乌江流域石灰土中铀等元素形态与铀活性

以中国西南乌江流域石灰土为例，运用逐级提取(Sequential Extraction，SEE)技术，并结合化学成分和相关参数数据，研究了石灰土中铀(U)等元素的形态，并在此基础上探讨了石灰土中U的活动性及释放潜力，旨在增进对U等元素生物地球化学循环的了解，同时也为流域U污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明：①石灰土中Mn主要存在于锰(氢)氧化物中，Ca主要存在于碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物中，P主要存在于硅酸盐矿物和有机质中，U主要赋存于硅酸盐等残留部分中，其次赋存于有机质结合部分和碳酸盐矿物中；②石灰土剖面中活动态U所占的比例为10%~30%，平均17%，说明石灰土中的部分U在酸性和氧化-还原界面等条件下具有一定的迁移活性，即在上述条件下，石灰土中的部分U可释放进入周围水体或植物中；③石灰土中U的潜在释放量为036~150 g/t，平均U潜在释放量为076 g/t，因此，在酸雨和侵蚀等作用下，石灰土U释放可显著提高乌江河水U通量。     

贵州山区石灰土侵蚀及石漠化的地质原因分析

石灰土是广泛分布于亚热带喀斯特山区的一种非地带性土壤，近几十年来，位于西南喀斯特分布中心的贵州石灰土地区石漠化扩张速度明显加快，已经对该地区数千万群众的基本生存条件构成严重威胁。从地质学角度详细分析这一地区石灰土土壤侵蚀和土地石漠化的形成原因，分析结果表明：石灰土本身的矿物学特征和基本理化性质较好，并不是造成土壤侵蚀和石漠化的主要原因。石灰土成土速率慢，土壤允许流失量小；作为土壤营养库的富含有机质和矿质养分的表土层一旦被剥蚀，土壤结构迅速退化，土壤侵蚀愈演愈烈；喀斯特独特的二元结构和地形地貌是石灰土侵蚀的主要影响因子；石灰土与基岩之间缺少风化母质的过渡，岩土界面的土壤侵蚀是石灰土侵蚀的重要特征；这些因素才是导致石灰土地区土地石漠化的主要原因。     

安徽省土壤氟含量及其赋存特征

氟是生态系统中一种重要微量元素,过量和不足都会影响人和动物健康,人体氟主要来自饮水和食物,土壤氟含量、形态以及土壤理化性质等影响着水和食物氟含量。以安徽省主要类型土壤为材料,采用连续化学提取的方法,测定了安徽省主要类型土壤全氟、水溶氟以及不同形态氟含量,分析了土壤氟形态与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明：安徽土壤全氟含量1066～1 2367 mg/kg,平均为4852 mg/kg,全氟含量高低排序为菜地土＞潮土＞石灰土＞黄棕壤＞黄褐土＞水稻土＞砂姜黑土＞黄红壤,成土母质是影响土壤全氟含量的主要因素。土壤水溶氟含量042～2248 mg/kg,平均为338 mg/kg,水溶氟含量高低排序为菜地土＞砂姜黑土＞潮土＞黄棕壤＞黄褐土＞水稻土＞石灰土＞黄红壤,北高南低。土壤氟主要赋存形态是矿物态氟,占土壤全氟95%以上,水溶氟、交换态氟、铁锰氧化物结合态氟和有机结合态氟占土壤全氟5%左右。土壤水溶性氟含量与土壤pH呈极显著正相关,与土壤全磷含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0660 2和0353 9,土壤交换态氟与土壤小于0001 mm土粒含量和土壤阳离子交换量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0338 4和0345 8,有机结合态氟与土壤有机含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0526 8     

