对比,考察了在缺氧条件下微生物对H2S的去除效率,最适工艺运行条件及影响因素,实验结果表明,最佳工艺运行条件:温度为30℃,pH 6.0,H2S入口浓度C1=1 000 mg/m3、C2=2 000 mg/m3、C3=3 000 mg/m3,对应的最适气体流量和循环液喷淋量分别为35～55 L/h、45 L/h、55L/h和20 L/h、40 L/h、50 L/h,该生物滴滤塔最高H2S负荷率可达6.9 g/(m3.h),具有较高的H2S去除效率,最适工艺运行条件的确定对实际大中型沼气发酵池净化配套系统具有一定的指导意义。     

铁氧化物多孔陶粒生物滴滤塔净化硫化氢气体

采用装有凹凸棒石基铁氧化物多孔陶粒作为填料的生物滴滤塔,进行了长期实验室H2S脱臭实验。结果表明,该生物滴滤塔H2S的进气浓度低于500 mg/m3 时,循环营养液喷淋量高于1.5 L/h,气体最佳停留时间为54.9 s,去除率在95 % 以上。代谢产物以SO42-为主,转化速率在52.42 g/(m3·d)左右。该滴滤塔系统可稳定而有效运行。生物相观察表明,滴滤塔填料表面附着大量微生物,铁氧化物陶粒具有化学和生物惰性,有利于微生物的附着。     

不同挂膜方式生物滴滤塔处理含H2S恶臭气体

采用菌剂挂膜,活性污泥挂膜和自然挂膜3种不同方式形成生物滴滤塔,考察挂膜方式对生物滴滤塔去除H2s恶臭气体的影响。结果表明,当进气H2S浓度为5mg／m3时,菌剂挂膜、活性污泥挂膜、自然挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔出气H2s浓度分别为15．7～17．4、11．6～14．8和15．0～15．9μg／m3;塔内压降分别为3—4mm水柱、6mm水柱和4—5mm水柱;喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根的浓度分别为14、22和17mg／L,硫的转化率分别为45％、60％和50％。当进气H2S浓度增大至7mg／m3时,3个塔经过7d的调整后,均能达到稳定状态,稳定后3个塔中出气H2s浓度和压降基本没变,喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根浓度依次增大至25、31和30mg／L左右。采用活性污泥挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔处理H2s的能力比菌剂挂膜和自然挂膜的高。     

生物滴滤塔处理苯乙烯气流的工效和生物膜微群落的分析

采用培养驯化污泥菌种、类球形陶粒和循环液等构建生物滴滤塔.研究评价气体苯乙烯浓度、气体流量、循环液喷淋量对生物滴滤塔工效的影响,并对生物膜微群落中的微种群作了定性定量检测.当进口气体苯乙烯小于1 000 mg/m3、气体流量为200 L/h、循环液流量为10 L/h时,苯乙烯净化效率达90%以上,生化去除量为30 mg/(L·h);单位体积生物膜填料对苯乙烯的最大生化去除量为35 mg/(L·h).湿润生物膜微群落的优势菌种群包括恶臭假单胞菌、梭形芽孢杆菌、罗非氏不动杆菌等5种,恶臭假单胞菌等非芽孢杆菌的最大活菌数为5.5×107 CFU/g,并随生物滴滤塔运行时间延长有减少趋势.     

不同挂膜方式生物滴滤塔处理含H2S恶臭气体简

采用菌剂挂膜,活性污泥挂膜和自然挂膜3种不同方式形成生物滴滤塔,考察挂膜方式对生物滴滤塔去除H₂S恶臭气体的影响。结果表明,当进气H₂S浓度为5 mg/m³时,菌剂挂膜、活性污泥挂膜、自然挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔出气H₂S浓度分别为15.7~17.4、11.6~14.8和15.0~15.9 μg/m³;塔内压降分别为3~4 mm水柱、6 mm水柱和4~5 mm水柱;喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根的浓度分别为14、22和17 mg/L,硫的转化率分别为45%、60%和50%。当进气H₂S浓度增大至7 mg/m³时,3个塔经过7 d的调整后,均能达到稳定状态,稳定后3个塔中出气H₂S浓度和压降基本没变,喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根浓度依次增大至25、31和30 mg/L左右。采用活性污泥挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔处理H₂S的能力比菌剂挂膜和自然挂膜的高。     

