流向变换反应器中Pd/Zr-Mn-O/载体催化剂对甲苯的催化燃烧

在流向变换催化燃烧反应体系中,通过操作参数(甲苯浓度、空速及切换周期)对热波形状与特征参数(波峰温度、平均温度和移动速度)影响的考察,结果表明,较佳的操作参数为:甲苯浓度800～3 200 mg/m3,空速2 000～12 000h-1,切换周期2～10 min,空速和甲苯浓度对热波移动速度的影响较大,热波波峰温度和反应器平均温度随着甲苯浓度的增加而增加,随着切换周期的缩短而升高,随着空速的增加先升高后降低,与固定床装置相比,在流向变换装置中催化剂的活性更高,甲苯去除率在96.5%以上。     

Oxidation of methane over palladium catalysts: effect of the support

This work is focused on the deep catalytic oxidation of methane over supported palladium catalysts. The influences of the metal loading, oxidation state of palladium, nature of supports, presence of promoters in the supports (for zirconia-based supports), and thermal stability have been studied experimentally. Catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness of commercially available supports with aqueous solutions of palladium nitrate. For gamma-alumina support, it was observed that the optimal amount of palladium is between 0.5% and 2%, with higher amounts leading to a loss in specific activity. Concerning the oxidation state of the catalyst, it is concluded that for all the supports tested in the present work, a reduction of the catalyst is not needed, yielding the same conversion at steady state catalysts reduced and oxidised. The thermal stability of various supported catalysts were also studied, zirconia supports being the most active. These supports, specially Y-modified zirconia support, do not suffer appreciable deactivation below 500 degrees C.     

Catalytic dechlorination kinetics of p-dichlorobenzene over Pd/Fe catalysts

p-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) was dechlorinated using Pd/Fe bimetallic catalytic reductants synthesized by chemical deposition. Batch experiments demonstrated that the Pd/Fe bimetallic particles could effectively dechlorinate p-DCB, p-DCB and its intermediate chlorobenzene were removed completely at a Pd loading of 0.02% (weight ratio of Pd to Fe) and Pd/Fe power to solution ratio about 4g 75 ml-1 in 90 min. Dechlorination was affected by various factors such as the reaction temperature, pH, Pd loading percentage over Fe and the introduction of Pd/Fe catalysts et al. Chlorobenzene represents partially stable dechlorinated intermediates in the generation of benzene and part of p-DCB was dechlorinated to benzene indirectly on the surface of Pd/Fe. The dechlorination of p-DCB took place on the surface of the Pd/Fe bimetallic particles in a pseudo-first-order reaction, the activation energy of the dechlorination reaction was determined to be 80.0 kJ mol-1 at the temperature range of 287-313 K.     

Field measurements of hydrogen sulphide oxidation

The rate of production of SO₂ from H₂S was measured in a series of experiments in a broad, ground-level plume from geothermal vents in New Zealand. The mean rate constant for the reaction was 3.5 ± 1.3 × 10⁻³ min⁻¹ which produced a mean lifetime for H₂S oxidation of 500 ± 240 min. It is likely that the major oxidant of H₂S in the atmosphere is the OH radical, but it is also necessary to consider additional unknown mechanisms to fully explain the results.     

Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and 4-chlorophenol in the presence of modified activated carbons

The objective of this research was to examine the heterogeneous catalytic decomposition of H(2)O(2) and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in the presence of activated carbons modified with chemical pretreatments. The decomposition of H(2)O(2) was suppressed significantly by the change of surface properties including the decreased pH(pzc) modified with oxidizing agent and the reduced active sites occupied by the adsorption of 4-CP. The apparent reaction rate of H(2)O(2) decomposition was dominated by the intrinsic reaction rates on the surface of activated carbon rather than the mass transfer rate of H(2)O(2) to the solid surface. By the detection of chloride ion in suspension, the reduction of 4-CP was not only attributed to the advanced adsorption but also the degradation of 4-CP. The catalytic activity toward 4-CP for the activated carbon followed the inverse sequence of the activity toward H(2)O(2), suggesting that acidic surface functional group could retard the H(2)O(2) loss and reduce the effect of surface scavenging resulting in the increase of the 4-CP degradation efficiency. Few effective radicals were expected to react with 4-CP for the strong effect of surface scavenging, which could explain why the degradation rate of 4-CP observed in this study was so slow and the dechlorination efficiency was independent of the 4-CP concentration in aqueous phase. Results show that the combination of H(2)O(2) and granular activated carbon (GAC) did increase the total removal of 4-CP than that by single GAC adsorption.     