湖北省主要植烟区土壤肥力状况及分析

2005年以来测土配方施肥项目获取了大量土壤数据,通过对湖北省2009和2010年所获取的植烟区土壤养分数据进行抽样分析,并划分以十堰为核心的环神农架、以恩施为核心的鄂西南、神农架及以襄阳、宜昌为核心的鄂西北4个烟区,分别探讨不同烟区、不同土壤类型植烟土壤养分丰缺状况。结果表明,目前湖北省烟区土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别为62、233 g/kg、1097 mg/kg、195 mg/kg和1236 mg/kg;569%的土壤pH适宜烟草生长,617%的土壤有机质含量在15～35 g/kg,土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾缺乏面积分别为481%、363%和574%;各养分元素在不同烟区的分布存在一定差异,土壤pH以鄂西南最低,有机质含量鄂西南及神农架烟区明显高于环神农架和鄂西北地区,土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量鄂西南明显高于其余3个烟区,而土壤速效钾含量又以鄂西南烟区最低;湖北省烟区90%以上土壤为黄棕壤、水稻土、黄壤、石灰土、紫色土和棕壤,其中棕壤肥力水平较高,紫色土有机质及碱解氮含量低,水稻土有效磷和速效钾含量低。本研究还说明,充分利用测土配方施肥项目的资料对土壤养分数据进行系统分析,可全面掌握区域性土壤肥力现状并能指导科学施肥     

鄱阳湖表层沉积物中砷及重金属赋存形态及其潜在生态风险

重金属污染是水体沉积物污染的主要问题之一,研究沉积物中重金属元素的赋存形态,探索水体中重金属的来源,可以为水体重金属污染治理修复提供理论基础。采用BCR三步连续提取法对鄱阳湖枯水期表层沉积物中As和7种重金属元素（Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn）的赋存形态进行了研究,并基于重金属风险评价代码（Risk Assessment Code, RAC）方法评估了鄱阳湖表层沉积物中的As和7种重金属元素的潜在生态风险。结果表明,鄱阳湖表层沉积物中As、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn主要以残渣态的形式存在(6160%~8518%);Pb主要以残渣态（5097%）和铁锰氧化物结合态（4102%）为主要的赋存形态,其可提取态所占比例为4903%,具有较高的二次释放潜力;Cd的赋存形态主要以弱酸提取态（4160%）和铁锰氧化态（2719%）为主,其可提取态所占比例高达7749%,潜在生态风险较大。RAC分析结果表明,鄱阳湖表层沉积物Cd的生态风险整体上位于高风险,需要加强对鄱阳湖Cd污染的关注。所有站点Cr的弱酸提取态所占比例均低于1%,表明鄱阳湖Cr污染的生态风险为无风险,As、Ni和Pb属于低风险,而Cu、Co和Zn位于低风险至中等风险     

乌江中上游水库-河流体系夏秋季N、Si分布特征

测定了乌江中上游的洪家渡至乌江渡水库段水体中总氮、氨氮和溶解态硅等营养物质含量，并现场测定水深、温度、溶解氧和叶绿素浓度等理化参数。研究结果表明：在夏秋水库分层现象不断减弱期间，氮、硅的空间分布受水库生物地球化学作用差异的影响，在空间上具有明显不同的分布特征。流域内地表水总氮含量变化不大，水库内垂直分布也较均一；7至9月份河流和水库表层水体总氮含量平均值呈下降趋势，分别为347、317和 3.00 mg/L。7、8月份水库表层水溶解态硅含量明显低于上下游水体，说明水库生物吸收作用强而导致水库滞留溶解态硅；在垂直剖面上，0～30 m 水体溶解态硅含量随水深增加而增加，30～60 m 溶解态硅含量变化不大，这反映了水库上层水体生物对硅的吸收,和下层水体溶解态硅的吸收和释放平衡。     

乌江中上游水库-河流体系夏秋季N、Si分布特征

测定了乌江中上游的洪家渡至乌江渡水库段水体中总氮、氨氮和溶解态硅等营养物质含量,并现场测定水深、温度、溶解氧和叶绿素浓度等理化参数。研究结果表明：在夏秋水库分层现象不断减弱期间,氮、硅的空间分布受水库生物地球化学作用差异的影响,在空间上具有明显不同的分布特征。流域内地表水总氮含量变化不大,水库内垂直分布也较均一;7至9月份河流和水库表层水体总氮含量平均值呈下降趋势,分别为347、317和 3.00 mg/L。7、8月份水库表层水溶解态硅含量明显低于上下游水体,说明水库生物吸收作用强而导致水库滞留溶解态硅;在垂直剖面上,0～30 m 水体溶解态硅含量随水深增加而增加,30～60 m 溶解态硅含量变化不大,这反映了水库上层水体生物对硅的吸收,和下层水体溶解态硅的吸收和释放平衡。     

