建筑与建筑拆除废弃物的回收:基础工具

本文主要讲述了建筑与建筑拆除废弃物回收的基础工具,包括建筑废弃物管理的基本元素、废弃物材料的重新使用、回收的团队管理、回收培训和管理方案、循环材料的运输几个方面的内容。     

我国废弃物押金回收法制的发展与建构

废弃物押金回收是一种规范消费者行为、内部化环境成本、提高回收率的重要经济工具。虽然《循环经济法》为我国废弃物押金回收法制提供了明确的法律依据,相关政策也提出针对手机、电池、充电器、塑料瓶等探索押金回收,但相关细则尚不明确。我国应当制定废弃物押金回收法制推行的时间表,建立强制实施的处罚条款。明确押金收取标准、用途管理,设立押金基金,采取多元化押金返还模式,设定差异化、激励性押金返还标准。同时,还应当进一步完善回收机构准入与布局、回收信息登记及回收标识等废弃物回收的配套规则。     

关于塑料废弃物的回收利用与降解塑料的开发和应用

本文扼要论述了当前治理塑料废弃物对环境污染的主要办法：回收利用和降解塑料的开发和应用。阐述了两者的关系和几个概念问题：回收与回收利用;塑料废弃物与一次性塑料废弃物;降解塑料与回收及回收利用。指出,治理塑料废弃物对环境的污染不应采取“一刀切”的办法,而应根据不同情况,区别对待,综合治理。     

瑞典的废弃物回收利用

瑞典早在上世纪70年代初就重视废弃物的回收利用,并着手制定相应的计划。进入80年代后,由民间机构开始实施对废弃物的分类回收。瑞典年均产生各类废弃物5200万吨,其中可以再生利用约2200万吨。为了最大限度地使废弃物回收利用,瑞典的许多大商场都设有易拉罐和玻璃瓶自动回收装置。顾客将用过的易拉罐和玻璃瓶投入自动装置后,该装置便自动出示收据,顾客凭收据每只易拉罐和玻璃瓶可领取0.5克郎的回报。70年代初,瑞典成立了3家民营的清扫公司(NARAB),专门负责城市的垃圾清运。清扫公司向每户居民家庭配发4种玻璃纤维袋,分别回收可以再生利用…     

源分离黄水氮磷资源化利用研究进展

黄水(尿液)中含有较高的氮磷钾组分,具有较高的资源化回收潜力。对黄水在源头分离并资源化利用,能够提高氮磷的回收效率,同时降低污水厂的运行压力。对氮磷减排和资源化回收现状、源分离排水系统以及源分离黄水的处理技术发展现状等进行综述,为源分离黄水资源化提供技术支持,为"厕所改革"在农村地区的推广提供参考。     

湖南省同力电子废弃物回收拆解利用有限公司

湖南省同力电子废弃物回收拆解利用有限公司成立于2010年7月,注册资本2000万元。公司为湖南汨罗再生资源回收利用市场和加工示范基地。国家“城市矿产”示范基地的骨干、规模企业;为中国再生资源回收利用协会电子废弃物回收处理分会理事会员单位、湖南省再生资源回收利用协会理事会员单位、湖南环境科学学会常务理事会员单位、中国环保产业协会会员单位。     

气体膜分离技术的应用

气体膜分离技术已逐渐成为成熟的化工分离单元。目前常见的气体膜分离技术的应用机理有两种一是气体通过多孔膜的微孔扩散机理;二是气体通过无孔膜的溶解-扩散机理。该技术在锦西石化分公司聚丙烯装置有机蒸汽膜法回收系统的运行结果表明,丙烯回收率为98%,每年可多回收丙烯850t左右,价值382.5万元。在石油炼制行业,膜分离技术作为一项绿色、高效、环保的分离技术,有其广泛的开发和应用前景。     

德国包装废弃物的环境管理

德国每年产生的家庭废弃物总量超过4000万吨，而德国境内的大多数废物填埋场的可处理量已不超过5年，而且此后几乎无法再设置新的废物填埋场和焚烧场。因此，每年约有1000万吨以上的废弃物不能得到妥善处理，在这些废物中，包装材料的废弃物含量最高，超过总量的50％，在这样的背景下，德国从1991年开始采取一系列措施，强化包装废弃物的环境管理。一、德国的包装废弃物法现欧洲共同体对包装废弃物管理的总体指导方针是；削减废物量；加强再循环，提高废弃物回收率和再生利用率；采用安全的处理和处置方法。1991年6月德国在欧共体内率先制定…     

