烧结机共处置危险废物过程中重金属Pb、Zn的挥发特性

利用化学试剂PbCl2、ZnCl2来模拟危险废物,研究了烧结机共处置危险废物过程中Pb、Zn的挥发特性.首先选取PbCl2、ZnCl2两种化合物的纯化学试剂分别进行了热重分析实验,然后对掺有一定比例PbCl2、ZnCl2的烧结矿原料进行煅烧,采集分析煅烧烟气和煅烧所得烧结矿中Pb和Zn的总量.实验结果表明,在刚开始煅烧的一段时间内,Pb、Zn两种重金属挥发特性相似,均是随着时间的增加以及温度的升高而挥发率逐渐上升,而当煅烧超过一定时间后,其挥发和固化反应会达到平衡,当煅烧的温度为1200℃时,Pb和Zn的挥发率分别为97.13%和65.04%.运用化学反应动力学理论对Pb、Zn两种重金属在烧结机共处置过程中的挥发规律进行动力学模拟,模拟结果表明,PbCl2中Pb挥发的动力学方程可表示为α=f(T,t)=1-exp[-7.90exp(-5595/T)t];而ZnCl2中的Zn为α=f(T,t)=1-exp[-0.534exp(-3210/T)t].     

有机危险废物在惰性气氛中热降解动力学特征

为研究有机危险废物在惰性或还原性高温工业窑炉(如炼铁高炉、炼焦炉、煤气化炉、煤液化炉等)中的协同处置效果,分别选择热稳定性在第1~2等级中的典型有机物——苯和氯乙烯,在氮气气氛高温管式炉进行热降解试验. 将定量的气态苯或氯乙烯分别与氮气混合后通入高温管式炉中,采用GC-MS检测煅烧后尾气中苯和氯乙烯的浓度,以分析其热降解特性. 结果表明:苯在500~1 100 ℃时热降解率(a)随温度(T)升高而快速增加,增幅达70%;在1 100 ℃以上时,苯热降解率缓慢增加,最终达到完全降解.氯乙烯在300~900 ℃时热降解率快速增加,增幅在55%左右,900 ℃以上热降解率增加缓慢直至完全降解.苯和氯乙烯的热降解率均随煅烧时间(t)增加而升高.苯和氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型分别为a=1-exp[-743.3exp(-12 930/T)t]和a=1-exp[-3.90exp(-4 307.8/T)t].通过苯的热降解动力学模型,可预测热稳定性高于氯乙烯的有机物的热降解率;而通过氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型,可预测比其热稳定性低的有机物的热降解率.      

锅炉协同处置危险废物过程中Pb和Cd的挥发特性

为研究危险废物在锅炉协同处置过程中Pb和Cd的挥发特性,通过共燃烧和消解试验,研究了不同化合物形态下Pb、Cd的挥发率(α)、残留率(r)和表观活化能(E). 结果表明:以硫化物、氯化物、硫酸盐和氧化物存在的Pb、Cd的挥发率与温度(T)和停留时间(t)均呈正相关. 当温度低于950 ℃、停留时间为52 min时,不同化合物形态的Pb、Cd挥发率相差较大,PbCl₂在800 ℃下挥发率接近64%,而PbO仅为17%;温度高于1 250 ℃、停留时间为52 min时,不同化合物形态下的Pb、Cd挥发率均大于95%,接近于完全挥发;1 400 ℃时,不同化合物形态的Pb、Cd在燃烧残渣中的残留率均低于0.3%. 结合化学反应动力学理论,对Pb、Cd在锅炉协同处置过程中的挥发特性进行动力学模拟,得到PbS、PbCl₂、PbSO₄、PbO 中Pb的表观活化能分别为23.64、18.44、65.79、61.35 kJ/mol,CdS、CdCl₂、CdSO₄、CdO中Cd的表观活化能分别为53.22、20.87、42.42、28.75 kJ/mol. 由表观活化能数据可以得出不同形态化合物的Pb、Cd挥发率随温度和停留时间变化的动力学方程α=f(T,t),并可预测锅炉协同处置危险废物过程中Pb和Cd的挥发率,确定适合锅炉协同处置的危险废物类别.      

