我国电子垃圾回收存在的问题与解决途径

介绍了我国电子垃圾回收利用存在的问题与现状、国外可供借鉴的经验,以及电子垃圾分类情况,最后提出我国电子垃圾再生利用的产业化发展方向。     

Pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis as a recycling method of waste CDs originating from polycarbonate and HIPS

Pyrolysis appears to be a promising recycling process since it could convert the disposed polymers to hydrocarbon based fuels or various useful chemicals. In the current study, two model polymers found in WEEEs, namely polycarbonate (PC) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and their counterparts found in waste commercial Compact Discs (CDs) were pyrolysed in a bench scale reactor. Both, thermal pyrolysis and pyrolysis in the presence of two catalytic materials (basic MgO and acidic ZSM-5 zeolite) was performed for all four types of polymers. Results have shown significant recovery of the monomers and valuable chemicals (phenols in the case of PC and aromatic hydrocarbons in the case of HIPS), while catalysts seem to decrease the selectivity towards the monomers and enhance the selectivity towards other desirable compounds.     

Effect of inorganic coagulant addition under hydrothermal treatment on the dewatering performance of excess sludge with various dewatering conditions

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - A study for producing low moisture content sludge cake was performed by adding NaCl, CaCl2, Ca(OH)2, or FeCl3 to excess sewage sludge under...     

钯负载泡沫镍电极电化学还原水中三氯乙酸

采用非电沉积法制备了钯负载泡沫镍电极,运用SEM技术对其进行了表征,并以其阴极、铂丝为阳极进行了电化学还原三氯乙酸的研究,考察了工艺条件对三氯乙酸降解效果的影响,并对反应动力学和反应机理和进行了探讨。结果表明:钯负载泡沫镍电极具有较高的比表面积和良好的储氢性能;以20 mmol/L硫酸钠为电解质,在电解温度为20℃、钯负载量为4.5 mg/cm~2的条件下恒流(10 mA)电解240 min,三氯乙酸降解率达99.76%,氯原子脱除率达73.86%;三氯乙酸的电化学还原反应过程以及三氯乙酸上未脱除氯原子浓度的变化均符合拟一级反应动力学方程;三氯乙酸在电化学还原过程中逐个脱除氯原子。     

金属有机骨架材料对水中有机酸的吸附性能

制备了MIL-100(Fe)、MIL-100(Cr)和NH_2-MIL-101(Al)3种金属有机骨架(MOFs)材料,考察了这3种MOFs材料对苯甲酸、水杨酸和山梨酸3种有机酸模拟废水的吸附处理效果,并与大孔吸附树脂D101进行了比较。实验结果表明:NH_2-MIL-101(Al)对苯甲酸的平衡吸附量最大,D101平衡吸附量中等,MIL-100(Cr)和MIL-100(Fe)平衡吸附量很小;NH_2-MIL-101(Al)对山梨酸具有优异的吸附性能,MIL-100(Cr)、MIL-100(Fe)和D101对山梨酸的平衡吸附量较低;3种MOFs材料和D101对水杨酸的平衡吸附量均很小。NH_2-MIL-101(Al)对山梨酸和苯甲酸的等温吸附过程可用Langmuir方程更好地拟合;NH_2-MIL-101(Al)对水杨酸的等温吸附过程可用Freundlich方程更好地拟合。     

脉冲电晕放电低温等离子体分解NH_3的动力学及机理研究

探讨了脉冲电晕放电低温等离子体分解NH_3的反应动力学及机理。采用比色法和离子色谱法分析了反应产物。考察了低温等离子体分解—水吸收联合工艺对含NH_3气体的处理效果。实验结果表明:低温等离子体分解NH_3符合准一级动力学经验模型kt=ln(ρ0/ρt)=-ln(1-D),其中k=0.007 9P-0.190 3(P≥24.08);NH_3的去除主要通过高能电子作用直接分解或与中间产物反应生成NH_4NO_3和NH_4NO_2两种方式;该联合工艺不仅可去除NH_4NO_3、NH_4NO_2等水溶性降解产物,同时臭氧遇水生成的·OH还可进一步分解水溶液中溶解性NH_3。     

Chemical recycling of waste Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) by the liquid-phase treatment

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Liquid-phase treatment of waste Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) was performed. Chlorine change rate was high when using alcohol, cresol and terpene...     