逆流式和错流式生物滴滤装置脱臭性能研究

采用逆流式生物滴滤塔(DBTF)和错流式生物滴滤装置(CBTF)处理含氨和三甲胺的恶臭气体,研究生物脱臭性能。研究结果表明,逆流式和错流式生物滴滤装置都能有效地去除含氮混合恶臭气体,对氨和三甲胺的净化效率可达99.4%以上。逆流式和错流式生物脱臭装置具有较好的抗冲击负荷,运行稳定。DBTF和CBTF的适宜工艺操作条件为:氨进气负荷分别为26 g/(m3.h)和24.6 g/(m3.h),三甲胺进气负荷都为113 g/(m3.h);停留时间分别为29.1 s和32 s,喷淋量分别为37 mL/min和51.5 mL/min,循环液pH值范围都是6.3~7.0。这为生物脱臭技术工程推广应用和产业化应用奠定基础。     

生物催化氧化法脱除H2S的试验研究

针对H2S污染的严峻形势,构建了包括催化再生装置和生物滴滤器的生物催化氧化装置.该装置以沸石为填料,以氧化亚铁硫杆菌为脱硫菌种,通过微生物和Fe3 的双重氧化作用高效脱除H2S.试验确定了装置的适宜喷淋量和沸石的最佳粒径.在温度为30 ℃,进气量为0.25 m3/h,进气H2S浓度为2500 mg/m3,喷淋量为1000 mL/h,喷淋液的pH值为1.97、Fe3 浓度为0.05 mol/L的条件下,出气H2S浓度足以达到GB14554-93规定的一级厂界标准值.试验证明,生物催化氧化法是一种新型高效的脱硫技术,应进一步开展中试研究.     

喷淋条件对生物滴滤塔去除含H2S废气的影响

以竹炭为填料,采用高效生物滴滤塔（BTF）中试装置处理污水提升泵站产生的以H2S为主的废气,考察了喷淋时间和喷淋频率对塔内轴向H2S去除率、滤出液中SO42-浓度和pH、塔内压降的影响。结果表明：当生物滴滤塔系统的空塔停留时间为6.43 s,喷淋时间和喷淋频率分别为1 min·次-1和1次·（60 min）-1,BTF对H2S去除效果最好,去除率达99.0%以上,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级厂界排放标准;BTF滤出液中的pH值稳定在2.0~3.0之间,塔内的微生物为嗜酸性硫氧化菌;BTF对H2S的降解符合Michaelis-Menten动力学模型,在适宜喷淋条件下,BTF内的表观半饱和常数（Ks）和最大表观去除速率（Vm）分别为86.8 mg·m-3和22.3 g·（m3·h）-1,系统具有较高的抗负荷冲击能力。     

生物滴滤塔处理H_2S臭气

目前,环保政策极其关注污水处理厂的臭气排放并制定了排放标准。本实验依托3个并联的中试生物滴滤塔对污水提升泵站的H2S臭气展开研究,考察不同H2S进气负荷、停留时间、压降和填料填装方式(竹炭-陶粒分层填装、完全混合及全竹炭填装)等因素对H2S去除率的影响。对生物滴滤塔的出气浓度、滤出液p H、SO2-4离子等进行测试分析,建立传质、降解动力学模型,并分析。在停留时间为25 s连续进气条件下,考察进气负荷在0.59~5.00 g H2S/(m3·h)范围内生物滴滤塔对H2S臭气的去除表现效果。研究结果表明,各生物滴滤塔的去除率(RE)都维持在98%以上,而且出气浓度达到厂界废气排放三级标准;相较于完全混合填装方式,分层填装在去除H2S臭气时略显优势。采用Michaelis-Menten方程描述生物滴滤塔的去除表现,表观半饱和常数Ks和最大表观去除速率Vm分别为5.92 m L/m3和5.84 g H2S/(m3·h)。     

生物滴滤塔净化苯乙烯废气的强化启动及工艺性能

采用多面空心球与活性炭纤维组合填料构建生物滴滤塔(BTF),接种活性污泥净化苯乙烯废气。采用外加葡萄糖共代谢基质,气液相联合挂膜法启动生物滴滤塔,考察BTF启动及稳定阶段的工艺性能。结果表明,BTF的挂膜时间仅为20 d,实现了BTF的快速启动;适宜的苯乙烯进气浓度为195.2~1478.2 mg/m3,停留时间(EBRT)为57 s,气液比为300:1,系统最大去除负荷可达136.4 g/(m3·h); BTF对喷淋液pH的大幅变化及间歇运行有较强的适应性。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)