2007年《湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报》第13卷总目录

第1期专家论坛高职教育可持续发展若干关系论陈剑旄(1)生物马尾松幼胚培养愈伤组织诱导的初步研究杨艳,李志辉,丁贵杰,等(6)湖南蝶类研究朱巽,马华元(10)环境科学郑州市农村饮用水安全评价刘新宇,齐登红,宁立波(13)济南市生态环境与资源可持续利用研究李传生,马传明,刘宏伟,等(16)基于水生植物对污染物的清除及其应用研究李君俐(20)理工科学粉喷桩体的力学性质试验研究罗思京(23)某大型储罐复合地基沉降计算分析刘建泰,马义华,宁仟俊(26)电磁线包磁场对慢波系统电子光学特性的影响李步青(30)用剪力图面积法绘制弯矩图高建亮,赵林艳,赵林峰(3…     

异常环境电磁场对生物影响的研究进展

物理学的研究表明,在地球的大气环境中存在一个巨大的电场,大气电离层的电势约为360 kV,地球表面的电势约为130 kV;地球又是一个大磁球,地球表面磁场的磁感应强度约为10~-5T,地球上生物就是在这样的环境电磁场中繁衍和进化.然而,在现代社会中,随着电力和电子信息技术的飞速发     

电催化氧化阳极制备及其降酚特性

以自制Ti基SnO2/Sb2O3/IrO2镀层形稳电极(Dimensionless Stable Anode)为阳极,采用电催化氧化法处理模拟含酚废水.通过涂层分析和电化学性能测试表征了自制电极特性,考察了电解质类型和浓度、电流密度、苯酚初始浓度及体系初始pH值等因素对苯酚氧化过程的影响,并探讨其降解动力学规律.结果表明,自制电极是以SnO2为基础的纳米级固熔体氧化物电极且具有较好的表面结构,运行稳定性较好.苯酚的降解主要依赖于以NaCl为电解质时产生的氯系活性物质的间接氧化作用.随着电解质浓度及电流密度的增加,苯酚降解速率随之增大;而苯酚的初始浓度越大,降解速率越慢.体系初始pH对过程影响不明显.苯酚的降解过程符合一级反应动力学。     

镉胁迫下磁场对绿豆幼苗根茎叶显微结构的影响

以绿豆(Vigna radiata)为实验材料,比较研究了不同剂量磁场处理绿豆种子对种子电导率、幼苗生长和叶绿素含量的影响以及镉胁迫绿豆幼苗根、茎、叶显微结构的影响.结果表明:1)与对照相比,400mT、600mT、800mT、1000mT磁场均显著提高了种子电导率,且随着磁场强度的增加电导率显著增大;2)400mT、600mT、800mT磁场均能显著提高绿豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和幼苗发育,比较而言600mT效果最好,1000mT处理则显著降低了叶片叶绿素含量,抑制了幼苗发育;3)与对照组相比,5μmol·L-1镉胁迫绿豆幼苗栅栏组织和海面组织细胞排列紧密,厚度变薄,而种子经过600mT磁场预处理后再进行镉胁迫,厚度接近对照组.对于茎和根而言,镉胁迫抑制了形成层细胞分裂,维管束体积缩小,而种子经过600mT磁场预处理后再进行镉胁迫,其维管束体积增大接近对照组.表明,600mT磁场预处理种子可改善镉胁迫对幼苗的伤害.     