Desiccation of contaminant barrier materials amended with aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose solution

The stabilization potential of negatively charged sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solution was assessed through investigation of its retention on clays under environmental conditions that promote soil desiccation. Sodium montmorillonite and kaolinite, commonly used in clayey soils, were mixed with aqueous CMC solutions in concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 g/L. These samples were dried in a specially-designed desiccation chamber which was operated at a temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 30%. The results show an inverse proportionality between liquid loss and CMC concentration. Liquid loss from clayey soil follows the first-order reaction with a rate constant in the range of 4.6–6.7 mg/h. CMC half-lives on sodium montmorillonite during desiccation ranged from 103 to 181 h for an aqueous concentration range of 0.5–10 g/L compared to 108 h for distilled water. For kaolinite, more liquid was retained at 10 g/L CMC concentration than at other concentrations, but liquid retention was generally insignificant. These conclusions are valid for a desiccation duration of 890 h, a time that is reasonably simulative of the duration of exposures of bare ground surfaces to weather elements. The experimental results are explained in terms of the role of CMC molecular interactions with clay minerals in controlling fluid flow to desiccating clay surfaces.     

Assessment of the leaching of metallic elements in the technology of solidification in aqueous solution

Results are presented of experiments performed to optimize the solidification/stabilization system for metallic elements in aqueous solution. This system involves mixing cement and a solution of metallic elements in a conventional mixer: the paste thus obtained is transferred drop by drop into a recipient filled with an aqueous solution of NaOH at 20% by weight, in which it solidifies immediately. The separate use of chloride solutions of Li+, Cr3+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ makes it possible to obtain granules displaying various levels of compressive strength. Three different inertization matrices were used in the experiments, the first consisting solely of Portland cement, the second of Portland cement and a superplasticizer additive, and the third of Portland cement partially replaced with silica-fume and superplasticizer. The results of the tests performed showed a very low level of leaching into the alkaline solidification solution for Cr3+, the quantity leached being under 2% as against higher levels for the other metallic elements. For all the considered elements, the best results were obtained by using silica-fume in the inertization matrix.     

Comparison of recycling outcomes in three types of recycling collection units

Commercial institutions have many factors to consider when implementing an effective recycling program. This study examined the effectiveness of three different types of recycling bins on recycling accuracy by determining the percent weight of recyclable material placed in the recycling bins, comparing the percent weight of recyclable material by type of container used, and examining whether a change in signage increased recycling accuracy. Data were collected over 6 weeks totaling 30 days from 3 different recycling bin types at a Midwest University medical center. Five bin locations for each bin type were used. Bags from these bins were collected, sorted into recyclable and non-recyclable material, and weighed. The percent recyclable material was calculated using these weights. Common contaminates found in the bins were napkins and paper towels, plastic food wrapping, plastic bags, and coffee cups. The results showed a significant difference in percent recyclable material between bin types and bin locations. Bin type 2 was found to have one bin location to be statistically different (p = 0.048), which may have been due to lack of a trash bin next to the recycling bin in that location. Bin type 3 had significantly lower percent recyclable material (p < 0.001), which may have been due to lack of a trash bin next to the recycling bin and increased contamination due to the combination of commingled and paper into one bag. There was no significant change in percent recyclable material in recycling bins post signage change. These results suggest a signage change may not be an effective way, when used alone, to increase recycling compliance and accuracy. This study showed two or three-compartment bins located next to a trash bin may be the best bin type for recycling accuracy.     