塑料包装废弃物的回收处理研究

随着中国经济的飞速发展,产生的废旧塑料垃圾越来越多。废旧塑料若处理不当不但会对环境造成危害,而且也是对资源的极大浪费。而在废旧塑料中,塑料包装废弃物占绝大多数。文章针对塑料包装废弃物的回收利用问题做了较深入的研究。在社会调研和数据分析的基础上,归纳总结出塑料废弃物回收利用技术,如回收再生法、焚烧供热法、热解转化法等,并对这些处理途径进行了分析。     

未来三十年将出现的环境科学变革

氟利昂将被取代 :２００６年 ,绝大多数氟利昂将被臭氧层无害的物质所取代。家庭废弃物 :２００８年 ,发达国家家庭中一半的废弃物要回收再利用。“绿色”加工制造业 :２０１０年 ,大多数制造商采用“绿色”加工方法减少环境污染。可回收再利用商品 :２０１６年 ,大多数加工商品采用可回收的材料制成。减少温室气体排放量 :２０１６年 ,矿物燃料能源效率方面的改进和替代能源方面更大的应用 ,将目前温室气体排放量减少一半。工业生态学 :２００６年 ,大多数加工制造厂家利用工业生态学减少废弃物污染。未来三十年将出现的环境科学变革…     

建筑废弃物再生利用的可行性技术研究综述

建材行业的发展为城市化建设提供了重要保障,在我国城市化快速发展、建筑材料需求旺盛的带动下,建材行业发展强劲,但大多属于高能耗高污染行业,加之城市拆迁改造产生大量建筑废弃物,环境压力十分巨大,必须加强建筑废弃物的环境管理。对建筑废弃物再利用、再循环以及减少建筑废弃物是解决建筑行业环境问题的重要方式,实施这些仍有很大的提升空间。本文回顾了近年来建筑废弃物再生利用方面的各种可行性技术。主要是针对沥青、砖、混凝土、金属、玻璃等几种物质再生利用的可行性技术进行综述,为未来建筑废弃物再生利用领域提供参考。     

Environmental evaluation of plastic waste management scenarios

The management of the plastic fraction is one of the most debated issues in the discussion on integrated municipal solid waste systems. Both material and energy recovery can be performed on such a waste stream, and different separate collection schemes can be implemented. The aim of the paper is to contribute to the debate, based on the analysis of different plastic waste recovery routes. Five scenarios were defined and modelled with a life cycle assessment approach using the EASEWASTE model. In the baseline scenario (P0) the plastic is treated as residual waste and routed partly to incineration with energy recovery and partly to mechanical biological treatment. A range of potential improvements in plastic management is introduced in the other four scenarios (P1–P4). P1 includes a source separation of clean plastic fractions for material recycling, whereas P2 a source separation of mixed plastic fraction for mechanical upgrading and separation into specific polymer types, with the residual plastic fraction being down-cycled and used for “wood items”. In P3 a mixed plastic fraction is source separated together with metals in a “dry bin”. In P4 plastic is mechanically separated from residual waste prior to incineration.A sensitivity analysis on the marginal energy was carried out. Scenarios were modelled as a first step assuming that marginal electricity and heat were based on coal and on a mix of fuels and then, in the sensitivity analysis, the marginal energy was based on natural gas.The study confirmed the difficulty to clearly identify an optimal strategy for plastic waste management. In fact none of the examined scenarios emerged univocally as the best option for all impact categories. When moving from the P0 treatment strategy to the other scenarios, substantial improvements can be obtained for “Global Warming”. For the other impact categories, results are affected by the assumption about the substituted marginal energy. Nevertheless, irrespective of the assumptions on marginal energy, scenario P4, which implies the highest quantities of specific polymer types sent to recycling, resulted the best option in most impact categories.     

Environmental and economic impact assessment of construction and demolition waste disposal using system dynamics

Construction and demolition wastes (CDW) have increasingly serious problems in environmental, social, and economic realms. There is no coherent framework for utilization of these wastes which are disposed both legally and illegally. This harms the environment, contributes to the increase of energy consumption, and depletes finite landfills resources. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of two alternatives for the management of CDW, recycling and disposing. The evaluation is carried out through developing a dynamic model with aid STELLA software by conducting the following steps: (1) quantifying the total cost incurred to mitigate the impacts of CDW landfills and uncollected waste on the environment and human health; (2) quantifying the total avoided emissions and saved energy by recycling waste; (3) estimating total external cost saved by recycling waste and; (4) providing a decision support tool that helps in re-thinking about waste disposal. The proposed evaluation methodology allows activating the stringent regulations that restrict waste disposal and developing incentives to encourage constructors to recycle their wastes. The research findings show that recycling CDW leads to significant reductions in emissions, energy use, global warming potential (GWP), and conserves landfills space when compared to disposal of wastes in landfills. Furthermore, the cost of mitigating the impact of disposal is extremely high. Therefore, it is necessary to recycle construction and demolition wastes.     