电子废物不当处置的重金属污染及其环境风险评价 Ⅲ.电子废物酸解、焚烧活动对小流域地表水和井水的金属污染

为了评价电子废物酸解、焚烧活动对当地小流域水体的金属污染,采集了广东省清远市龙塘镇地区泉水、水塘、水库、农灌渠、水田和水井中的水样,分析了各水样中的10种金属含量.研究结果表明,从电子废物酸解、焚烧核心区域的坡谷中采集的泉水受到了较严重的Pb污染,水中Pb浓度达到0.070mg·L-1,高于国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)规定的III类水质标准.在酸解作坊边缘一个水塘的水样中检出了浓度分别高达64.82、56.37、2.164、0.200和6.649mg·L-1的Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb和Cd,均大大超过了III类水质标准,其中Cd超标1329.8倍,pH值只有2.05,电导率高达6890μS·cm-1,说明该水塘中的水基本是电子废物酸解活动排放的废水,并且已经通过下渗、地表径流等过程污染了小流域中的其他水体.虽然在农灌渠、水田、水井的水样中未检出超标的重金属浓度,但各种迹象说明,这些水体也已经受到了电子废物回收活动的影响,其中井水中电导率接近400μS·cm-1,远高于其他自然水体.来源于电子废物不当处置的重金属在这些水体中的累积值得关注,今后有必要开展更为持久、全面、系统的监测和研究.     

高寒山地甘肃臭草斑块特征与土壤水分的关系

选取石羊河上游高寒退化草地甘肃臭草种群,分析斑块特征、土壤水分以及二者之间的相互关系,以期了解植被对土壤水分变化的适应性和反作用特征.结果表明:甘肃臭草斑块在形成、扩散和稳定阶段种群高度、密度、盖度由中心向边缘逐渐减小,衰退阶段由中心向边缘逐渐增大,甘肃臭草斑块内土壤水分由中心向边缘逐渐增大,斑块内土壤水分大于斑块外;斑块内土壤水分与植被主要生物学特征之间由负相关向正相关过渡.甘肃臭草具有明显的可塑性,通过对干旱区环境的长期适应,改变了小范围内土壤水分分布结构,进而形成繁茂生长的单一优势种群斑块.表3参16     

吉林蛟河针阔混交林群落β多样性的影响因素

量化局部因素对区域群落间物种组成差异的相对作用,对于理解吉林蛟河针阔混交林群落β多样性的响应机制具有重要意义.将区域群落尺度定义成由3个、5个或9个样方构成的3个梯度,并把全部木本植物划分为3个垂直层,计算不同林层下各区域群落的β多样性.采用回归模型和方差分解法分析地形和生物变量对不同区域群落β多样性的影响及相对贡献.结果表明：不同林层β多样性随着区域群落尺度的增大呈显著增大趋势（P <0.05）,其中林下层变化范围为0.359-0.373,亚林层范围为0.502-0.514,林冠层范围为0.448-0.473;生物变量表征的林分结构属性对区域群落β多样性的影响最大,其解释比例总体上随区域群落尺度的增大而增大（林下层：0.27→0.40→0.33;亚林层：0.20→0.29→0.37;林冠层：0.16→0.21→0.27）;不同林层中影响β多样性的生物因子种类不同,林下层和林冠层的决定性因素为物种丰富度,而亚林层的决定性因素为胸径变异系数;而地形因子对区域群落β多样性的解释量较低,其中海拔对林下层和林冠层具有显著的正向影响,坡度对亚林层具有显著的负向影响.本研究证实了区域群落尺度...     

中国对虾血细胞包掩作用的超微结构和组织化学观察

用鳗弧菌注射中国对虾,对其体内血细胞的包掩作用进行了超微结构和组织化学观察．结果表明：在注菌的对虾体内,包囊产生于多种器官和组织,在释放颗粒的过程中,半颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞的表面即发生变化,开始与周围细胞相粘接;在包囊中心是电子不透明的非结构团块;含吞噬泡的透明细胞也常被包围在包囊内,构成包囊的血细胞中细胞器趋于退化,在组织化学上表现为细胞中的ＲＮＡ大为减少,色氨酸几乎消失;然而,包囊从开始形成起,就呈Ｃｈｅｖｒｅｍｅｎｔ铁氰化钾法强阳性反应,此反应可被Ｂａｒｎｅｔ碘液法封闭．推测这一现象与黑色素生成有关．     

半个世纪以来黄土高原降水的时空变化

在全球性的显著升温引起全球环境的一系列变化,而全球变暖必然被引起区域降水分布的改变.气候变化将改变全球水循环的现状,导致水资源时空分布的重新分配,并对降水、蒸散发、径流等造成直接影响.运用中国气象中心黄土高原51个站点的降水资料,通过Mann-Kendall趋势分析法,对1947-2004年期间的降水时空分布规律及其原因进行了分析.结果发现,多数站点的降水在半个世纪中呈现减少趋势,降水减少的突变时间大约在1983年;降水显著减少的区域为夏季风边缘地区,季风边缘地区的降水序列与东南季风指数之间存在很好的相关性,说明夏季风的变化是引起该区域降水变化的主要原因.     