水泥窑共处置过程中砷挥发特性及动力学研究

针对不同形态的含As化合物开展了热重实验、熟料煅烧以及熟料消解实验,研究了水泥窑共处置过程中砷在等温条件下随时间的挥发特性和可能的化学反应.结果表明,不同化学形态的砷挥发规律不尽相同,砷酸钠在水泥生产涉及的温度区间基本不挥发;硫化亚砷在水泥窑共处置的过程中,砷的挥发率随时间逐渐增大,25min以后基本不再挥发,低于1000℃时,砷的挥发率随温度的升高而增大,但高于1000℃时,挥发率随温度的增大而减小;亚砷酸钠在1000℃以上的挥发规律与硫化亚砷类似,挥发率随温度的升高而减小,25min以后基本不再挥发.硫化亚砷在1000℃以下煅烧时,挥发率随时间和温度变化的动力学方程为a =1-exp[-1.77exp(-3158/T)t],可以根据此方程计算不同温度和停留时间工况下砷挥发的理论值,进而控制含砷废物的投加量,避免对环境造成危害.     

硫化物对垃圾掺烧污泥焚烧飞灰高温过程中重金属挥发的影响

对某垃圾掺烧污泥焚烧厂焚烧飞灰进行了采样,在对飞灰进行热重(TG-DTG)分析基础上,重点研究了飞灰水洗前后及其添加不同硫化物(S、NaS、Na2SO3、Na2SO4)经高温处置过程中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)的挥发特性.结果表明,飞灰中重金属Zn、Pb含量较高,Ni的含量较低,而Cd含量达到29.4 mg·kg-1.飞灰水洗后Pb、Cu、Zn的含量均比原灰中高,而Cd的含量降低.飞灰TG-DTG曲线在579～732℃、949～1 200℃这2个温度范围失重率较大,拐点温度分别为690℃和1 154℃.焚烧飞灰中Pb表现出易挥发的特性,其挥发率超过80%,而Cu挥发性较小,其挥发率<30%.飞灰水洗后,重金属的挥发率有显著的降低,其中重金属的挥发性大小依次为:Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu.飞灰热处置过程中预先加入Na2SO3、Na2SO4后,重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)挥发率降低明显,而S的加入只能降低Zn的挥发率;Na2S加入后Cd、Zn挥发率下降.水洗飞灰添加Na2S后可降低4种重金属的挥发率,S及Na2SO3的加入分别降低了Cu和Zn的挥发率;4种硫化物的加入都可降低Cd的挥发率.研究结果为飞灰最大限度无害化处理及资源化回收利用提供理论依据.     

水泥窑协同处置过程中重金属挥发流向规律模拟

采用自主研发的静态实验设备和小型水泥回转窑模拟装置,分别模拟静态和动态条件下生料中不同类型重金属在不同温度、反应时间下的挥发特性及流向规律。重金属Pb、Zn、Cd的挥发率均随着温度升高而逐渐升高,同温度下窑煅烧气氛下生料中Pb、Zn、Cd及As的挥发率均低于空气气氛下的挥发率;As挥发率随温度升高先逐渐升高后逐渐减少,重金属氯化物挥发率较高。添加重金属的生料粉在800℃以下的温度煅烧后,物料中主要的晶相为CaCO_3、SiO_2及金属氧化物,CaMg(CO_3)_2的衍射峰主要存在600℃以下。由800℃开始,CaCO_3发生分解,并出现CaO衍射峰;从1 000～1 400℃下,生料粉在重金属作用下逐渐生成较为复杂的化合物。在动态模拟条件下,熟料中As、Cd、Pb及Zn的平均固化率分别为85.48%、83.19%、84.49%、85.20%。绝大部分重金属均存在于熟料中,而挥发到大气中的重金属仅为0.002%～0.2%。     

水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化/稳定化对重金属的固定效果比较

危险废物水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化,稳定化对废物中重金属的固定机理不同,固定效果因而有所差异.针对含As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属离子的上述2类试样平行开展浸出实验及连续提取实验,以重金属浸出浓度及化学形态为指标,比较分析了水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化/稳定化对废物中不同重金属的固定效果的差异.结果表明,对于As、Pb、Zn等重金属离子,水泥窑高温煅烧及后续水化作用有助于其更稳定化学形态的形成,固定效果优于水泥固化,稳定化,说明含Ag、Pb、Zn的危险废物能够在水泥窑得到有效处置.Cr3 在水泥窑煅烧过程中易被氧化为迁移性和毒性更强的Cr6 ,因而含Cr的废物不适合采用水泥窑协同处置方式.该研究能为不同种类重金属危险废物处置方法的选取提供依据,并为水泥窑协同处置重金属类危险废物的应用和发展提供科学的决策依据.     

