3种复合铁基钝化剂对黔西南高砷土壤的修复效果研究

为研究不同复合铁基钝化剂对黔西南高砷(As)土壤修复效果,筛选出钝化土壤砷和抑制水稻籽粒砷富集效果较好的复合铁基钝化剂,以期为黔西南高砷背景土壤的修复和管理提供科学依据。本文以黔西南某矿区耕地高砷土壤为研究对象进行水稻盆栽实验,分析了3种市售复合铁基钝化剂(复合型铁基生物炭(A)、铁基生物炭(B)和铁基腐殖酸钾(C))在不同用量(0.67g/kg、1.34g/kg、2.68g/kg、5.36g/kg)下土壤有效态砷、土壤中砷的各种结合态以及水稻籽粒砷含量的变化。结果表明,三种复合铁基钝化剂的施加可不同程度的提高土壤pH和钝化土壤砷,其中钝化剂C在5.36g/kg施用量下效果最好,钝化率为26.2%;各处理均使土壤砷的赋存形态发生一定的改变,均不同程度的降低了非专性吸附态、专性吸附态及无定形和弱结晶铁铝氧化物结合态的砷,其中钝化剂A和B主要是向结晶铁铝氧化物结合态砷转变,C处理主要向残渣态砷转变;各处理均显著抑制了水稻精米砷含量,相比对照组,复合钝化剂A在1.34g/kg施用量下大米对As的富集作用最弱,降低率为48.6%;因为土壤砷钝化率不能完全表征水稻对砷的富集能力,其不宜作为土壤砷修复的唯一考察指标,因此土壤修复评估时应综合考虑土壤钝化率及水稻籽粒对砷累积的综合影响。     

镁基膨润土和水泥对砷铅复合污染土壤的钝化效能与机理研究

利用镁基膨润土（MB）和水泥（SN）作为钝化剂修复化工厂砷（As）、铅（Pb）复合污染土壤,探索了两种钝化剂对土壤pH值、有机碳含量（OC）、阳离子交换量（CEC）、浸出毒性及重金属形态分布的影响,结合钝化前后土壤形貌的变化,初步揭示了钝化机理.结果表明,两种钝化剂均可使土壤pH值显著升高,有机碳含量增加,阳离子交换能力增强.钝化30 d后,MB-5对As、Pb的钝化率分别达到67.09%和65.93%;SN-5对As、Pb的钝化率分别达到65.76%和65.04%.经两种钝化剂处理后,Pb的弱酸提取态和可还原态向更加稳定的可氧化态和残渣态转化.MB处理使土壤As由可交换态、可氧化态向无定形铁结合态、结晶性铁结合态转化,SN处理使土壤As向残渣态转化.两种钝化剂均可使土壤的微观形态从片状转变为碎屑状、增加团聚颗粒.与SN相比,MB更能促使土壤As（Ⅲ）向As（V）转化,从而显著降低土壤毒性.     

富里酸改性FeMnNi-LDH对砷镉污染土壤的钝化修复

选用腐殖质活性组分富里酸(FA)作为铁锰镍层状双氢氧化物(FeMnNi-LDH)的修饰物,采用共沉淀法制备出稳定层状FA@Fe Mn Ni-LDH复合材料,并运用于As(Ⅲ)和Cd(Ⅱ)复合污染土壤的钝化修复.通过小白菜盆栽实验研究了在不同砷镉复合污染水平及不同初始土壤pH值条件下,复合材料对土壤As(Ⅲ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的钝化效果、各形态含量变化及对小白菜根部和地上部As(Ⅲ)和Cd(Ⅱ)转运、富集系数的影响,并进行相关性分析.结果表明,FA@Fe Mn Ni-LDH复合材料对As和Cd具有显著的同步钝化效果.当复合材料添加量由0%增加到1.0%,促进了土壤非专性吸附态和结晶铁铝氧化物结合态As向专性吸附态、无定型铁铝氧化物结合态和残渣态As转化,土壤可交换态Cd主要向残渣态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态Cd转化;土壤初始pH对As和Cd的钝化效果影响明显,酸性和中性土壤的pH分别增加了1.65和0.64个pH单位,土壤有效态As的降低率分别达到69.74%和63.31%,有效态Cd的降低率分别为60.25%和61.78%;小白菜的鲜重和株高随复合材料添加量的增加而提高,并...     