Sustainable management of demolition waste—an integrated model for the evaluation of environmental, economic and social aspects

A model is presented for evaluating waste management systems for their contribution to a sustainable development, including environmental, economic and social aspects. The model was tested in a case-study, where groups of long-term unemployed people were offered both education on environmental issues and practical work with the recovery and recycling of building and demolition waste as a form of vocational development. Application of the suggested model revealed the overall effects on sustainability of different methods of waste management. In addition, negative aspects of the systems analysed were identified, which led to discussions about possible improved practices within the waste management systems. Two of the waste management systems investigated (the recycling of steel and re-use of sanitary porcelain) showed a potential contribution to sustainable development in all of the aspects studied. Preparing bricks for re-use showed the largest potential for eco-efficiency, but had negative effects on sustainability from the social perspective of health and the working environment. The possibility of further use of the model and the remaining obstacles to such analyses are discussed. One observation is that the data collection needed to perform this kind of sustainability analysis is resource-demanding, and that it would therefore be better to identify a smaller number of key indicators.     

Critical factors for waste management in office building retrofit projects in Australia

Office building retrofit is a sector being highlighted in Australia because of the mature office building market characterised by a large proportion of ageing properties. The increasing number of office building retrofit projects strengthens the need for waste management. Retrofit projects possess unique characteristics in comparison to traditional demolition and new builds such as partial operation of buildings, constrained site spaces and limited access to as-build information. Waste management activities in retrofit projects can be influenced by issues that are different from traditional construction and demolition projects. However, previous research on building retrofit projects has not provided an understanding of the critical issues affecting waste management.This research identifies the critical factors which influence the management of waste in office building retrofit projects through a literature study and a questionnaire survey to industry practitioners. Statistical analysis on a range of potential waste issues reveals the critical factors, as agreed upon by survey respondents in consideration of their different professional responsibilities and work natures. The factors are grouped into five dimensions, comprising industry culture, organisational support and incentive, existing building information, design, and project delivery process. The discussions of the dimensions indicate that the waste management factors of office building retrofit projects are further intensified compared to those for general demolition and construction because retrofit projects involve existing buildings which are partially operating with constrained work space and limited building information. Recommendations for improving waste management in office building retrofit projects are generalised such as waste planning, auditing and assessment in the planning and designing stage, collaboration and coordination of various stakeholders and different specialists, optimised building surveying and BIM technologies for waste analysis, and new design strategies for waste prevention.     

Overview of household solid waste recycling policy status and challenges in Malaysia

With the annual increase in waste generation and heavy reliance on landfilling as disposal, method in Malaysia, it is just a matter of time before significant problems of space limitations, health, and environmental issues hit the nation severely. This paper attempts to develop an overview on solid, waste recycling in Malaysia at the most basic level of a community or nation which is the household, unit. Households are the main primary source of municipal solid waste in Malaysia, consisting of, recyclable materials at most 70% to 80% of the total waste composition as found placed in the, landfills. Overview on the existing household solid waste recycling policy and program status in, Malaysia is relevant in enhancing solid waste management measure from recycling perspective. Despite the high potential and opportunities for solid waste recycling, wastes are still simply being, dumped in an open area of ground without any attempt for recovery and recycling. Comparing to, recycling rates of neighboring countries, Malaysia is falling back at merely 5% which proves how, uncommon recycling practice is. The government is committed to significantly improve the national's, solid waste management services especially in waste minimization. Fortunately the emphasis on, recycling as a sustainable waste management strategy has taken a shift in paradigm as wastes, separation and recycling are part of the major changes in the current policy implementation. With, issues and challenges in recycling practice that were highlighted in this context especially from the, aspects of information availability and other loopholes within solid waste management policies and, related recycling program within the community, the question on whether the goals in 2020 can be, met remains unsure of but there is a possibility for a successful implementation of sustainable solid, waste management particularly in recycling.     

