二级处理出水的UV-TiO2消毒及大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌光复活试验

对污水处理厂二级处理出水进行UV和UV-TiO2光催化消毒,研究了复活光强度(0~41μW·cm-2)对不同方法消毒后水中大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌复活的影响.结果表明,UV-TiO2消毒效率远高于单纯的UV消毒.大肠杆菌经UV-TiO2消毒后,只有在较强的复活光照射下才会产生一定的光复活,而单纯UV消毒后即使在较低的复活光强下也会出现较强的光复活.UVTiO2消毒对粪肠球菌的光复活现象抑制明显,在小于21μW·cm-2的低复活光照射下粪肠球菌经72 h照射后几乎不发生光复活现象,只有在较强的复活光照射下才会产生一定的光复活.     

Biodegradation of indole by a newly isolated Cupriavidus sp. SHE

Indole, a typical nitrogen heterocyclic aromatic pollutant, is extensively spread in industrial wastewater. Microbial degradation has been proven to be a feasible approach to remove indole, whereas the microbial resources are fairly limited. A bacterial strain designated as SHE was isolated and found to be an efficient indole degrader. It was identified as Cupriavidus sp. according to 16S rRNA gene analysis. Strain SHE could utilize indole as the sole carbon source and almost completely degrade 100 mg/L of indole within 24 hr. It still harbored relatively high indole degradation capacity within pH 4–9 and temperature 25°C–35°C. Experiments also showed that some heavy metals such as Mn^2 +, Pb^2 + and Co^2 + did not pose severe inhibition on indole degradation. Based on high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrum analysis, isatin was identified as a minor intermediate during the process of indole biodegradation. A major yellow product with m/z 265.0605 (C₁₅H₈N₂O₃) was generated and accumulated, suggesting a novel indole conversion pathway existed. Genome analysis of strain SHE indicated that there existed a rich set of oxidoreductases, which might be the key reason for the efficient degradation of indole. The robust degradation ability of strain SHE makes it a promising candidate for the treatment of indole containing wastewater.     

Biodegradation of pendimethalin by Bacillus subtilis Y3

A bacterium strain Y3,capable of efficiently degrading pendimethalin,was isolated from activated sludge and identified as Bacillus subtilis according to its phenotypic features and 16 S rRNA phylogenetic analysis.This strain could grow on pendimethalin as a sole carbon source and degrade 99.5%of 100 mg/L pendimethalin within 2.5 days in batch liquid culture,demonstrating a greater efficiency than any other reported strains.Three metabolic products,6-aminopendimethalin,5-amino-2-methyl-3-nitroso-4-(pentan-3-ylamino) benzoic acid,and 8-amino-2-ethyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-dihydroquinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid,were identified by HPLC-MS/MS,and a new microbial degradation pathway was proposed.A nitroreductase catalyzing nitroreduction of pendimethalin to 6-aminopendimethalin was detected in the cell lysate of strain Y3.The cofactor was nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) or more preferably nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH).The optimal temperature and pH for the nitroreductase were 30℃ and 7.5,respectively.Hg~(2+),Ni~(2+),Pb~(2+),Co~(2+),Mn~(2+) Cu~(2+),Ag~+,and EDTA severely inhibited the nitroreductase activity,whereas Fe~(2+),Mg~(2+),and Ca~(2+) enhanced it.This study provides an efficient pendimethalin-degrading microorganism and broadens the knowledge of the microbial degradation pathway of pendimethalin.     

Biodegradation of N,N-dimethylacetamide by Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 isolated from the rhizosphere of pagoda tree

The biodegradation characteristic and potential metabolic pathway for removal of environmental N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) by Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 was studied. Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 was isolated from the rhizosphere of a pagoda tree and proved capable of utilizing DMAC as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Batch culture studies showed that strain B83 could tolerate up to 25 g/L DMAC and showed distinct growth on possible catabolic intermediates except for acetate. The nitrogen balance analysis revealed that approximately 71% of the initial nitrogen was converted to organic nitrogen. DMAC degradation has led to accumulation of acetate and organic nitrogen, meanwhile traces of nitrate and ammonia was build-up but without nitrite. The growth of strain B83 could be inhibited by adding exogenous acetate. By means of the assay of enzymatic degradation of DMAC, several catabolic intermediates at different intervals were observed and identified. Based on the results obtained from culture solution and enzymatic degradation assay, a detailed pathway is proposed for DMAC biodegradation.     