Catalytic wet-air oxidation of a chemical plant wastewater over platinum-based catalysts.

Catalytic wet-air oxidation (CWAO) of wastewater (chemical oxygen demand [COD] = 1800 mg O2/dm3) from a fine chemicals plant was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor at T = 393-473 K under total pressure of 5.0 or 8.0 MPa. Catalysts containing 0.3% wt. of platinum deposited on two supports, mixed silica-titania (SM1) and carbon black composites (CBC) were used. The CBC-supported catalyst appeared to be more active than the SM1-supported one. A slow decrease of activity of the platinum on SM1 (Pt-SM1) during the long-term operation is attributed to recrystallization of titania and leaching of a support component, while the Pt-CBC catalyst is deteriorated, owing to combustion of the support component. The power-law-kinetic equations were used to describe the rate of COD removal at CWAO over the catalysts. The kinetic parameters of COD reduction for the wastewater were determined and compared with the kinetic parameters describing phenol oxidation over the same catalysts. Rates of COD removal for the wastewater were found higher than those for phenol oxidation over the same catalysts and under identical operating conditions.     

Catalytic oxidation of gaseous PCDD/Fs with ozone over iron oxide catalysts

Catalytic oxidation of PCDD/Fs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) with ozone (catalytic ozonation) over nano-sized iron oxides (denoted as FexOy) was carried out at temperature of 120-180 degrees C. The effects of operating temperature, ozone concentration, space velocity (SV) and water vapor contents on PCDD/F removal and destruction efficiencies via catalytic ozonation were investigated. High activity of the iron oxide catalyst towards PCDD/F decomposition was observed even at low temperatures with the aid of ozone. The PCDD/F removal and destruction efficiencies achieved with FexOy/O3 at 180 degrees C reach 94% and 91%, respectively. In the absence of ozone, the destruction efficiencies of all PCDD/F congeners are below 20% and decrease with increasing chlorination level of PCDD/F congener at lower temperature (120 degrees C). However, in the presence of ozone, the destruction efficiencies of all PCDD/F congeners are over 80% on FexOy/O3 at 180 degrees C. Higher temperature and ozone addition increase the activity of iron oxide for the decomposition of PCDD/Fs. Additionally, in the presence of 5% water vapor, the destruction efficiency of the PCDD/Fs is above 90% even at lower operating temperature (150 degrees C). It indicates that the presence of appropriate amount of water vapor enhances the catalytic activity for the decomposition of gas-phase PCDD/Fs.     

Cr-Ce/Al2O3催化剂对挥发性有机物的催化降解

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同铬铈负载量和铬铈负载比例的Cr-Ce/Al2O3催化剂,采用XRD、BET、NH3-TPD以及H2-TPR对所制得的催化剂进行表征。在空速为15 000 h-1、挥发性有机物体积分数为1 500 μL·L-1的条件下,于固定床反应器上考察了催化剂在三氯乙烯(TCE)催化氧化降解反应中的催化活性。实验结果表明,Cr-Ce/Al2O3(5%,10%)系列催化剂具有较好的低温催化降解三氯乙烯活性,其中Cr-Ce/Al2O3(5%,10%)活性最高,在271.3 ℃时可将尾气中90%的三氯乙烯降解。催化剂反应800 min后活性仅有轻微下降,说明该催化剂具有较好的稳定性。此外,将该催化剂用于其他VOCs催化降解反应中同样具有较好的活性,在350 ℃时可以将尾气中VOCs完全降解。     

