地膜覆盖对菜地土壤剖面温室气体的影响

为了解地膜覆盖对菜地剖面温室气体的影响,本研究利用扩散箱法测定了2014-2015年西南地区辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地10、20和30 cm土壤剖面的CH4、CO2和N2O的浓度.结果表明,整个观测季覆膜(F)和不覆膜(NF)处理土壤剖面的CH4浓度均随土壤深度增加而降低.与NF相比,覆膜极显著提高了辣椒季30 cm土层的CH...     

秸秆覆盖条件下小麦生长季根系呼吸对土壤呼吸作用的贡献

在紫色土丘陵区连续6年进行秸秆覆盖试验的"旱三熟"农田系统中,于2012年12月—2013年4月小麦生长季内对土壤呼吸进行测定,并对小麦根系生物量、土壤温度、土壤水分和土壤有机碳含量等指标进行监测,以分析土壤呼吸动态变化的影响因素.结果表明,秸秆覆盖措施显著提高了土壤呼吸速率,秸秆覆盖(S)和秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(SD)处理分别比对照(CK)增加了45.0%和29.4%.曲线估计表明,土壤呼吸作用与根系生物量呈显著线性关系,通过建立二者的线性回归方程,采用生物量外推法估算小麦根系呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例,在分蘖期(2012年12月)、拔节期(2013年1月)、抽穗期(2012年3月)和灌浆期(2013年4月),根系呼吸分别占土壤呼吸的28.2%、44.0%、56.9%、56.2%,平均贡献为46.3%,并呈先增加再降低的趋势,在抽穗期达到最大,与根系生物量的变化同步.按照不同处理建立根系生物量与土壤呼吸间的线性回归方程,经计算得出CK、S和SD 3个处理中,根系呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例分别为42.9%、43.8%和43.7%,秸秆覆盖对根系呼吸作用比例无显著影响.     

Unraveling the size distributions of surface properties for purple soil and yellow soil

Soils contain diverse colloidal particles whose properties are pertinent to ecological and human health, whereas few investigations systematically analyze the surface properties of these particles. The objective of this study was to elucidate the surface properties of particles within targeted size ranges (i.e. > 10, 1–10, 0.5–1, 0.2–0.5 and < 0.2 μm) for a purple soil (Entisol) and a yellow soil (Ultisol) using the combined determination method. The mineralogy of corresponding particle-size fractions was determined by X-ray diffraction. We found that up to 80% of the specific surface area and 85% of the surface charge of the entire soil came from colloidal-sized particles (< 1 μm), and almost half of the specific surface area and surface charge came from the smallest particles (< 0.2 μm). Vermiculite, illite, montmorillonite and mica dominated in the colloidal-sized particles, of which the smallest particles had the highest proportion of vermiculite and montmorillonite. For a given size fraction, the purple soil had a larger specific surface area, stronger electrostatic field, and higher surface charge than the yellow soil due to differences in mineralogy. Likewise, the differences in surface properties among the various particle-size fractions can also be ascribed to mineralogy. Our results indicated that soil surface properties were essentially determined by the colloidal-sized particles, and the < 0.2 μm nanoparticles made the largest contribution to soil properties. The composition of clay minerals within the diverse particle-size fractions could fully explain the size distributions of surface properties.     

Unraveling the size distributions of surface properties for purple soil and yellow soil

Soils contain diverse colloidal particles whose properties are pertinent to ecological and human health, whereas few investigations systematically analyze the surface properties of these particles. The objective of this study was to elucidate the surface properties of particles within targeted size ranges(i.e. 10, 1–10, 0.5–1, 0.2–0.5 and 0.2 μm) for a purple soil(Entisol) and a yellow soil(Ultisol) using the combined determination method. The mineralogy of corresponding particle-size fractions was determined by X-ray diffraction.We found that up to 80% of the specific surface area and 85% of the surface charge of the entire soil came from colloidal-sized particles( 1 μm), and almost half of the specific surface area and surface charge came from the smallest particles( 0.2 μm). Vermiculite,illite, montmorillonite and mica dominated in the colloidal-sized particles, of which the smallest particles had the highest proportion of vermiculite and montmorillonite. For a given size fraction, the purple soil had a larger specific surface area, stronger electrostatic field, and higher surface charge than the yellow soil due to differences in mineralogy.Likewise, the differences in surface properties among the various particle-size fractions can also be ascribed to mineralogy. Our results indicated that soil surface properties were essentially determined by the colloidal-sized particles, and the 0.2 μm nanoparticles made the largest contribution to soil properties. The composition of clay minerals within the diverse particle-size fractions could fully explain the size distributions of surface properties.     