弱磁场强化零价铁去除水中砷的效果

砷是一种有毒的类金属污染元素,许多工业场地土壤与地下水发现砷严重超标.本文对20 mT弱磁场促进零价铁去除砷的效果、影响因素和机理进行了实验室研究.结果表明,当初始pH=5—9时,外加弱磁场对零价铁除砷反应动力学影响显著,尤其在pH=7时,反应动力学速率常数从0.21 s~(-1)升高到1.14 s~(-1),增大了443%;2 h内去除率由30.9%提升至89.1%,提高了189%.在初始pH=7,更小粒径(5—9μm)的零价铁条件下,弱磁场促进零价铁除砷的效果更显著.由反应后剩余固体的SEM图可知,外加弱磁场下,零价铁颗粒表面的腐蚀产物明显增多.XPS分析结果表明,弱磁场环境下更多的氧气参与反应,促进了零价铁的腐蚀,生成更多的铁氧化物和氢氧化物,从而加速了砷在零价铁及其氧化物、氢氧化物表面的吸附和共沉淀.弱磁场可以显著促进零价铁对砷的去除,且无需外加能源和药剂投入,绿色环保,具有良好的发展前景.     

塔里木河下游植物群落结构特征分析

对塔里木河下游经30a断流后的应急输水河畔植被进行外业调查,分析了调查区植物群落的种类组成、垂直结构、密度结构以及优势种群的格局分布,旨在了解输水后研究区植物群落在结构特征方面恢复程度。结果表明:调查样地内有植物13种,其中胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix)、黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)、花花柴(Karelinia caspica)和疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)为优势种。不同地下水条件物种的重要值不同,表现在不同离河距离具有不同的物种组成结构,随地下水埋深不同植物群落由以胡杨和胀果甘草为主到以柽柳、黑果枸杞、花花柴和疏叶骆驼刺等抗旱耐盐碱植物为主。乔木层密度随着离河距离加大而减小,灌木层和草本层密度随离河距离加大呈先增加后减小的趋势。群落垂直结构随离河距离加大由乔-灌-草3层逐渐转变为灌-草2层,随离河距离加大趋于简单。优势种群胡杨在离河300m以内呈聚集分布,聚集强度随离河距加大而增强;柽柳灌丛在离河50m呈均匀分布,离河150m以外呈聚集分布,但离河750m段有向随机分布发展趋势。植物群落结构特征在不同的离河距离具有差异,说明经过输水下游植物群落的恢复在结构特征方面有响应,为区域生态治理和保护提供科学依据。     

Effect of modified magnetic field on the ocean migration of maturing chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta

To investigate the role of magnetic compass orientation in oceanic migrating chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, an ultrasonic telemetry study was carried out in the western North Pacific off the coast of Kushiro, Hokkaido. Four salmon were fitted with a tag which generated an artificial magnetic field and modified the geomagnetic field around the head of the fish. Initially, the free-ranging salmon with stomach-implanted ultrasonic transmitters were tracked for a period of several hours before the magnetic field was altered for a period of 16 h. The generator produced an alternating magnetic field intensity of about 6 gauss, with polarity which reversed every 11.25 min. There was no observable effect on the horizontal and vertical movements of the salmon when the magnetic field was modified. However, it was noted that salmon slowed their swimming speed significantly before changing direction, regardless of whether the fish were swimming under the normal geomagnetic field or whether they were swimming under the modified field. Received: 6 April 1997 / Accepted: 29 April 1997     

