城市生活垃圾的处理和防治污染对策

本文分析了发达国家和我国城市生活垃圾处理的现状，并以广州为例，提出了城市垃圾处置的一些问题，指出卫生填埋城市生活垃圾在我国有广阔的应用前景。     

平原河网地区农村生活污染入河机制

以太滆运河流域前黄镇和雪堰镇为研究区,设计农村生活非点源污染调查问卷,采用随机抽样的方法,调查了39个行政村中85个自然村的农村生活污染情况。通过对问卷的统计分析得到了厕所使用类型的比例、化粪池中上清液和固体残渣的去向以及生活垃圾处置等信息。在对农村生活污染进行分类的基础上,估算出该地区农村生活污染入河系数为:CODCr,6.6%～13.3%;TN,18.1%～18.6%;TP,8.2%～12.5%。     

城市垃圾处理的新动向——生物反应器填埋场技术

基于传统垃圾卫生填埋场的不足,介绍了生物反应器填埋场及其对垃圾和渗滤液中污染物的有效去除和阻滞机理,总结了生物反应器填埋场降低渗滤液污染强度、增加填埋场有效容积、提高产气量、加速填埋声稳定、降低垃圾处置成本等优势,概括了生物反应器填埋场设计和操作支行要素,提出了今后的发展方向。     

城市生活垃圾填埋产沼的模拟实验

通过城市生活垃圾的填埋降解模拟实验，研究了不同温度、不同垃圾成份对垃圾降解及填埋气产生过程的影响。实验结果表明：增加温度及在填埋垃圾中添加污泥，可加快填埋垃圾的降解与填埋气的产生，实验期间累计产气量分别比对照组提高2．04和3．4倍；以厨余垃圾为主的样品垃圾，其产气过程的显著特征是产气速率衰减较快，这与国外文献报道有较大差异。对我国城市生活垃圾，填埋封场后产气量的快速衰减，是填埋气利用规划设计应该考虑的问题。     

温度对城市生活垃圾厌氧消化的影响

在TS的质量分数为15．5％的半干式条件下，通过对城市生活垃圾厌氧消化进行批量实验，研究了温度对厌氧消化过程的影响，探讨了不同消化温度对产气量、发酵启动时间以及温度从55℃突降到20℃时对厌氧反应器产气量的影响等办面的问题。实验结果表明，城市生活垃圾厌氧消化的较佳温度为55℃，消化时间短，产气率高，启动时间较快，沼气中的甲烷的平均体积分数为66.3％。     

华南电子垃圾回收区农田土壤重金属污染及其化学形态分布

广东清远龙塘镇作为电子垃圾回收地区,已从事电子垃圾处置超过30年,可能给当地的农田土壤带来了严重的风险。为评价龙塘农田土壤中重金属污染程度,采集28个农田土壤样品,用于研究As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Sn、Zn10种重金属含量及其不同存在形态。结果表明,与中国食用农产品产地环境质量标准比较,大多数当地农田土壤已在不同程度上受到重金属污染,85.7%的土壤样品中有一种或多种重金属的含量超过了相应的评价标准值。化学形态分析结果表明,除Hg外,人为来源的其她重金属更多地进入了可迁移形态部分(弱酸可溶态+可还原态+可氧化态),从而具有更高的毒害性和生物有效性,该电子垃圾处置区农田土壤已基本不适于食用农产品种植。大多数重金属在0.05或0.01水平上具有显著的相关性,这表明龙塘镇土壤重金属污染主要来源于不受控制的电子垃圾回收活动。对中国或其他国家具有类似的粗放式电子垃圾回收处置地区来说,有关龙塘镇农田土壤中重金属污染水平及其潜在的生物毒害性研究具有代表性意义。     

岳阳市城市扩张期环境生态可持续发展

在已有可持续发展理论的基础上，以岳阳市环境生态为研究对象，利用主成分分析法、层次分析法（AHP）和德尔斐的方法计算和分析在城市化过程中环境生态变化情况，论述了这一过程中环境生态存在的问题和产生的原因，对目前小城市向中等城市转变过程中避免和解决环境生态问题提供了例证。     

脱硫技术应用中常见问题

对锅炉所采用的几种脱硫设备的特点作了比较，并对其应用过程中存在的一系列问题，诸如饱和问题、腐蚀问题、用水问题、带水问题和黑烟问题作了探讨，为有关单位选择采用脱硫技术时提供参考。     

天津旧城改造的生活质量研究：人类生态比较分析与规化对策

本文运用人类生态学原理，建立了天津城市区生活质量评价的指标体系。基于这一指标体系，采用居民满意度分析方法，剖析了旧城区居民生活质量的主要问题，探讨了天津旧城改造与重建中生活质量调控性规化指标，提出了旧城改造与重建的对策性建议。     

城市固体废弃物的预处理系统研究

对城市生活垃圾处置前进行有效的预处理,不仅可以减少处理量,提高处理的效果,而且可以回收部分资源性物质。由于垃圾的特性多变及处理方式的不同,统一的处理系统不仅难以达到处理垃圾的要求,而且可能造成不必要的浪费。文章针对垃圾焚的需求以及垃圾的特点,分析了垃圾焚烧炉预处理系统的设计和设计设备参数的确定,并介绍了与循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉配套的预处理系统。     