Release and sedimentation behaviors of biochar colloids in soil solutions

The release of biochar colloids considerably affects the stability of biochar in environment. Currently, information on the release behavior and suspension stability of biochar colloids in real soil solutions is scarce. In this study, 20 soils were collected from different districts in China and the release behavior of biochar colloids and their suspension stability in soil solutions were systematically examined. The results showed that both pyrolysis temperature and biomass source had important effects on the formation of biochar colloids in soil solutions. The formation amount of biochar colloids from low pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C) (average amount of 9.33–16.41 mg/g) were significantly higher than those from high pyrolysis temperatures (700 °C) (average amount of less than 2 mg/g). The formation amount of wheat straw-derived biochar colloids were higher than those of rice straw-derived biochar colloids probably due to the higher O/C ratio in wheat-straw biochar. Further, biochar colloidal formation amount was negatively correlated with comprehensive effect of dissolved organic carbon, Fe and Al in soil solutions. The sedimentation curve of biochar colloids in soil solutions is well described by an exponential model and demonstrated high suspension stability. Around 40% of the biochar colloids were maintained in the suspension at the final sedimentation equilibrium. The settling efficiency of biochar colloids was positively correlated with comprehensive effect of the ionic strength and K, Ca, Na, and Mg contents in soil solutions. Our findings help promote a deeper understanding of biochar loss and stability in the soil-water environment.     

Environmental behaviors of selenium in soil of typical selenosis area, China

Daba Mountain area is one of the two endemic selenosis areas in China,which may relate with the environmental behaviors of selenium (Se) in soil.This study focuses on the concentraion and distribution of Se and its relationships with some other elements in natural soil in the area.The average concentration of Se in Daba Mountain soils was 14.3 times higher than the value cited for natural soil background worldwide,suggesting that soils in the region were contaminated by the element.The finding was confir...     

降雨-径流过程中土壤表层磷迁移过程的模拟研究

以人工降雨的方法，对巢湖边旱作表层土壤在降雨后所产生的磷迁移过程进行了研究，结果表明：在两种雨强植（70mm和35mm）90min内模拟的降雨过程中，供试的土壤产生两种径流模式：表面径流和土壤内部培中流，降雨强度大，表面径流和壤中流始流时间早，水流量和深度相应高，累积输出也多，相同雨强下，农田作物的覆盖作用胡促进壤中流，减缓表面流，但对始流时间的影响不大，4种模拟土类型的表面径流累积输出的大小顺序为：BN70（降雨量70mm，盖度为0）＞BC70（降雨量70mm，盖度为80％）＞BN35（降雨量35mm，盖度为０）＞ＢＣ３５（降雨量７０mm，盖度为０）＞ＢＣ７０（降雨量７０mm，盖度为８０％）＞ＢＮ３５（降雨量３５mm，盖度为０）＞ＢＣ３５（降雨量35mm,盖度为８０％），培中流的量序为：ＹＣ７０＞ＹＮ７０＞ＹＣ３５＞ＹＮ３５，裸露土壤的总磷浓度曲线呈波浪状递减，作物覆盖土壤则呈均匀缓慢的递减趋势，土壤物理结构和作特特征对溶解性总磷的变化趋势起主导作用，在中到大雨条件下，壤中累积输出的径流量都低于表面流，差幅决定于土培表层界面特征，表面径流中的磷迁移量是土壤中流的３－４倍。     

Trend surface analysis of forest landscape pattern in Guandishan forest region of Shanxi,China

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Managing crop residues, fertilizers and leaf litters to improve soil C, nutrient balances, and the grain yield of rice and wheat cropping systems in Thailand and Australia