三峡库区腹心地带消落区土壤氮磷含量调查

消落区土壤中氮磷是上覆水体营养物质的潜在来源之一。在2008年底三峡蓄水至172 m之前,采样分析了小江（澎溪河）等库区5条典型支流淹没前的消落区土壤氮磷含量分布情况。在研究样区范围内,消落区土壤全氮均值为1317±0484 mg/g,变化范围在0459~2735 mg/g,而土壤全磷均值为0676±0282 mg/g,变化范围在0314~2799 mg/g。不同的土地利用方式消落区土壤全氮含量有明显差异,耕地消落区和园林地消落区的全氮值明显高于河滩地消落区。不同流域之间氮素差异也达到极显著水平,朱衣河和大宁河流域消落区土壤氮素要明显高于其他3条支流。但是,不同土地利用方式的消落区之间全磷差异不显著,不同流域之间磷素差异也不显著。相比长江中下游一些浅水湖泊的底泥,库区消落区土壤中全氮和全磷含量水平已处于偏高状态,向上覆水体释放的风险较大。小江流域的丰乐镇和养鹿镇、朱衣河的胡家坝地区是研究范围内释放风险高的区域.     

枯季乌江河流“呼吸”作用及其性质探讨

发源于云贵高原上的乌江是长江流域的重要支流之一。乌江流域喀斯特地貌广泛发育，是中国南方典型的喀斯特河流。以枯水季节乌江流域水体中的实测温度、溶解氧、碱度和pH值等理化参数为依据，探讨了乌江流域河道水体的CO2分压(〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2)与河流“呼吸”通量的变化规律。乌江流域枯水季节河道水体〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2介于2913~1 530 μatm之间，平均值为9493 μatm，约为大气的3倍，各支流样点的平均值为9924 μatm，大于干流平均值9026 μatm，由此推断乌江流域干支流河道在枯季是大气CO2的“源”。受各游段流域特征以及人类活动的影响，干支流河道水体〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2表现出明显的空间差异。水体〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2与溶解氧的相关关系不显著，说明河道内有机质的异养呼吸不是喀斯特乌江流域枯季水体中溶解无机碳的主要来源，其河道水体中高〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2成因复杂。〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2的上述分布规律是流域支流汇入、地下水以及河道水体有机质氧化分解等共同作用的结果。     

太湖东北部沉积物理化特征及磷赋存形态研究

对太湖东部和北部8个沉积物样品进行了理化性质及磷赋存形态分析,在此基础上探讨了沉积物各理化性质与磷赋存形态间的相关关系。研究结果表明：太湖沉积物的总磷含量为307.43～1454.39 mg/kg,阳离子交换量为15.18～22.68 meq/100g土,有机质含量为1.66%～3.45%;颗粒组成以粉砂级和粘粒级为主,占总量的54.39%～76.83%;主要矿物组成为石英和长石,粘土矿物以伊利石/蒙脱石混层为主,其次是伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石;沉积物中氧化物以SiO2、Al2O3和TFe2O3为主,且它们的含量随沉积物中总磷含量的不同变化较大。磷的形态以无机磷为主,污染较重沉积物中铁/铝磷的含量明显升高,有机磷的比例降低,钙磷变化不大。沉积物的各理化性质与磷赋存形态间关系密切,随着沉积物中总磷含量的增加, 阳离子交换量和有机质的含量都逐渐升高,细颗粒含量（<2 μm）逐渐增多,铁/铝形态的磷在总磷中所占比例也逐渐增大。     

Soil-to-plant transfer factors for natural radionuclides and stable elements in a Mediterranean area

The transfer factors (TF) for natural uranium isotopes (238U and 234U), thorium isotopes (232Th, 230Th and 228Th), and 226Ra were obtained in plant samples (grass-pasture) growing in granitic and alluvial soils around a disused uranium mine located in the Extremadura region in the south-west of Spain. Affected and non-affected areas of the mine presented large differences in the activity concentrations of radionuclides of the uranium series. We also determined transfer factors for several stable elements (essential and non-essential). A set of statistical tests were applied to validate the data. The results showed that the transfer factors for both the natural radionuclides and the stable elements are independent of the two substrate types involved and also of the two areas considered in the study.     