Chemical and microbiological hazards associated with recycling of anaerobic digested residue intended for agricultural use

In the present study, three full-scale biogas plants (BGP) were investigated for the concentration of heavy metals, organic pollutants, pesticides and the pathogenic bacteria Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli in the anaerobically digested residues (ADR). The BGPs mainly utilize source-separated organic wastes and industrial food waste as energy sources and separate the ADR into an ADR-liquid and an ADR-solid fraction by centrifugation at the BGP. According to the Norwegian standard for organic fertilizers, the ADR were classified as quality 1 mainly because of high zinc (132-422 mg kg(-1) DM) and copper (23-93 mg kg(-1) DM) concentrations, but also because of high cadmium (0.21-0.60 mg kg(-1) DM) concentrations in the liquid-ADR. In the screening of organic pollutants, only DEHP (9.7-62.1 mg kg(-1)) and ∑ PAH 16 (0.2-1.98 mg kg(-1) DM) were detected in high concentrations according to international regulations. Of the 250 pesticides analyzed, 11 were detected, but only imazalil (<0.30-5.77 mg kg(-1) DM) and thiabendazol (<0.14-0.73 mg kg(-1) DM) were frequently detected in the ADR-fiber. Concentrations of imazalil and thiabendazol were highest during the winter months, due to a high consumption of citrus fruits in Norway in this period. Ten percent of the ADR-liquid samples contained cereulide-producing B. cereus, whereas no verotoxigenic E. coli was detected. The authors conclude that the risk of chemical and bacterial contamination of the food chain or the environment from agricultural use of ADR seems low.     

NaClO_2/氨水溶液同时脱除SO_2和NO的热力学研究

利用化学热力学基本原理分别对NaClO2/氨水溶液同时脱除SO2、NO的反应过程中摩尔反应吉布斯自由能变、摩尔反应焓变、化学反应平衡常数以及化学反应达到平衡时的SO2和NO的分压力进行了计算,结果表明：利用NaClO2/氨水溶液同时脱除SO2、NO是可行的,且SO2和NO的脱除效率几乎可以达到100%。     

生活垃圾分类背景下对广州市废玻璃回收利用的思考

废玻璃是一种载能节能、低碳环保、可重复利用和再生利用的再生资源,广州市通过补贴政策、两网融合等手段,促进废玻璃回收利用,随着生活垃圾分类纵深推进,为了进一步提高废玻璃回收利用,从废玻璃回收利用现状入手,对比了北京、上海生活垃圾中废弃玻璃的占比情况,针对目前存在问题,提出废玻璃回收利用分析与建议.     

大连实施垃圾分类回收积极推进垃圾资源再生利用产业化

大连在全国率先创建新型垃圾分类回收体系,实现废旧物资回收与垃圾分类回收在同一个垃圾分类回收站内完成,有利于各类废物资源集中收集、分类回收、资源化利用或处理,彻底改革了我国传统落后的废旧物资回收与垃圾收集处理方式,为废旧物资与垃圾资源再生与循环利用提供了保障条件,也为垃圾处理产业化奠定了坚实的基础。     

铜基多相催化剂催化氧气氧化降解水中水合肼

制备了3种铜基多相催化剂,用于催化氧气氧化降解水中水合肼。实验结果表明:三组分催化剂c-CuZnCr比单组分催化剂CuO(c-Cu)和双组分催化剂c-CuZn具有更好的催化性能;在200 mL浓度0.04 mol/L的水合肼水溶液中投加23 mg c-CuZnCr,常温常压下反应360 min,水合肼的降解率达99.96%;c-CuZnCr在使用中稳定性好,循环使用5次未见活性降低。表征结果显示,三组分催化剂具有最大的比表面积,因而表现出最高的催化活性。动力学研究结果表明,c-CuZnCr催化的反应活化能为32.73 kJ/mol,与水合肼浓度和氧气压力相关的反应级数分别为0.97和0.78。     

Solidification and recycling of incinerator bottom ash through the addition of colloidal silica (SiO2) solution