城市生活垃圾治理过程的能源化技术

论述了垃圾多种治理技术以及这些技术中的能源化的关键。这些技术涉及垃圾卫生填埋、垃圾梦烧、垃圾衍生燃料技术、垃圾厌氧发酵和垃圾的热解气化等。针对中国垃圾的具体特点，对中国垃圾能源化提出一些初步方案和建议。     

废旧电池资源化、无害化

对当前国内外在废旧电池的处理处置方面进行了综合性论述,对废旧电池的危害及当前应采取的对策进行分析。     

医疗废物非焚烧处理技术述评

文章从提出医疗废物的危害性入手,介绍了我国当前的医疗废物管理和处理处置现状。通过分析和比较蒸汽灭菌法、热裂解法、微波处理法、等离子体法等几种处理方法,寻求适宜我国国情的医疗废物处理方法。     

Hazardous waste management in educational and research centers: a case study

The hazardous waste management (HWM) practice at Tehran University of Medical Sciences Central Campus, Iran, was investigated in this study. Four schools were selected and the required information such as type and amount of wastes, temporary storage methods, waste discharge frequency, and final waste disposal methods using sampling, questionnaires, interviews with laboratory staff, and reference to available documents were gathered. The quantity of hazardous waste generation per year excluding the uncontrolled wastewater was found to be 2.072 tons per year. The obtained results show that wastes having features of being infectious, toxic, ignitable, carcinogenic, corrosive, and reactive were present at 32%, 28%, 16%, 14%, 8%, and 2%, respectively. In the central campus, hazardous solid wastes managed with household solid wastes and hazardous liquid waste were discharged into the sinks without any kind of control; improper HWM practices are evident from the point of waste production to final disposal.     

中国废电池管理对策分析

针对废电池管理体系中存在的管理法规不完善,回收体系不健全,适宜的管理运行机制等问题,探讨了如何加强废电池环境无割化管理的方法,提出加强管理法规建设、完善废电池自愿、强制回收体系、     

城市生活垃圾处理利用生态工程技术

城市垃圾处置是城市环境管理中的一大难题。后工业化国家普遍采用的末端治理技术不适合我国国情。运用生态工程技术,将城市垃圾处理与利用相结合,寓处理于利用之中,寓环境保护于产业生产之中,发展垃圾处理利用生态产业是解决这一难题的可由之路。在广汉市的研究与探索表明：通过硬件、软件、心件的结合,政府引导、科技支持、企业经营、居民参与,使城市垃圾减量化、无害化、资源化,处理利用产业化、系统化,可以达到环境效益与经济效益、社会效益的统一。论述了城市垃圾处理利用生态工程的原理及具体措施与设计     

Directions for hazardous waste storage and final disposal of treated hazardous waste (THW) in Austria

Austria produces about 700,000 tons of hazardous waste a year. Approximately 8% are sent to the incinerating facility EBS near Vienna. Approximately 60% THW (treated hazardous wastes) are finally disposed of. An unknown amount is sent to foreign countries for storage and landfilling.

By order of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Public Health our institute elaborates guidelines for designing and operating final disposal hazardous waste facilities.

This paper deals with the fundamental aspects and the present state of these guidelines.     

Medikamentenentsorgung in privaten Haushalten: Ein Faktor bei der Gewässerbelastung mit Arzneimittelwirkstoffen?

Background

Residues of pharmaceuticals are meanwhile detected widely in the aquatic environment. Waste water treatment plants are the main route of entry: after intake the agents or their metabolites are excreted predominantly via urine into the sewage. Largely unknown is, however, if the improper disposal of unused medicines via domestic sanitary devices (toilet or sink) contributes to the measured concentrations in the environment. Aim of this investigation was to clarify to what extent consumers in Germany dispose of unused medicines directly via domestic sewage. In July and August 2006 a representative survey of the population with 2.000 interviewees was performed for this purpose.

Results

The analysis of the survey shows that the disposal of unused medicines via domestic sewage takes place on relevant scales: approx. 16% of the population dispose at least occasionally of unused or expired tablets in the toilet whereas 43% proceed alike with liquid drugs (toilet or sink).

Discussion

A possible reason for this disposal behaviour is the widely inconsistent waste disposal communication by the municipalities and the federal states. The resulting uncertainty about the correct way to dispose of unused medicines gains in importance in the context of the high recycling willingness of the (German) population: appropriate disposal options for drug residues (tablets or liquids) arising from waste separation are often not realised.

Conclusions

Quantitative assessments on the basis of the collected data demonstrate that the established frequency of direct disposal of unused medicines via domestic sewage can partly contribute significantly to the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Crucial parameters are here the excretion rate of the active pharmaceutical ingredient considered and the actual amount of medication waste.

Recommendations

Based on the inquiry results, measures that lead to a more adequate handling of pharmaceutical waste disposal are demanded. The establishment of a consistent and binding disposal standard for unused medicines via return in pharmacies is recommended. This measure needs to be accompanied by a simplification of the established take back systems which partly cause high time and effort for pharmacies.