焚烧飞灰高温过程中重金属的挥发及其氯转化特征

研究了垃圾与污泥掺烧后的焚烧飞灰在900℃、1 000℃高温处置过程中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)随不同停留时间的挥发特性,并研究了添加剂氯化物(CaCl2、MgCl2、NaCl、FeCl3、AlCl3)对重金属转化与挥发特性的影响.结果表明,没有添加氯化剂情况下,污泥焚烧飞灰中不同重金属的挥发特性有较大的差别,其中Pb的挥发率超过80%,而Cu的挥发率<30%,重金属的挥发性大小依次为:Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu.热处置过程中重金属的挥发率受温度的影响较大,而停留时间的延长对重金属挥发促进效果较小,并且易挥发元素Pb和Cd表现尤为明显.飞灰中添加氯化剂后,重金属的挥发性有显著的改变,并且难挥发元素Cu和Zn的挥发性增加较Pb和Cd显著.随着Cl含量的增加,重金属挥发率有增加的趋势,但不同种类的氯化物对重金属氯转化差异较大,其中NaCl对重金属Cd、Zn和Cu挥发特性的促进效果小于其它氯化剂.研究结果为飞灰最大限度无害化处理及资源化回收利用提供理论依据.     

两种硫杆菌对河涌底泥重金属的生物沥滤

自矿山酸性废水中分离纯化得到氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans , T.f)与氧化硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thiooxidans, T.t),利用这2 种硫杆菌对广州郭村河涌底泥中Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu 和Zn 6 种重金属进行序批式生物沥滤试验.结果表明,T.f 菌对重金属的浸出能力高于T.t 菌.对Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu 和Zn 的浸出率T.f 菌最高可达60%、45%、70%、90%和75%,T.t 菌则分别为45%、34%、50%、65%和55%.二者对Pb 的去除率相当,均在25%左右.向T.f 菌分别提供S 粉与Fe²⁺,2 种底物对Cd、Ni、Cu 和Zn 的浸出效果无明显影响,而对Cr和Pb 的浸出,投加S 粉的浸出效果更好.同时向T.f 菌投加S 粉与Fe²⁺ 2 种底物,其浸出效果反而下降.可能是T.f 菌代谢生成的SO₄^2-与Fe³⁺易生成黄铁矾等沉淀物质,与溶出的重金属发生共沉淀,从而降低其浸出效果.     

水泥窑协同处置危险废物过程中铅-镉的挥发动力学研究

为了考察含重金属类危险废物在水泥窑协同处置过程中,铅、镉随时间和温度变化的挥发特性,本研究选择铅、镉两种重金属元素的氯化物和硫化物开展挥发动力学实验.通过热重实验、水泥熟料煅烧及熟料消解实验,得到了重金属挥发率随时间及温度的变化规律.结果表明,两种重金属元素的挥发率在实验温度区间内均随温度的升高、时间的增加而增大;根据等温动力学及阿累尼乌斯方程对Pb、Cd的挥发率随温度和时间变化的规律进行动力学模拟,得到了较好的线性拟合效果,并得出了以氯化物和硫化物形态存在的铅和镉元素在水泥窑协同处置过程中的动力学方程.本实验结果可为预测水泥窑协同处置过程中重金属的挥发量提供支持.     