This paper reports on the influence that residue and fertilizer management have on nutrient balances, soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics, and crop yields of a flooded rice system in northeast Thailand (1992–1997) and a wheat–forage legume rotation in eastern Australia (1992–1998). Both soils had been subject to at least 18 years of cultivation and had lost up to 90% of the original labile (C_L) and 85% of the total carbon (C_T).For the rainfed rice cropping systems of northeast Thailand, a system is described in which small applications of leaf litter from locally grown trees are applied annually to rice paddy soils prior to transplanting. Annual applications of 1500 kg ha⁻¹ of leaf litter from different locally grown shrubs for five seasons resulted in increases in rice grain yield in 1997 of between 20 and 26% above the no-leaf litter control. Nutrient balances, determined by the difference between the inputs (fertilizer and added leaf litters) and outputs (grain and straw), indicated net positive balances of up to 457 kg N ha⁻¹, and 60 kg P ha⁻¹, after five seasons of leaf litter applications. Sulfur and potassium balances resulted in net deficits of up to −13 kg S ha⁻¹ and −52 kg P ha⁻¹, where no leaf litter was applied and rice straw was removed following harvest. Soil carbon (C) concentrations increased significantly only where higher fertilizer rate and rice stubble retention were combined.The poor management of fertilizers and crop residues, and excessive cultivation has also resulted in large soil fertility losses in the grain growing areas of Eastern Australia. After five wheat and two legume/fallow crops, negative N balances of up to −303 kg ha⁻¹ were calculated for the treatments where wheat stubble was not retained and bare fallow leys were used. The balance of nutrients such as K, which are contained in larger proportions in stubble, were found to be up to −362 kg ha⁻¹ on the straw-removed treatments and up to +29 kg ha⁻¹ on the straw-retained treatments. Forage legume leys resulted in short term increases in C_L and the carbon management index (CMI).Sustainable farming systems require that crop yields are stable through the maintenance of soil fertility and the balance of nutrients in the system. Increases in soil C levels require sustained periods of balanced fertilization and residue retention.     

Modelling soil organic carbon dynamics in two long-term experiments of north-eastern Italy

Simulation models are widely used to assess the impacts of management and environmental variables on soil organic matter dynamics, to address questions on ecosystem sustainability and carbon cycling under global change. We tested the Century ecosystem model for two long-term experiments in north-eastern Italy: one (SF) comparing nutrient management treatments in small confined plots containing widely contrasting soil types (i.e., sandy, clay and peat) and the other (CR) involving a field study with crop rotation, nutrient, and management intensity variables. The organic matter changes in the SF experiment, showed a strong, linear relationship with C inputs from crop residues and added manures in the sand and clay soils, which was closely mimicked by the model. There was a net loss of soil C for all treatments in the peat soil, but the rate and overall magnitude of C losses were accurately simulated by the model, which suggested that treatment effects on soil C inputs was the major determinant of SOC dynamics in all three soils. In the CR experiment the model reasonably simulated the large initial decline (averaging about 30% of initial levels) in SOC observed in all treatments, as well as mean treatment effects over the course of the experiment. The model predicted a general pattern of higher SOC in the high management intensity, high fertility treatment combinations and lower SOC in the low management intensity, low fertility treatments; however, observed soil C did not show a clear pattern related to the treatments. Simulated soil C contents were linearly related to C input levels in the different treatments while there was no significant relationship between measured soil C and C inputs based on observed data.     

乌鲁木齐地区土壤中有机氯农药残留特征及来源分析

在乌鲁木齐地区,采集了28个表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱法对土壤中有机氯农药残留进行了分析,揭示了乌鲁木齐地区土壤中有机氯农药的残留水平,分布及来源.结果表明,研究区域内土壤中DDTs,HCHs和甲氧滴滴涕均有较高的检出率(68%~93%),是土壤中的主要污染物.乌鲁木齐表层土壤中OCPs的含量在16.40~84.86μg/kg,平均值为(41.89±16.25)μg/kg.有机氯组成特征表明,土壤中有机氯农药残留主要来源于历史上的使用.土壤有机碳是影响有机氯分布的重要因素.与国内外同类研究及中国土壤环境质量标准相比较发现,研究区土壤中DDTs、HCHs的残留均处于较低水平.     

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil experimentally contaminated with Pb,Cd, Cu and Zn together and effects on soil negative surface charge

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil subsamples experimentally loaded with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in orthogonal design was investigated by sequential extraction, and operationally defined as water-soluble and exchangeable(SE), weakly specific adsorbed( WSA),Fe and Mn oxides-bound(OX) and organic-bound( ORG). The results showed that fractions of heavy metals in the soil subsamples depended on their speciation. About 90% of Cd and 75% of Zn existed in soil subsamples in the SE fraction. Lead and Cu existed in soil subsamples as SE, WSA and OX fractions simultaneously, although SE was still the major fraction. Organic-bound heavy metals were not clearly apparent in all the soil subsamples. The concentration of some heavy metal fractions in soil subsamples showed the good correlation with ionic impulsion of soil, especially for the SE fraction. Continuous saturation of soil subsamples with 0.20 mol/L NH4CI, which is the first step for determination of the negative surface charge of soil by the ion retention method, resulted in desorption of certain heavy metals from the soil. It was found that the percentage desorption of heavy metals from soil subsamples depended greatly on pH, the composition and original heavy metal content of the soil subsamples. However, most of the heavy metals in the soil subsamples were still be retained after multiple saturation. Compared with the parent soil, the negative surface charge of soil subsamples loaded with heavy metals did not show difference significantly from that of the parent one by statistical analysis. Heavy metals existed in the soil subsamples mainly as exchangeable and precipitated simultaneously.     