极低频电磁场对萌发期大豆的生物学效应

观察了50Hz.0.2mT或6.0mT的电磁场暴露对大豆的萌发过程，丙二醛（MDA）含量，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT），过氧化物酶（POD），蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量以及幼苗根茎的组织形态学影响。结果表明：电磁场暴露下，大豆的开始萌发时间由32h提前到8h，萌发率到达50％的时间由72h分别提前到48h(0.2mT组）和40h(6.0mT组）；MDA含量随磁场强度的增大而下降；SOD，POD活性随磁场强度的增大而升高，而CAT活性在0.2mT暴露组下降，在6.0mT暴露组升高；蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量分别随磁场强度的增大升高或降低。幼苗根茎细胞的大小和形态没有明显变化。结果提示，极低频电磁场可以改变抗氧化酶的活性，减缓脂质过氧化，增强蛋白酶的活性，促进大豆的萌发过程。图4参6。     

Northern magnetic displacements trigger endogenous fuelling responses in a naive bird migrant

In a previous study, we found that juvenile northern wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe) exposed to a magnetic displacement to the west of their natural migration route increased their body mass. The total intensity and inclination used for the western displacement may also have been interpreted as northern compared to the experimental site (stronger total field intensity and steeper inclination angle). In order to investigate whether the fuelling response was a response to an unexpected magnetic field or specific to the northern magnetic field, we conducted a new experiment. Juvenile wheatears from the same study population were magnetically displaced to southwestern magnetic fields, exposing the birds to unexpected magnetic combinations, but eliminating the possible effect of a northern magnetic field. A control group was kept in the local geomagnetic field in Sweden for comparison. There was no difference in body mass increase between treatments, suggesting that the fuelling response previously found was not a simple response to an unexpected magnetic field, but rather a specific response to the northern magnetic field. Juvenile wheatears may have developed a fuelling response to northern magnetic fields in order to enable a successful flight towards the migration goal.     

Seasonal variation in movement,aggregation and destructive grazing of the green sea urchin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis</Emphasis>) in relation to wave action and sea temperature

Hydrodynamic forces are an important determinant of subtidal community structure, particularly when they limit the distribution and foraging ability of mobile consumers. We examined the effect of wave action on the rate of movement and destructive grazing of a kelp bed by the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) under field conditions. We measured density and rate of advance at fixed intervals along ∼100 m of a grazing front over 1 year, and quantified individual movement rates in the barrens 5–10 m behind the urchin front using a time-lapse videography. Seasonal variation in the mean rate of advance of the front (range: 0–4 m month⁻¹) was explained by changes in urchin density at the front (120–360 individuals m⁻²), which in turn varied inversely with significant wave height (0.5–2 m). Water temperature (0.8–17.6°C) had no effect on the rate of advance or on urchin density (aggregation) at the front, except when temperature exceeded 17°C. Movement of individual urchins also was affected by wave action: we observed a significant decrease in speed and displacement of urchins with increasing significant wave height. Wave action had no effect on the proportion of urchins moving or the degree of linearity of their movements. We propose that the decrease in urchin density at the front associated with increased wave action, results from de-aggregation, which reduces the risk of dislodgement, combined with a reduction in urchin movement in barrens, which supplies new urchins to the front.     

Root plasticity buffers competition among plants: theory meets experimental data

Morphological plasticity is a striking characteristic of plants in natural communities. In the context of foraging behavior particularly, root plasticity has been documented for numerous species. Root plasticity is known to mitigate competitive interactions by reducing the overlap of the individuals' rhizospheres. But despite its obvious effect on resource acquisition, plasticity has been generally neglected in previous empirical and theoretical studies estimating interaction intensity among plants. In this study, we developed a semi-mechanistic model that addresses this shortcoming by introducing the idea of compensatory growth into the classical-zone-of influence (ZOI) and field-of-neighborhood (FON) approaches. The model parameters describing the belowground plastic sphere of influence (PSI) were parameterized using data from an accompanying field experiment. Measurements of the uptake of a stable nutrient analogue at distinct distances to the neighboring plants showed that the study species responded plastically to belowground competition by avoiding overlap of individuals' rhizospheres. An unexpected finding was that the sphere of influence of the study species Bromus hordeaceus could be best described by a unimodal function of distance to the plant's center and not with a continuously decreasing function as commonly assumed. We employed the parameterized model to investigate the interplay between plasticity and two other important factors determining the intensity of competitive interactions: overall plant density and the distribution of individuals in space. The simulation results confirm that the reduction of competition intensity due to morphological plasticity strongly depends on the spatial structure of the competitive environment. We advocate the use of semi-mechanistic simulations that explicitly consider morphological plasticity to improve our mechanistic understanding of plant interactions.     