Radioactivity and heavy metal composition of Nigerian phosphate rocks: possible environmental implications

Phosphate rock samples collected from the Dange Formation within the Sokoto basin were analyzed for trace element constituents using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA) techniques, while natural activity concentrations due to 235U, 232Th, and 40K were determined by gamma-ray spectrometry. The analytical results show that the average concentrations of some toxic elements (As, Sb, Cr, and Zn) in phosphate rocks are not appreciably different from that in agricultural soils. However the U and Th contents are enriched significantly in comparison. The results were used to assess the environmental toxicity of heavy metals and radiation hazard attributable to the direct application of phosphate rock as fertilizer.     

Biological properties of south Russian soils: Tolerance to oil pollution

Oil pollution of south Russian soils usually leads to reduction in the abundance of ammonifying bacteria, microscopic fungi, and bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, as well as in enzyme (catalase and invertase) and cellulolytic activities. By the criterion of biological tolerance to oil pollution, these soils can be arranged in the following series: ordinary chernozems >= soddy calcareous soils = southern chernozems >= leached chernozems > brown forest soils >= gray sand soils. A regional scheme of ecological safety standards for oil contents in these soil types is proposed.     

Study of pollution in the El Jadida-Safi Atlantic coastal zone (Morocco) by using PIXE and SSNTD methods

In this work, PIXE experiments were performed for measuring heavy and light elements' (ranging from aluminium to lead) concentrations inside various polluted and unpolluted soils as well as liquid samples collected from different phosphate factory sewers in the El Jadida-Safi Atlantic coastal region (Morocco). In addition, uranium ((238)U) and thorium ((232)Th) contents were evaluated in the same samples studied by using CR-39 and LR-115 type II solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). The influence of the phosphate industry wastes on the concentrations of both radioactive and non-radioactive elements of the samples studied was investigated.     

Distribution of U-Th nuclides in the riverine and coastal environments of the tropical southwest coast of India

A reconnaissance study has been made on the distribution of 238U, 234U, 232Th and 230Th in soils, water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and bottom sediments in the Kali river basin around Kaiga, its estuarine region and the adjacent Arabian Sea to obtain the baseline data of U-Th series nuclides in view of the commissioning of nuclear power reactors at Kaiga, near Karwar, on the southwest coast of India. Drainage basin soils developed over greywackes (the dominant litho-unit upstream) are lower in 238U/Al and 232Th/Al ratios by factors of 3-5 in comparison with those developed over tonalitic gneisses (the dominant litho-unit downstream). The dominance of the former type of soils is reflected in the composition of river-bottom sediments derived from the upstream drainage basin during the monsoon. The 232Th in bottom sediments tends to increase towards the estuarine and coastal areas, presumably due to deposition of heavy minerals and onshore transport of coastal sediments into the estuary. The dissolved U in the Kali river is low (0.001-0.02 microg/l) when compared to the major Indian rivers as the Kali river flows through U-poor greywackes. Thus, the input of dissolved U to the Kali estuary is dominated by sea water. Although there is some evidence for the removal of dissolved U at low salinity during estuarine mixing, its behaviour is conservative in the lower estuary (at higher salinities). The removal rate of dissolved U from the Kali river basin is similar to that reported from other tropical river basins. The U flux from all the west-flowing rivers of Peninsular India is estimated at 26.3 x 10(6) g/yr to the Arabian Sea which is about 2% of the flux from the Himalayan rivers to the Bay of Bengal.     