Uptake of radioiodide by Paenibacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Burkholderia sp. and Rhodococcus sp. isolated from a boreal nutrient-poor bog

Radionuclides, like radioiodine(~(129)I), may escape deep geological nuclear waste repositories and migrate to the surface ecosystems. In surface ecosystems, microorganisms can affect their movement. Iodide uptake of six bacterial strains belonging to the genera Paenibacillus,Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Rhodococcus isolated from an acidic boreal nutrient-poor bog was tested. The tests were run in four different growth media at three temperatures. All bacterial strains removed iodide from the solution with the highest efficiency shown by one of the Paenibacillus strains with 99% of iodide removed from the solution in one of the used growth media. Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus and one of the two Paenibacillus strains showed highest iodide uptake in 1% yeast extract with maximum values for the distribution coefficient(K_d) ranging from 90 to 270 L/kg DW. The Burkholderia strain showed highest uptake in 1% Tryptone(maximum K_d170 L/kg DW). The Paenibacillus strain V0-1-LW showed exceptionally high uptake in 0.5% peptone + 0.25% yeast extract broth(maximum K_d 1,000,000 L/kg DW). Addition of 0.1% glucose to the 0.5% peptone + 0.25% yeast extract broth reduced iodide uptake at 4℃ and 20℃ and enhanced iodide uptake at 37℃ compared to the uptake without glucose. This indicates that the uptake of glucose and iodide may be competing processes in these bacteria. We estimated that in in situ conditions of the bog,the bacterial uptake of iodide accounts for approximately 0.1%–0.3% of the total sorption of iodide in the surface, subsurface peat, gyttja and clay layers.     

短短芽胞杆菌及其芽胞对芘的降解

考察短短芽胞杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis)菌体及芽胞对四环多环芳烃芘的降解性能.结果表明,菌体5 d内对1 mg·L-1芘的降解率可达53%.菌体和胞内酶降解芘过程中检测到1-羟基芘、9-羟基菲、α-萘酚和β-萘酚这4种单羟基降解产物,在完整菌体降解体系中,产物呈现先积累后下降的趋势,而在胞内粗酶液降解体系中,大分子代谢产物表现为一直积累的趋势,说明B.brevis完整菌体在降解初期并不具备一些中间产物的降解酶,但随着时间推移,可被诱导产生相关酶对生成的新产物进行进一步降解.芽胞悬液在添加芘的无机盐培养基中5 d内萌发生成的营养细胞可达到1.5×109个·L-1,对1 mg·L-1芘的降解率达到15%.     

简青霉(Penicillium simplicissimum)对木质纤维素的降解及相关酶活性特征

简青霉[Penicillium simplicissimum(Oudem.)Thom BGA]能分泌木质纤维素降解酶,其中半纤维素酶、纤维素酶、木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化酶和漆酶的最大酶活分别为146.82 Iu·g-1、2.78 U·g-1、47.97 U·g-1、34.56 U·g-1和17.94 U·g-1.实验结果和SPSS统计分析表明,简青霉产木质纤维素酶的能力与木质纤维素的结构有很大的关系,其对木质纤维素的降解可能是几种木质纤维素酶之间协同作用的结果.在30 d的固态发酵中,半纤维素含量与发酵天数呈显著负相关(r=-0.946,P<0.01),纤维素与木质素的降解趋势呈显著负相关(r=-0.818,P<0.05).木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶在降解木质素的同时对半纤维素和纤维素进行协同降解,是非选择性的木质素降解酶.木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶与纤维素酶之间呈显著相关(相关性依次为r=0.922,P<0.01;r=0.807,P<0.05).研究还发现生物吸附在简青霉对液态碱木质素的去除中起到了非常重要的作用.     