雪玉洞表土有机氯农药的分布及来源研究

为研究有机氯农药(OCPs)在重庆丰都雪玉洞表土中的水平分布趋势、组成特征和来源,采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析了10个代表性表层土样中18种OCPs.结果表明,研究区表层土壤中18种OCPs除o,p'-DDD、ε-HCH、艾氏剂和狄氏剂外均有不同程度的检出,其中,HCH、DDT、七氯和甲氧滴滴涕的检出率高达100%,是主要的污染物.土壤中总有机氯农药的含量范围为1.24~750.56 ng·g^-1,平均值为79.57 ng·g^-1.DDTs和HCHs可能分别来自于工业DDTs和林丹的非法使用,并且近期可能有新的输入.通过相关分析得出,研究区10个采样点有机氯农药基本具有相同的来源,并且土壤有机碳是影响有机氯农药分布的重要因素.对比中国的土壤质量标准(GB15618-95)发现,研究区土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留均处于较低水平.由于岩溶地区地表土层厚度分布不连续,且地下岩溶形态较为发育,有机氯农药可能通过裂隙或落水洞进入地下河系统,对洞穴滴水和地下河水造成潜在的污染风险.     

重庆几种地表类型土/气界面汞交换通量

应用RA915+汞分析仪与动力通量箱(DFC)联用技术,在重庆市不同区域选取几种地表类型(3个林地、2个草地和1个耕地)进行了土气界面间汞交换通量的研究.结果表明,汞交换通量范围为-59～733.8ng·m-2·h-1,平均值为115.8ng·m-2·h-1,汞交换通量大小顺序为污染区(气象站)>裸地(耕地)>大学园区(草地)>清洁区(林地).土壤汞含量、光照强度、相对湿度、土壤温度等环境因素对汞交换通量有较大影响.同时对区域汞释放进行了初步的估算,2003年重庆市从林地、耕地(旱地)和草地释放到大气中的总汞量约为791kg,释放强度为17.1g·km-2·a-1.     

大清河流域表层土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源分析

采集大清河流域72个表层七壤(0～20cm)样品,利用GC/MS分析技术,研究了土壤中16种优控多环芳烃的含量和组分特征,根据多环芳烃分布特征和苯并[a]蒽/(苯并[a]蒽+麓)和荧葸/(荧蒽+芘)比值分析了其污染来源,并初步评价了其污染水平.结果表明,表层土壤中16种多环芳烃含量范围为54.2-3231.6μg·kg-1,均值和中位数分别为405.1和233.2μg·kg-1.多环芳烃组分特征表现出以萘、菲等2-3环多环芳烃为主,其含量占到总含量的49%,4环和5～6环含量分别为31%和20%.大清河流域土壤多环芳烃污染主要来自于燃烧源,并表现出以生物质和煤的燃烧为主要来源的特征.相对于国内外其它地区多环芳烃检测结果和土壤标准,大清河流域土壤多环芳烃处于中等偏低污染水平,Nap和Fla是主要的超标化合物.     

Characterization of soil fauna under the influence of mercury atmospheric deposition in Atlantic Forest,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

The increasing levels of mercury (Hg) found in the atmosphere arising from anthropogenic sources, have been the object of great concern in the past two decades in industrialized countries. Brazil is the seventh country with the highest rate of mercury in the atmosphere. The major input of Hg to ecosystems is through atmospheric deposition (wet and dry), being transported in the atmosphere over large distances. The forest biomes are of strong importance in the atmosphere/soil cycling of elemental Hg through foliar uptake and subsequent transference to the soil through litter, playing an important role as sink of this element. Soil microarthropods are keys to understanding the soil ecosystem, and for such purpose were characterized by the soil fauna of two Units of Forest Conservation of the state of the Rio de Janeiro, inwhich one of the areas suffer quite interference from petrochemicals and industrial anthropogenic activities and other area almost exempts of these perturbations. The results showed that soil and litter of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil tend to stock high mercury concentrations, which could affect the abundance and richness of soil fauna, endangering its biodiversity and thereby the functioning of ecosystems.     