生物质炭对土壤镉形态转化的影响

选取秸秆生物质炭为试验材料,通过模拟实验,研究生物质炭的输入对土壤镉形态转化的影响。结果表明,输入生物质炭的土壤经过90 d的钝化,pH、有机质随着输入生物质炭的比例增加有显著增加趋势;输入生物质炭后镉的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态、残渣态4种形态的含量变化显著,其中可交换态由2.243 mg/kg降低至1.095 mg/kg,最高降低了10.9%;碳酸盐结合态由1.474 mg/kg降低至0.874 mg/kg,最高降低了5.7%;Fe-Mn氧化物结合态由1.917 mg/kg降低至1.127 mg/kg,最高降低了12%;残渣态由5.023 mg/kg提升至7.414 mg/kg,最高提升了22.7%,有机物结合态变化不大。说明生物质炭输入后能够使土壤重金属由有效态向某些潜在的有效态或无效态转化,从而达到修复重金属污染土壤的目的。研究结果还表明,当输入生物质炭量为10 g/kg时,外加镉污染土壤中镉的钝化效果最佳。     

两种铁改性生物炭对微碱性砷镉污染土壤的修复效果

改性生物炭作为良好的重金属钝化剂,已被广泛应用于环境修复.为探究不同改性方法对生物炭钝化土壤砷-镉(As-Cd)的影响,采用共沉淀法和浸渍热解法制备铁改性生物炭,通过吸附试验和土壤培养试验,对生物炭性质、吸附As-Cd以及钝化土壤As-Cd的能力进行分析.结果表明,两种改性方法均可提高生物炭铁含量和零电荷点,且共沉淀法制备的铁改性生物炭(FeBC-1)负载的铁矿物主要为Fe₃O₄、 FeO(OH)和γ-Fe₂O₃等,而浸渍热解法制备的铁改性生物炭(FeBC-2)主要为α-Fe₂O₃和γ-Fe₂O₃等铁氧化物.FeBC-1对As和Cd均展现出很强的吸附去除能力,去除率达21.40%～34.14%,可显著促进土壤中非专性吸附态As向残渣态As转化,而FeBC-2仅对As具有较好的吸附效果.BC、 FeBC-1和FeBC-2对Cd的吸附能力与自身的阳离子交换量(CEC)呈正比,其中,BC对Cd的吸附去除效果优于FeBC...     

不同水分条件下铁基氧化物对土壤砷的稳定化效应研究

应用等温吸附试验及室内模拟培养的方法,研究了Fe2O3、Nano-Fe2O3和铁锰双金属氧化物(FMBO)等铁基氧化物对砷的吸附特性和对不同含水量土壤中砷的稳定化效应.从等温吸附试验结果来看,3种铁基氧化物对As(V)和As(Ⅲ)的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,12 h后基本达到吸附平衡,吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,FMBO对As(V)和As(Ⅲ)的吸附容量显著大于Fe2O3和Nano-Fe2O3,且对As(Ⅲ)的饱和吸附容量大于As(V),能够起到氧化和吸附的双重作用.从对不同含水量土壤中砷的稳定化效果来看,Nano-Fe2O3和FMBO在风干和田间持水量土壤中均能达到90%以上的稳定化效率,显著高于Fe2O3;在土壤水分饱和条件下,FMBO的稳定化效率仍保持在93.5%以上,且能够将土壤中As(Ⅲ)氧化成As(V),而Fe2O3和Nano-Fe2O3分别仅为29.4%、81.4%.3种铁基氧化物的添加会使土壤中砷的结合态发生变化,Fe2O3、NanoFe2O3主要使砷由F1非专性吸附态和F2专性吸附态向F4结晶铁锰或铁铝水化氧化物结合态转变,添加FMBO主要向F3无定形或弱结晶铁锰或铁铝水化氧化物结合态转变.总体看来,在非饱和状态的土壤,Nano-Fe2O3和FMBO均为良好的稳定化材料,而对于长期淹水的稻田或地下水位较高的地区,或者由于降雨造成土壤滞水等情况,FMBO可以作为一种优良的稳定化材料用于土壤砷污染修复.     