铜绿假单胞菌胞内酶粗提液对十溴联苯醚的降解

探讨了铜绿假单胞菌粗酶液对十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的降解特性,结果表明,该菌株胞内酶在12 h内对1 mg.L-1的BDE-209降解率达到了69.22%,温度、pH值、酶蛋白浓度及底物BDE-209浓度均会影响胞内酶粗提液对BDE-209的降解效率.当BDE-209浓度为1 mg.L-1时,BDE-209适宜的酶促降解条件为:温度30℃,反应pH值7.5,且降解率随着酶浓度的增加而增大.胞内酶对BDE-209的降解过程符合一级动力学反应模型,底物浓度为1 mg.L-1时降解速率最快,半衰期为6.9 h.胞内酶降解BDE-209符合高浓度底物抑制的酶促反应类型,其基本降解动力学参数为rmax=0.133 mg.(L.h)-1,Km=0.642mg.L-1,Ki=1.558 mg.L-1.     

胶质芽孢杆菌对印度芥菜富集土壤Cd及土壤pH的影响

采用根袋法盆栽试验,研究接种活菌量浓度分别为1×1010 cfu·kg-1 (T1)和2×1010 cfu·kg-1(T2)的胶质芽孢杆菌,对印度芥菜富集土壤Cd、土壤有效态Cd含量及土壤pH的影响.结果表明,以不接种菌液作为对照,处理T1、T2地上部分生物富集系数分别为13.58、16.83,与对照相比分别提高42.95％、77.16％;地下部分生物富集系数分别为4.35、4.83,分别比对照提高24.64％、38.40％;土壤的净化率分别是对照的1.73、2.20倍.对照组土壤有效态Cd含量随着时间的延长而降低,根际和非根际土壤分别降低32.93％和45.54％;但T1和T2处理中,根际、非根际土壤有效态Cd含量分别提高15.15％、31.73％和36.54％、45.28％.收获时,处理T1、T2根际土壤pH降低率分别是对照的1.08、1.10倍.不同浓度胶质芽孢杆菌处理下土壤pH与有效态Cd含量均呈显著负线性关系.综上,胶质芽孢杆菌主要是通过改变土壤pH来影响土壤Cd生物有效性,从而促进超富集植物的修复效果.本研究可为微生物辅助植物修复重金属污染土壤提供一定理论依据和实践指导.     

嗜盐拟香味菌Y6降解硝基苯的特性研究

研究拟香味菌Y6(Myroides odoratimimus strain)高盐条件下降解硝基苯的特性,拟解决高盐工业废水中硝基苯难降解问题.利用高效液相色谱测定硝基苯含量,分析高盐条件下温度、pH、硝基苯初始浓度、接种量、共代谢物等因素对菌Y6降解硝基苯特性的影响.结果表明,降解最佳条件为:pH值6,温度28℃,接种量D600=1,NaCl质量分数7%.在最佳降解条件下,菌株168 h内对100 mg·L-1和200 mg·L-1硝基苯降解率分别达到97.5%和65.7%.添加葡萄糖、淀粉和丙三醇对硝基苯降解均有促进作用,加入800 mg·L-1葡萄糖,其降解率达到93.3%(168 h,200 mg·L-1硝基苯).菌株Y6可用于硝基苯高盐工业废水的生物修复,这是首次报道耐盐拟香味菌降解硝基苯.     

一株解淀粉芽胞杆菌的分离鉴定及水质净化效果的研究

采用富集培养及摇瓶实验,从污染河沟底质活性污泥中分离筛选到1株对亚硝态有较强转化能力的菌株HN.经形态特征、生理生化特性、16S rDNA基因序列分析、细胞脂肪酸组成及Biolog全自动微生物鉴定系统分析,鉴定菌株HN为解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),并在3种模拟水体环境中对菌株HN的水质净化效果进行了初步研究.结果表明,该菌株在试验第4d能将高浓度模拟污水(水样Ⅰ)、鲫鱼养殖废水(水样Ⅱ)、鲤鱼和对虾养殖废水(水样Ⅲ)中初始浓度分别为6.47、1.20和4.50mg·L-1的亚硝态氮去除100%、46%和100%,而对照的转化率分别为-10.4%、-800%和16.0%,同时对硝态氮也表现较强的去除能力且基本不累积氨氮.环境耐受性试验表明,该菌株在20～45℃、pH5.0～10.0、海盐浓度0.5%～3.0%的范围内都能正常生长.研究认为,解淀粉芽胞杆菌HN能显著降低水体中亚硝态氮和硝态氮的含量,且环境耐受力强,有望将其开发成高效的水产养殖水体净化微生态制剂.     