Photocatalytic hydrogen generation in the presence of chloroacetic acids over Pt/TiO2

In the presence of chloroacetic acids, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and decomposition of the pollutants over Pt/TiO2 have been investigated. The Pt/TiO2 was prepared by photodeposition. Monochloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid enhance photocatalytic hydrogen generation, whereas trichloroacetic acid does not. The photocatalytic oxidation of monochloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid mainly produces CO2, HCl and formaldehyde, whereas the photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroacetic acid mainly produces CO2 and HCl. The effect of the concentration of monochloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid on the hydrogen generation rate is consistent with a Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. A possible reaction mechanism was discussed.     

富氧条件下流化床内Ru基双贵金属催化去除碳颗粒

采用等体积浸渍法制备了系列Ru基双贵金属催化剂.利用程序升温技术研究了富氧条件下Ru基双贵金属催化剂催化氧化碳颗粒的反应,考察了双贵金属活性组分比例、载体以及双贵金属组合对催化活性的影响.还对固定床与流化床内碳颗粒氧化进行了比较,分析了流化床内碳颗粒低温氧化的原因.结果表明,双贵金属摩尔比为1∶1时具有较高的催化活性,复合载体TiO2/SiO2更易与双贵金属组分形成协同效应,不同贵金属取代形成的双贵金属催化剂中,Ru-X/TiO2/SiO2(X=Rh、Ag和Ir)的催化活性较高.与固定床相比,流化床因其良好的传热和传质特性,使得碳颗粒催化氧化温度最多可降低50℃左右.流化床是一种类似于尾气中气流流动状态的反应装置,具有潜在的应用前景.     

Catalytic reduction of N2O over Ag-Pd/Al2O3 bimetallic catalysts

A study of the catalytic conversion of N2O to N2 over a bimetallic Ag-Pd catalyst is described in this article. Several Ag-Pd catalytic systems were prepared supported on Al2O3 with different ratios and their catalytic activity for the direct decomposition of N2O and their reduction with CO was measured. Based on the experimental results, it was observed that Ag-Pd bimetallic catalyst (5-0.5%) was the most active for both nitrous oxide reduction and direct decomposition. This high activity seems to be connected with a synergistic effect between Ag and Pd.     

固体超强酸和金属氧化物类催化剂上CH4-SCR还原NOx研究进展

由于还原剂甲烷价廉易得,甲烷选择性催化还原NOx（简称CH4-SCR）被认为是最有潜力替代NH3-SCR的催化还原技术。现有的CH4-SCR催化剂中,分子筛类催化剂因催化活性高而被广泛研究,但由于其水热稳定性不好,使得非分子筛负载的催化剂成为近年来的研究热点,其中主要包括固体超强酸和氧化物两大类。综述了这两类催化体系在催化活性、反应机理及掺杂改性等方面的研究现状,比较了各种催化剂的优缺点,并对CH4-SCR的发展前景进行了展望。     

Catalytic wet air oxidation of bisphenol A solution in a batch-recycle trickle-bed reactor over titanate nanotube-based catalysts

Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) is classified as an advanced oxidation process, which proved to be highly efficient for the removal of emerging organic pollutant bisphenol A (BPA) from water. In this study, BPA was successfully removed in a batch-recycle trickle-bed reactor over bare titanate nanotube-based catalysts at very short space time of 0.6 min g_CAT?g^?1. The as-prepared titanate nanotubes, which underwent heat treatment at 600 °C, showed high activity for the removal of aqueous BPA. Liquid-phase recycling (5- or 10-fold recycle) enabled complete BPA conversion already at 200 °C, together with high conversion of total organic carbon (TOC), i.e., 73 and 98 %, respectively. The catalyst was chemically stable in the given range of operating conditions for 189 h on stream.     