生物炭负载铁前后对复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu、As淋失和形态转化的影响研究

复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu等阳离子重金属与As具有不同的化学性质和迁移转化行为.本研究以负载铁前后的小麦秸秆生物炭作为修复材料,研究酸雨淋溶条件下两者对复合污染土壤中Cd、Cu、As淋失量及赋存形态的影响;通过分析淋滤液pH值、电导率和溶解性有机碳含量等,探讨其可能的作用机制.结果表明,生物炭和负载铁生物炭均显著提高了淋滤液pH值和电导率.溶解性有机碳淋失量在生物炭处理中较对照(CK)处理提高3.4%~15.9%,而在负载铁生物炭处理中则降低27.3%~60.8%.与生物炭不同,负载铁生物炭能够不同程度地降低Cd、Cu和As的淋失,5%施用量下累积淋失量较CK处理分别降低85.7%、19.0%和62.1%.对淋溶后土壤中重金属和As赋存形态进行分析发现,施用生物炭促进了土壤中Cd和Cu由酸提取态向残渣态转化,却使As由无定形及弱结晶铁铝氧化物结合态向专性吸附态转化.负载铁生物炭能够降低土壤中有效态Cd、Cu和As含量,相较于CK处理酸提取态Cd、Cu和非专性吸附态As含量分别减少3.6%~13.4%、7.5%~24.4%和19.0%~58.8%,而可还原态Cd和残渣态Cu、As含量分别增加4.3%~43.3%、2.2%~18.1%和44.9%~53.5%,其中,5%施用量下差异达到显著水平.综合而言,在5%施用量下,生物炭能够降低土壤中有效态Cd、Cu含量,却提高了As的迁移性和有效性;而负载铁生物炭既降低了酸雨淋溶条件下Cd、Cu、As的淋失,还促进了土壤中Cd、Cu、As由有效态向潜在有效态或稳定态转化,是修复重金属和砷复合污染土壤的有效材料.     

凤眼莲源生物炭对土壤As、Hg、Cd溶出特性与化学形态的影响

以我国典型水生入侵植物凤眼莲为前体制备了生物炭(BCW)和负载铁生物炭(BCW-Fe),在对其理化特性进行充分表征的基础上,系统分析了这2类生物炭对金矿冶炼区酸性复合污染土壤中As、Hg、Cd的钝化修复效果.水浸与酸浸实验表明,5%(质量分数)BCW与5%(质量分数)BCW-Fe处理分别使土壤As浸出浓度降低91.4%~91.6%和64.9%~96.8%,Hg浸出浓度由0.03~0.04μg·L-1降低至0~0.02μg·L~(-1);而2种材料对Cd的钝化优势分别出现在中性和酸性浸出条件下.重金属形态分析结果显示,2种生物炭处理均使As、Hg、Cd由植物可利用性较高的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态向较为稳定的铁锰氧化物与有机物结合态转化.其中,BCW与BCW-Fe的加入分别使可交换态与碳酸盐结合态As总量减少0.3%和3.1%,使这2种非稳态Hg总量分别减少2.3%和3.4%,使这2种形态Cd总量分别减少7.7%和14.9%.综合以上研究结果,凤眼莲负载铁生物炭提供了一种能够在我国广泛分布的酸雨沉降地区内实现对复合污染土壤中As、Hg、Cd同步稳定钝化的有效材料,与此同时,该方法有利于实现对入侵植物的有效管理和应用土地系统进行长期固碳.     

场地土壤中有效态砷的稳定化处理及机理研究

分别以生石灰和亚铁盐作为辅助剂与稳定剂对2种砷污染的土壤进行稳定化处理,通过化学浸出、形态及结构研究,揭示土壤中有效砷的稳定效率和机理.结果表明,外源铁添加量与土壤砷含量(Fe/As)的物质的量比达到6:1~8:1,CaO投加比例为0.05%~0.1%(w/w)时,土壤中有效态砷的稳定效率超过85%.土壤有效砷的稳定化处理主要是将砷从非专性吸附态和专性吸附态转化为弱结晶的铁铝或铁锰水化氧化物结合态、结晶铁铝或铁锰水化氧化物结合态.稳定处理后2种污染土均有新物相羟砷铜矿(As2Cu5H4O12)生成.     

生物质炭与铁钙材料对镉砷复合污染农田土壤的修复

选取了铁钙材料（FC）和山核桃蒲生物质炭（BC）制备得到复合材料（BF）,用于修复农田土壤中镉砷复合污染,以降低水稻糙米中的镉和砷含量.通过水稻盆栽试验,在植物生长期内,采集了土壤孔隙水、根际土壤、非根际土壤、水稻植株和水稻根表铁膜,探究了铁钙材料、生物质炭及其复合材料对土壤中镉和砷生物有效性和植株中镉和砷含量的影响及机制.结果表明,生物质炭材料能显著（P <0.05）提高非根际土壤（0.55～0.66个单位）和根际土壤（0.28～0.36个单位）pH,且提升土壤DOC含量;铁钙材料能显著（P <0.05）降低非根际土壤（0.14～0.27个单位）和根际土壤（0.38～0.41个单位）pH,同时降低土壤DOC含量.铁钙材料和复合材料能够同时降低土壤孔隙水、根际土壤和非根际土壤有效态Cd和As含量,而生物质炭能降低Cd含量,却提高了As含量,其中复合材料1%添加处理的效果最佳,土壤有效态Cd和As分别降低了41.8%～48.2%和6.1%～10.1%.生物质炭、铁钙材料和复合材料均能提高植株生物量（根、茎、叶和籽粒的干重）,水稻籽粒干重较CK增加了48.5%～184.0%,根...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.