Spatial structure of internal Poincaré waves in Lake Michigan

In this paper we examine the characteristics of near-inertial internal Poincaré waves in Lake Michigan (USA) as discerned from field experiments and hydrodynamic simulations. The focus is on the determination of the lateral and vertical structure of the waves. Observations of near-inertial internal wave properties are presented from two field experiments in southern Lake Michigan conducted during the years 2009 and 2010 at Michigan City (IN, USA) and Muskegon (MI, USA), respectively. Spectra of thermocline displacements and baroclinic velocities show that kinetic and potential baroclinic energy is dominated by near-inertial internal Poincaré waves. Vertical structure discerned from empirical orthogonal function analysis shows that this energy is predominantly vertical mode 1. Idealized hydrodynamic simulations using stratifications from early summer (June), mid-summer (July) and fall (September) identify the basin-scale internal Poincaré wave structure as a combination of single- and two-basin cells, similar to those identified in Lake Erie by Schwab, with near-surface velocities largest in the center of the northern and southern basins. Near-inertial bottom kinetic energy is seen to have roughly constant magnitude over large swathes across the basin, with higher magnitude in the shallower areas like the Mid-lake Plateau, as compared with the deep northern and southern basins. The near-bottom near-inertial kinetic energy when mapped appears similar to the bottom topography map. The wave-induced vertical shear across thermocline is concentrated along the longitudinal axis of the lake basin, and both near-bottom velocities and thermocline shear are reasonably explained by a simple conceptual model of the expected transverse variability.     

Effects of crowding and wave exposure on penis morphology of the acorn barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides

Wave action and low population density can strongly reduce the ability of sessile acorn barnacles to find mates and copulate. For Semibalanus balanoides, penis morphology varies with wave exposure and with characteristics of the mating neighborhood. Field experiments were conducted at five intertidal sites on Long Island, New York, USA from July to December 2005 to determine how wave exposure and aggregation structure influence the length, diameter, mass, and number of annulated folds of the penis. Sparsely crowded barnacles had more annulations in the penis and are inferred to have greater ability to stretch. At higher wave exposure, the diameter of the penis was greater, but the mass was not. This study identifies density of crowding as the most important cue that barnacles respond to when perceiving their mating group and details how penis morphology varies in response to wave exposure.     

A preliminary report on effect of pulsed magnetic fields on fresh water fish (Labeo rohita) chromosomes

Marine-life scientists around the world are already carrying out investigative trials to obtain higher yields under in-captive breeding conditions, on both edible varieties and ornamental fishes with optimal inputs. However, for such trials to succeed there is a need for genetic improvement. The idea that fish production can be enhanced by genetic manipulation is gaining acceptance, as there is a strong possibility that qualitative improvement of economically important traits can be achieved by identifying and utilizing more effective genotypes. In the present communication a tentative plan for genetic manipulation of fresh water fish using controlled, pulsed magnetic fields, is being discussed. Chromosome preparations of Labeo rohita were made using Colchicine-Methanol-Acetic acid air drying technique, using tissue from gills. The fish were exposed to Pulsed Magnetic Field (PMF)with intensity 0.2 Gauss, pulsing at 50 Hz frequency (sine wave) for 6 hours / day for a total period of 30 days inside specially designed magnetic field enclosures. The karyological investigations revealed no distinct difference between "test" and "control" groups.