一株降解荧蒽的铜绿假单胞菌的筛选鉴定及其特性

荧蒽是一种疏水性极强的高分子量多环芳烃,在环境中能持久存在且难以被微生物降解.本研究从石油污染土壤中分离获得一株能够以荧蒽为唯一碳源和能源而生长良好的菌株,命名为DN1.通过形态观察、生理生化特性鉴定及16S rRNA gene同源序列分析,鉴定其为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa).研究发现,菌株DN1的最适生长温度为34~37℃,最适p H为5.5~7.5,并具有良好的产鼠李糖脂能力,摇瓶培养7 d内最高产量可达22.90 g·L-1.DN1这一特性有利于荧蒽乳化进而促使其生物降解,0.50 g·L-1荧蒽14 d内的降解率达到90.2%.酶活检测显示,邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶活性显著高于邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶活性,表明其在荧蒽生物降解中起主导作用.     

模拟自然水体中藻-溞-草间的相互作用研究

为了解氮磷浓度对生物操纵效果及同时恢复水生植被的影响,以小球藻、大型溞和金鱼藻分别作为浮游植物、浮游动物和大型沉水植物的代表,模拟自然条件研究了不同氮磷浓度对三者生长和相互作用的影响.结果表明:金鱼藻和小球藻共培养时,在氮浓度介于2.92～12.60mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.06 ～0.85 mg·L-1,金鱼藻增长不明显,甚至出现负增长;而小球藻的增长率则远高于金鱼藻.小球藻和大型溞共培养时,氮、磷浓度分别为1.26～ 10.53 mg·L-1和0.04～1.16 mg·L-1时均占据优势,对小球藻的抑制效果显著,抑藻及氮磷去除效果明显好于金鱼藻和小球藻共培养,而且磷的去除效果优于氮.三者共培养时,在氮浓度介于3.15 ～23.92 mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.07 ～0.64 mg·L-1时,大型溞与金鱼藻的增长率都较高,而小球藻则维持在较低的增长水平,水质改善效果较好;当氮、磷浓度分别升至25.95 mg·L-1和1.18 mg·L-1时,大型潘和金鱼藻的增长率均下降,水质变差.大型溞和金鱼藻的联合控藻效果好于其单一的控制效果,该效果明显受到氮磷浓度的影响.     

农业废物好氧堆肥中环境因子对nirK、nirS和nosZ数量的影响

应用定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)技术对农业废物好氧堆肥过程中参与反硝化过程的功能基因(nirK、nirS和nosZ)丰度在堆体不同位置处随时间的变化情况进行了研究.结果表明,随着堆肥进程,3种基因数量整体呈现出先升后降的变化规律,且不同位置处的反硝化基因数量之间存在着显著的差异性.使用Canoco 4.5软件对获得的反硝化功能基因丰度数据与不同时期不同层次堆体温度、pH、含水率、NH4+-N、NO3--N和水溶性有机碳(WSC)等环境因子的相关性进行冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA).基于手动选择的RDA分析结果表明,WSC、NH4+-N和堆体温度对反硝化基因丰度有着显著的影响(P<0.05),且前2个因子达到了极显著水平(P<0.01).应用t-value回归分析方法单独分析每种环境因子与3种基因的相关性,其中nirK与温度和pH显著正相关(P<0.05),nirS与温度显著正相关(P<0.05),nosZ与NH4+-N显著正相关(P<0.05)、与WSC显著负相关(P<0.05).     