Influence of soil texture on the distribution and availability of 238U, 230Th, and 226Ra in soils

The influence of soil texture on the distribution and availability of (238)U, (230)Th, and (226)Ra in soils was studied in soil samples collected at a rehabilitated uranium mine located in the Extremadura region in south-west Spain. The activity concentration (Bqkg(-1)) in the soils ranged from 60 to 750 for (238)U, from 60 to 260 for (230)Th, and from 70 to 330 for (226)Ra. The radionuclide distribution was determined in three soil fractions: coarse sand (0.5-2mm), medium-fine sand (0.067-0.5mm), and silt and clay (<0.067 mm). The relative mobility of the natural radionuclides in the different fractions was studied by comparison of the activity ratios between radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive series. The lability of these radionuclides in each fraction was also studied through selective extraction from the soils using a one-step sequential extraction scheme. Significant correlations were found for (238)U, (230)Th, and (226)Ra between the activity concentration per fraction and the total activity concentration in the bulk soil. Thus, from the determination of the activity concentration in the bulk soil, one could estimate the activity concentration in each fraction. Correlations were also found for (238)U and (226)Ra between the labile activity concentration in each fraction and the total activity concentration in bulk soil. Assuming that there is some particle-size fraction that predominates in the process of soil-to-plant transfer, the parameters obtained in this study should be used as correction factors for the transfer factors determined from the bulk soil in previous studies.     

Variation of the distribution coefficient (Kd) of selenium in soils under various microbial states

This study aimed to (i) evaluate whether the K(d) value of selenium is dependent upon the soil microbial activity and (ii) define the limitation of the use of the K(d) concept to describe selenium behaviour in soils when assessing the long-term radiological waste disposal risk. K(d) coefficients, as well as information on selenite speciation in the soil-solution, were derived from short- and long-term batch experiments with a calcareous silty clay soil in various microbial states. Soil microbial activity induced (i) an increase of the K(d) value from 16 l kg(-1) in sterile conditions to 130 l kg(-1) when the soil was amended with glucose and nitrate, and (ii) changes in selenium speciation both in the solution (presence of seleno-species other than free Se(IV)) and in the solid phase (Se linked to microorganisms). Although the K(d) coefficient adequately reflects the initial fractionation between soil-solid and soil-solution, it does not allow for speciation and microbial processes, which could affect reversibility, mobility and the long-term accumulation and uptake into crops.     

华东某铀矿区稻米中放射性核素铀污染特征及健康风险评价

为查明华东某铀矿区稻米中放射性核素铀污染现状及健康风险问题,测定铀矿区和对照区共136件稻米样品中放射性核素U含量,采用单因子污染指数法评价放射性铀污染,并开展U元素健康风险评价。结果表明:(1)研究区稻米中U含量平均值为1.46 ng·g~(–1),各亚区稻米中U含量平均值从大到小顺序为:开采矿井区水冶场区含矿未采区废弃矿井区江西省背景值对照区;(2)稻米单因子污染指数为1.25,属于轻度污染。其中,开采矿井区和水冶厂区为轻度污染,废弃矿井区和对照区未受污染;(3)首次计算提出江西省大米U元素致癌风险最大斜率系数为1.04×10~3(d·kg)·mg~(–1)。各亚区稻米中成人和儿童致癌风险指数高低顺序均为:开采矿井区水冶厂区含矿未采区废弃矿井区对照区。儿童直接饮食稻米具有一定的致癌风险;开采矿井区和水冶厂区的成人存在一定致癌风险,含矿未采区和废弃矿井区以及对照区均无致癌风险。     

Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on uranium accumulation by plants

Contamination by uranium (U) occurs principally at U mining and processing sites. Uranium can have tremendous environmental consequences, as it is highly toxic to a broad range of organisms and can be dispersed in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Remediation strategies of U-contaminated soils have included physical and chemical procedures, which may be beneficial, but are costly and can lead to further environmental damage. Phytoremediation has been proposed as a promising alternative, which relies on the capacity of plants and their associated microorganisms to stabilize or extract contaminants from soils. In this paper, we review the role of a group of plant symbiotic fungi, i.e. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which constitute an essential link between the soil and the roots. These fungi participate in U immobilization in soils and within plant roots and they can reduce root-to-shoot translocation of U. However, there is a need to evaluate these observations in terms of their importance for phytostabilization strategies.