The possibility of using incinerator bottom ash as a substitute for natural aggregates was investigated. Rough, porous surface of bottom ash, which diminishes the strength of solidified products, was improved by colloidal silica solution. As a result, a significant increase of mechanical strength was accomplished by a slight amount of silica (<1 wt% to total). Moreover, pozzolanic reaction was induced in initial cement hydration due to the nano-particle size of about 20 nm in colloidal silica solution. Cylindrical specimens and bricks were prepared from bottom ash added to a colloidal silica (SiO2) solution and cement, and then their compressive strengths were evaluated. Cylindrical specimens showed an increase of approximately 60% in compressive strength when colloidal solution containing 4 wt% silica particles was sprayed onto the bottom ash. The strength of bricks containing colloidal silica was in excess of 20 MPa, which meets the requirement of construction materials. Results of leaching tests based on Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) proved that the solidified bottom ash possessed good chemical stability.     

Biodegradation of paper waste under controlled composting conditions

The presence of paper in municipal solid waste (MSW) interferes with the efficiency of composting plants. The compost feedstock to these plants is between 12% and 27% paper on a dry weight basis, with an initial C:N ratio ranging from 32:1 to 57:1. Tests of the last aerobic biodegradability (LAB) of the type of paper present in paper and cardboard packaging were carried out, following UNE-EN 14046 standards. The results obtained, measured through the quantity of CO₂ generated over 45 days, compared with the maximum that could be produced (ThCO₂), showed that the presence of paper retards, to a great degree, the biodegradation of organic material in general. Specifically, the presence of papers with a degradation D (%) >60% at 45 days (white (W) and recycled paper (R)) could be allowed, but always in proportions that did not exceed 27% in dry weight. These results can be achieved with an industrial level process, pre-treated by trituration.     

Characteristics of steel slag under different cooling conditions

Four types of steel slags, a ladle slag, a BOF (basic oxygen furnace) slag and two different EAF (electric arc furnace) slags, were characterized and modified by semi-rapid cooling in crucibles and rapid cooling by water granulation. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of different cooling conditions on the properties of glassy slags with respect to their leaching and volume stability. Optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and a standard test leaching (prEN 12457-2/3) have been used for the investigation. The results show that the disintegrated ladle slag was made volume stable by water granulation, which consisted of 98% glass. However EAF slag 1, EAF slag 2 and the BOF slag formed 17%, 1% and 1% glass, respectively. The leaching test showed that the glass-containing matrix did not prevent leaching of minor elements from the modified slags. The solubility of chromium, molybdenum and vanadium varied in the different modifications, probably due to their presence in different minerals and their different distributions.     

Biodegradable kinetics of plastics under controlled composting conditions

This study models and evaluates the kinetics of C-CO₂ evolution during biodegradation of plastic materials including Polyethylene (PE), PE/starch blend (PE/starch), microcrystalline cellulose (MCE), and Polylactic acid (PLA). The aerobic biodegradation under controlled composting conditions was monitorated according to ISO 14855-1, 2004. The kinetics model was based on first order reaction in series with a flat lag phase. A non-linear regression technique was used to analyze the experimental data. SEM studies of the morphology of the samples before and after biodegradation testing were used to confirm the biodegradability of plastics and the accuracy of the model. The work showed that MCE and PLA produced the high amounts of C-CO₂ evolution, which gave readily hydrolysable carbon values of 55.49% and 40.17%, respectively with readily hydrolysis rates of 0.338 day⁻¹ and 0.025 day⁻¹, respectively. Whereas, a lower amount of C-CO₂ evolution was found in PE/starch, which had a high concentration of moderately hydrolysable carbon of 97.74% and a moderate hydrolysis rate of 0.00098 day⁻¹. The mineralization rate of PLA was 0.500 day⁻¹ as a lag phase was observed at the beginning of the biodegradability test. No lag phase was observed in the biodegradability testing of the PE/starch and MCE. The mineralization rates of the PE/starch and MCE were found to be 1.000 day⁻¹, and 1.234 day⁻¹, respectively. No C-CO₂ evolution was observed during biodegradability testing of PE, which was used for reference as a non-biodegradable plastics sample.