Interactions of zinc and cadmium toxicity in their effects on growth and in antioxidative systems in tomato plants （Solanum lycopersicum）

The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 mol/L CdCl2 associated to di erent concentrations of ZnCl2 (10, 50, 100, and 150 mol/L). Zn supply clearly reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and simultaneously increased Zn concentration. Cd induced oxidative stress in leaves as indicated by an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and chlorophyll breakdown. Furthermore, compared with control, Cdtreated plants had significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), whereas, catalase (CAT, EC 1.111.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) activities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. Zn supplementation, at low level, restored and enhanced the functional activity of these enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) as compared to Cd-alone-treated plants. The beneficial e ect of adequate Zn level on Cd toxicity was confirmed by a significant decrease in TBARS level and restoration of chlorophyll content. However, when Zn was added at high level in combination with Cd there was an accumulation of oxidative stress, which was higher than that for Cd or excess Zn alone treatments. These results suggested that higher Zn concentrations and Cd are synergistic in their e ect on plant growth parameters and oxidative stress.     

Occurrence and volatility of several trace elements in pulverized coal boiler

The contents of eight trace elements(Mn, Cr, Pb, As, Se, Zn, Cd, Hg) in raw coal, bottom ash and fly ash were measured in a 220 t/h pulverized coal boiler. Factors affecting distribution of trace elements were investigated, including fly ash diameter, furnace temperature, oxygen content and trace elements‘ characters. One coefficient of Meij was also improved to more directly show element enrichment in combustion products. These elements may be classified into three groups according to their distribution: Group 1. Hg, which is very volatile. Group 2: Pb, Zn, Cd, which are partially volatile. Group 3: Mn, which is hardly volatile. Se may be located between groups 1 and 2. Cr has properties of both group ! and 3. In addition, the smaller diameter of fly ash, the more relative enrichment of trace elements (except Mn). The fly ash showed different adsorption mechanisms of trace elements and the volatilization of trace elements rises with furnace temperature. Relative enrichments of trace elements(except Mn and Cr) in fly ash are larger than that in bottom ash. Low oxygen content can not always improve the volatilization of trace elements. Pb is easier to form chloride than Cd during coal combustion. Trace elements should be classified in accordance with factors.     

Investigation of heavy metal partitioning influenced by flue gas moisture and chlorine content during waste incineration

The impact of moisture on the partitioning of the heavy metals including Pb,Zn,Cu and Cd in municipal solid waste (MSW) was studied in a laboratory tubular furnace.A thermodynamic investigation using CHEMKIN software was performed to compare the experimental results.Simulated waste,representative of typical MSW with and without chlorine compounds,was burned at the background temperature of 700 and 950°C,respectively.In the absence of chlorine,the moisture content has no evident effect on the volatility of Pb,Zn and Cu at either 700 or 950°C,however,as flue gas moisture increasing the Cd distribution in the bottom ash increased at 700°C and reduced at 950°C,respectively.In the presence of chlorine,the flue gas moisture reduced the volatility of Pb,Zn and Cu due to the transformation of the more volatile metal chlorides into less volatile metal oxides,and the reduction became significant as chlorine content increase.For Cd,the chlorine promotes its volatility through the formation of more volatile CdCl 2.As a result,the increased moisture content increases the Pb,Zn,Cu and Cd concentrations in the bottom ash,which limits the utilization of the bottom ash as a construction material.Therefore,in order to accumulate heavy metals into the fly ash,MSW should be dried before incineration.     

Zn2+和Cd2+对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的单一和联合毒性效应

为探究Zn2+和Cd2+对轮虫种群增长的单一和联合毒性效应,在不同温度(15、20和25 ℃)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)不同密度(0.5×106、1.0×106和2.0×106 mL-1)下,以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试生物,采用3 d种群累积培养方法,研究了不同 Zn2+污染处理组〔ρ(Zn2+)分别为0.315、0.630和1.260 mg/L〕、Cd2+污染处理组〔ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.073、0.145和0.289 mg/L〕、Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理组〔ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.315、0.073 mg/L,0.630、0.145 mg/L和1.260、0.289 mg/L〕 对轮虫种群增长率和混交雌体百分率的影响. 结果表明:当藻密度为0.5×106和2.0×106 mL-1时,与对照组相比,随着温度上升,对轮虫种群增长率产生抑制作用的处理组数明显增加,高温(25 ℃)下,所有处理组均显著降低轮虫种群增长率. 15和20 ℃下,与较低、中等藻密度(0.5×106、1.0×106 mL-1)相比,较高藻密度(2.0×106 mL-1)下轮虫种群受到毒性影响的处理组数明显减少;25 ℃下,各处理组轮虫种群增长率均随藻密度的升高而增加. 在温度为15和20 ℃、藻密度为0.5×106 mL-1条件下,Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理〔当ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为1.260、0.289 mg/L时〕的轮虫种群增长率明显低于ρ(Zn2+)为1.260 mg/L和ρ(Cd2+)为0.289 mg/L时的轮虫种群增长率;温度为25 ℃、藻密度为2.0×106 mL-1条件下,Zn2+-Cd2+复合污染处理〔当ρ(Zn2+)、ρ(Cd2+)分别为0.630、0.145 mg/L时〕的轮虫种群增长率明显低于ρ(Zn2+)为0.630 mg/L和ρ(Cd2+)为0.145 mg/L时的轮虫种群增长率. 研究显示,温度、藻密度和重金属质量浓度之间的交互作用对轮虫种群增长率的影响大于其对混交雌体百分率的影响,随着温度的升高和藻密度的降低,Zn2+、Cd2+对轮虫的单一和联合毒性效应增加.      