Characterization of soil fauna under the influence of mercury atmospheric deposition in Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The increasing levels of mercury (Hg) found in the atmosphere arising from anthropogenic sources, have been the object of great concern in the past two decades in industrialized countries. Brazil is the seventh country with the highest rate of mercury in the atmosphere. The major input of Hg to ecosystems is through atmospheric deposition (wet and dry), being transported in the atmosphere over large distances. The forest biomes are of strong importance in the atmosphere/soil cycling of elemental Hg through foliar uptake and subsequent transference to the soil through litter, playing an important role as sink of this element. Soil microarthropods are keys to understanding the soil ecosystem, and for such purpose were characterized by the soil fauna of two Units of Forest Conservation of the state of the Rio de Janeiro, inwhich one of the areas suffer quite interference from petrochemicals and industrial anthropogenic activities and other area almost exempts of these perturbations. The results showed that soil and litter of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil tend to stock high mercury concentrations, which could affect the abundance and richness of soil fauna, endangering its biodiversity and thereby the functioning of ecosystems.     

长江表层土壤多氯联苯污染特征及风险评价

采用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对长江流域13个干流断面及18个支流断面处沿岸表层土壤样品中的多氯联苯（PCBs）进行测定,分析其残留特征、污染来源和健康风险.结果表明,长江流域表层土中ΣPCBs的含量范围为：1.05~50.11ng/g dw,平均值为5.71ng/g dw,含量处于较低污染水平.干流的PCBs含量从上游到下游呈现逐渐增大的趋势,且PCBs在宜昌、岳阳、武汉、重庆等二三线城市总含量较高.PCB 17,PCB 18,PCB 44,PCB 74,PCB 87的检出率较高,三氯联苯、四氯联苯是主要的同系物,表明长江流域表层土壤主要以低氯联苯污染为主.主成分分析表明研究区域PCBs主要来自于1号国产变压器油、Aorclor 1242、1248、大气沉降及地表径流的混合污染源;对长江流域表层土壤健康风险评价表明,PCBs存在较小健康风险,呼吸摄入潜在风险低于经口摄入及皮肤接触.     

金川矿区表土金属空间污染特征及磁学响应

采集金川铜镍矿区及周边表层土壤样品26个,基于环境磁学方法对样品开展了金属元素（Cu、Ni、Cr、Fe、Sr、Ti、Pb和Mn）的含量分析及相关分析,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗污染指数评价方法对研究区域表土金属污染状况进行评价.研究区域表土磁学特征与金属元素含量呈明显空间分布差异,体现为：矿区源地 > 加工区域 > 繁忙路段 > 门岗区域 > 其他区域;受Cu和Ni元素污染的土壤样品为重度污染,Cr、Pb、Ti、Sr等金属为轻度污染和中度污染;χ_lf、SIRM、χ_ARM和HIRM数值相对较高,表明研究区域亚铁磁性矿物含量较高;研究区表层土壤样品磁晶粒度特征以较粗的假单畴（PSD）和多畴（MD）颗粒为主导;相关分析结果表明Cu、Ni、Cr、Fe、Pb和Mn元素之间皆存在较好的相关性,其中Cu、Ni显著（R=0.91）;χ_lf和SIRM、χ_ARM与各金属的相关性较为突出（0.52≤R≤0.78）,表明磁参数可有效监测城市表土重金属污染状况,快速圈定重金属污染的区域与范围,为城市表土污染监测工作提供快速有效的数据支持.     

不同恢复模式下红壤区森林植被盖度变化的阈值效应分析

植被恢复过程中乔木层与灌草层变化的阈值效应往往决定着生态恢复工程的成败,若忽视这一效应可能会引发其他生态问题。为了进一步促进我国森林生态系统植被恢复建设,填补相关研究空白,研究了典型红壤区自然和人工恢复模式下乔木层和灌草层盖度的动态变化特征,基于前沿的生态阈值评估框架,利用线性模型和三种阈值模型（包括分段回归模型、阶跃函数模型以及通用模型）评估了不同恢复模式下两种盖度指标之间的阈值效应。模型评估结果的后验分布形式表明：在人工恢复乔木层与灌草层盖度之间存在阈值效应,而在自然恢复模式下则不存在;通过比较各个模型评估结果的精度可知,分段回归模型结果更加准确;进一步利用分段回归模型得出,当前人工恢复样地中乔木层盖度的阈值为42.85%（95%的置信区间为41.57%~44.13%）,此时灌草盖度为58.75%,若超过乔木层盖度阈值会使得灌草层盖度开始降低。研究结果对促进我国红壤区人工林生态系统的结构改善具有较高的参考价值。