A Comparison of Waste Reduction Practices and the New Environmental Paradigm in Four Southern Chinese Areas

On domestic waste recycling, it was found that source separation of domestic waste in mainland China was supported by 85% of the urban population and about 11–13% of the household waste was recovered and sold by the householders for financial gains. It was also found that the lower income group tended to recover a greater portion of waste, indicating that voluntary waste recovery activities in mainland China were carried out largely due to economic reasons. Thus, the Western type of source separation program in which residents are requested to separate recyclables for the community may not be welcomed in mainland China. In Hong Kong, despite the presence of community waste recovery programs, the recovery of domestic waste is only about 6% and is therefore less than those of the mainland Chinese cities surveyed. On the choice of source separation programs, it was found that Hong Kong people ranked familiarity a more important criterion than convenience. Therefore, the collection frequency of recyclables and time and place for setting out recyclables should be as similar to those of normal waste collection as possible to attract high participation in source separation programs.     

Concrete block production from construction and demolition waste in Tanzania

In Tanzania, construction and demolition (C&D) waste is not recycled and knowledge on how it can be recycled especially into valuable products like building materials are still limited. This study aimed at investigating the possibility of recycling the C&D waste (mainly cementitious rubble) into building material in Tanzania. The building materials produced from C&D waste was concrete blocks. The concrete blocks were required to have a load bearing capacity that meets the building material standards and specifications. Eight C&D waste samples were collected from C&D building sites, transported to the recycling site, crushed, and screened (sieved) to get the required recycled aggregates. Natural aggregates were also used as control. The recycled aggregates were tested in the laboratory following the standard methods as specified in Tanzanian standards. The physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics were determined. The physical and mechanical results showed that recycled aggregates were weaker than natural aggregates. However, chemically they were close to natural aggregates and therefore suitable for use in new concrete block production. In the production process, each experiment utilized 100% recycled aggregates for both fine and coarse portions to replace natural aggregates. The Fuller's maximum density theory was used to determine the mix proportions of materials in which a method that specifies concrete mix by system of proportion or ratio was used. The concrete blocks production processes included batching, mixing (that was done manually to get homogeneous material), compacting and moulding by hand machine and curing in water. After 28 days of curing, the concrete blocks were tested in the laboratory on compressive strength, water absorption ratio and density. The results showed that the blocks produced with 100% recycled aggregates were weaker than those with natural aggregates. However, the results also showed that there is a possibility of recycling the C&D waste into building material because 85% of the tested concrete block specimens from recycled aggregates achieved a compressive strength of 7 N/mm², which is defined as the minimum required load bearing capacity in Tanzania. Therefore, the C&D waste could be a potential resource for building material production for sustainable construction in Tanzania rather than discarding it. Further work should focus on the economic feasibility of production of concrete blocks with recycled aggregates in Tanzania.     

Sustainable pattern analysis of a publicly owned Material Recovery Facility in a fast-growing urban setting under uncertainty

Sustainable development goals are achievable through the installation of Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in certain solid waste management systems, especially those in rapidly expanding multi-district urban areas. MRFs are a cost-effective alternative when curbside recycling does not demonstrate long-term success. Previous capacity planning uses mixed integer programming optimization for the urban center of the city of San Antonio, Texas to establish that a publicly owned material recovery facility is preferable to a privatized facility. As a companion study, this analysis demonstrates that a MRF alleviates economic, political, and social pressures facing solid waste management under uncertainty. It explores the impact of uncertainty in decision alternatives in an urban environmental system. From this unique angle, waste generation, incidence of recyclables in the waste stream, routing distances, recycling participation, and other planning components are taken as intervals to expand upon previous deterministic integer-programming models. The information incorporated into the optimization objectives includes economic impacts for recycling income and cost components in waste management. The constraint set consists of mass balance, capacity limitation, recycling limitation, scale economy, conditionality, and relevant screening restrictions. Due to the fragmented data set, a grey integer programming modeling approach quantifies the consequences of inexact information as it propagates through the final solutions in the optimization process. The grey algorithm screens optimal shipping patterns and an ideal MRF location and capacity. Two case settings compare MRF selection policies where optimal solutions exemplify the value of grey programming in the context of integrated solid waste management.     

The effects on waste reduction and recycling rates when different components of the waste stream are counted

States differ in the components or solid waste management activities which they include when determining solid waste reduction and recycling rates. Thus, when attempting to draw comparisons among states, confusion arises in two ways: (1) use of two types of rates; and (2) use of different components or activities when calculating a given rate. This paper presents a mathematical basis for understanding the impacts on rate calculations when variations occur in the components and activities included in those calculations. Estimates of the incremental changes occurring in the rate calculations when incineration or selected components such as yard waste, construction and demolition wastes, and junked automobiles, are added to a base of municipal solid waste constituents are found using national data. Finally, the achieved rates reported by states counting different combinations are compared.