Biotransformation of cyanide to methane and ammonia by Klebsiella oxytoca

Klebsiella oxytoca, isolated from cyanide-containing industrial wastewater, was shown to be able to biodegrade cyanide to non-toxic endproducts using cyanide as the sole nitrogen source. In this study, ammonia was one of the detected endproduct of cyanide biodegradation by the concentrated resting cells of K. oxytoca. Moreover, cyanide has been shown to be biotransformed to methane through the actions of concentrated resting cells. Biodegradation of cyanide by cell-free extracts was not observed, which might be due to the inactivation of nitrogenase (an oxygen-labial enzyme) caused by the oxygen exposure after cell disruption. Results show that the cyanide consumption by resting cells of K. oxytoca was induced when the pretreatment of these cells with cyanide was conducted. However, the cyanide-degrading capability of resting cells pretreated with ammonia was inhibited. The inhibition of cyanide degradation by resting cells of K. oxytoca was affected by the ammonia concentration. This might result from the suppression of nitrogenase activity of K. oxytoca by ammonia since nitrogenase was suggested to be the sole cyanide-degrading enzyme during the cyanide degradation process. Results from this study also show that the processes of cyanide biodegradation and ammonia production by resting cells occurred simultaneously. This suggests that the utilization of cyanide as nitrogen source by K. oxytoca might proceed using ammonia as an assimilatory substrate.     

Effects of ammonia on methane oxidation in landfill cover materials

The effects of ammonia (NH₃) on CH₄ attenuation in landfill cover materials consisting of landfill cover soil (LCS) and aged municipal solid waste (AMSW), at different CH₄ concentrations, were investigated. The CH₄ oxidation capacities of LCS and AMSW were found to be significantly affected by the CH₄ concentration. The maximum oxidation rates for LCS and AMSW were obtained at CH₄ concentrations of 5 % and 20 %(v/v), respectively, within 20 days. CH₄ biological oxidation in AMSW was significantly inhibited by NH₃ at low CH₄ concentrations (5 %, v/v) but highly stimulated at high levels (20 % and 50 %, v/v). Oxidation in LCS was stimulated by NH₃ at all CH₄ concentrations due to the higher conversion of the nitrogen in NH₃ in AMSW than in LCS. NH₃ increases CH₄ oxidation in landfill cover materials.     

Fe-Mn基分子筛催化剂NH3低温选择性催化还原NO性能

采用柠檬酸法制备了不同Fe和Mn含量的Fe-Mn/HBeta催化剂,采用BET、XRD、SEM和XPS等方法对不同催化剂的特征参数进行表征,以氨气为还原剂,在空速为5 000 h-1的条件下,考察了活性成分负载量和焙烧温度对其活性的影响;探讨了催化剂的抗水抗硫性能.研究结果表明,焙烧温度为550℃、6%Fe-6%Mn/HBeta催化剂具有相对较优的催化活性,反应温度为90~230℃时,NO转化率为63.9%~96.99%,比表面积、孔体积和平均孔径分别为356.19 m2/g、0.61 cm3/g和16.83 nm,活性成分在催化剂表面高度分散,催化剂表面Mn主要以Mn3+和Mn4+存在,且以Mn4+居多;反应温度为180℃条件下,6%Fe-6%Mn/HBeta催化剂具有较好的抗水能力和同时抗水抗SO2能力,但单独抗SO2能力较差.     

新型Cu-Co-O_x催化剂的制备及其催化燃烧甲苯的性能研究

采用浸渍法制备自制载体负载复合金属氧化物Cu-Co-Ox催化剂。研究了Cu-Co-Ox催化剂催化燃烧甲苯的活性。分别考察了Cu-Co-Ox负载量、Cu/Co(摩尔比)及焙烧温度对催化燃烧甲苯活性的影响,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)及扫描电镜(SEM)等表征技术,分别对复合金属氧化物Cu-Co-Ox的晶型与结晶形貌进行了分析。结果表明,焙烧温度为600℃,Cu-Co-Ox负载量为5%(质量分数),Cu/Co为1∶2时,Cu-Co-Ox催化燃烧甲苯的活性最高。当反应温度为250℃,甲苯的转化率达到95%以上。XRD分析表明,Cu-Co-Ox催化剂主要活性相为CuCo2O4尖晶石。