Behavior and control of chlorine in dyestuff residue incineration

Dyestuffresidue, a type of hazardous waste, is incinerated in the tubular furnace, and thermodynamic equilibrium model is used to calculate and analyze the chlorine behavior. The HCI emission and its effects on the behaviors of heavy metals are studied. Meanwhile, the effects of three dechlorine reagents are predicted at a high temperature. Results show that HCI emission is dependent on incineration temperature. The HCl evaporated mainly derives from the organic chlorine. Under the working condition of 500-- 900℃, the main products of rig, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mn in reaction with HCl are HgCl2 （g）, PbCl4（g）, PbCI2 （g）, （CuCl）3 （g）, NiCl2 （s）, NiCl2 （g）, ZnCl2 （s）, ZnCl2 （g）, Zn （g）, MnCl2 （s）, and MnCl2 （g）, respectively. Among the three dechlorine reagents, CaCO3 is optimal to remove chlorine at high temperature, little of HCl is released below 800℃, whereas Fe3O4 is unstable at high temperature.     

Volatilization of heavy metals during incineration of municipal solid wastes

Incineration experiments with MSW, which had been impregnated with heavy metals, were presented to obtain information on the volatilization behavior of the elements cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) under different conditions. Experiments were carried out in a bubbling fluid bed system connected to a customized inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES) for analyzing metals in the flue gas. The results indicated that the combustion temperature, the gas atmosphere, and the chlorine content in the flue gas could affect the volatilization behavior of heavy metals. In the fluidized bed combustion, a large surface area was provided by the bed sand particles, and they may act as absorbents for the gaseous ash-forming compound. Comparer with the metals Cd and Pb, the vaporization of Zn was low. The formation of stable compounds such as ZnO.Al2O3 could greatly decrease the metals volatilization. The presence of chlorine would enhance the volatilization of heavy metals by increasing the formation of metal chlorides. However, when the oxygen content was high, the chlorinating reaction was kinetically hindered, which heavy metals release would be delayed.     

Removal of heavy metals using waste eggshell

The removal capacity of toxic heavy metals by the reused eggshell was studied.As a pretreatment process for the preparation of reused material from waste eggshell,calcination was performed in the furnace at 800℃for 2 h after crushing the dried waste eggshell.Calcination behavior,qualitative and quantitative elemental information,mineral type and surface characteristics before and after calcination of eggshell were examined by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray fluorescence (XRF),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),respectively.After calcination,the major inorganic composition was identified as Ca(lime, 99.63%)and K,P and Sr were identified as minor components.When calcined eggshell was applied in the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing heavy metals,a complete removal of Cd as well as above 99% removal of Cr was observed after 10 min. Although the natural eggshell had some removal capacity of Cd and Cr,a complete removal was not accomplished even after 60 min due to quite slower removal rate.However,in contrast to Cd and Cr,an efficient removal of Pb was observed with the natural eggshell rather than the calcined eggshell.From the application of the calcined eggshell in the treatment of real electroplating wastewater, the calcined eggshell showed a promising removal capacity of heavy metal ions as well as had a good neutralization capacity in the treatment of strong acidic wastewater.