菌株 Arthrobacter sp. CN2降解对硝基苯酚的特性与动力学

为研究对硝基苯酚降解菌Arthrobacter sp.CN2在实际生产中的应用潜力,本文分别分析了p H、盐浓度和额外添加碳源对降解效率的影响,同时对降解的动力学方程进行拟合分析.菌株CN2在p H 7.0~8.0,Na Cl浓度60 g·L-1之间能够高效降解对硝基苯酚,72 h内对50 mg·L-1对硝基苯酚的降解率均大于90%.同时发现适量添加葡萄糖(0.5%)可显著促进CN2降解对硝基苯酚,与不添加葡萄糖条件下相比,达到90%降解率所需时间缩短了16 h.当对硝基苯酚浓度低于300 mg·L-1时,菌株CN2对对硝基苯酚的降解符合一级动力学方程,降解速率常数在0.021 7~0.025 0之间.在生物反应器中应用菌株CN2模拟处理工业废水,3 L含对硝基苯酚废水(100 mg·L-1)在72h的降解率大于90%.研究表明,菌株Arthrobacter sp.CN2能够高效地降解对硝基苯酚,对于环境有良好适应能力,具有良好的应用前景.     

凤眼莲化感物质对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻生长及细胞数相对比例的影响

为探索化感物质在蓝藻水华治理方面的应用潜力,选取在凤眼莲根系分泌物中发现的5种化感物质（亚油酸、亚油酸甘油酯、丙酰胺、N-苯基—2-萘胺和壬酸）,研究了3种剂量下（0.1、1.0、10.0mg.L-1）其对单一、混合培养铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响.结果发现,化感物质成分、剂量和藻类培养方式对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长...     

Growth inhibition and oxidative damage of Microcystis aeruginosa induced by crude extract of Sagittaria trifolia tubers

Aquatic macrophytes are considered to be promising in controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms. In this research, an aqueous extract of Sagittaria trifolia tubers was prepared to study its inhibitory effect on Microcystis aeruginosa in the laboratory. Several physiological indices of M. aeruginosa, in response to the environmental stress, were analyzed. Results showed that S. trifolia tuber aqueous extract significantly inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa in a concentration-dependent way. The highest inhibition rate reached 90% after 6 day treatment. The Chlorophyll-a concentration of M. aeruginosa cells decreased from 343.1 to314.2 μg/L in the treatment group. The activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and the content of reduced glutathione in M. aeruginosa cells initially increased as a response to the oxidative stress posed by S. trifolia tuber aqueous extract, but then decreased as time prolonged. The lipid peroxidation damage of the cyanobacterial cell membranes was reflected by the malondialdehyde level, which was notably higher in the treatment group compared with the controls. It was concluded that the oxidative damage of M. aeruginosa induced by S.trifolia tuber aqueous extract might be one of the mechanisms for the inhibitory effects.     

底泥对洋河水库微囊藻和鱼腥藻生长影响的研究

采用批量培养的方法研究洋河水库底泥浸出液对洋河水库微囊藻和鱼腥藻生长的影响.结果表明,厌氧条件底泥浸出液对鱼腥藻生长速率有促进作用,添加2%、20%、50%的厌氧底泥浸出液的鱼腥藻生长速率比M11培养基中分别高出36.6%、47.2%、36.0%;而添加厌氧底泥浸出液对微囊藻生长有抑制作用,微囊藻最大生物量随底泥浸出液的添加量增加而减小.与添加厌氧底泥浸出液相比,添加好氧条件的底泥浸出液对鱼腥藻生长速率也有一定的促进作用,添加20%的好氧底泥浸出液的鱼腥藻生长速率比M11培养基中高出37.2%;而添加好氧底泥浸出液对微囊藻生长影响不明显.在添加厌氧底泥浸出液的培养基中增加铁,则微囊藻的最大生物量显著增加,表明底泥浸出液对微囊藻生长的影响可能是较高浓度的有机质与铁的结合影响了微囊藻对铁的利用.     

克雷伯氏菌生产絮凝剂M-C11的培养优化及其在污泥脱水中的应用

从活性污泥中筛选分离得到可产生微生物絮凝剂的克雷伯氏菌C11,对微生物絮凝剂M-C11的培养基碳源、氮源、无机盐等条件进行优化.探讨将微生物絮凝剂应用于活性污泥脱水时,pH、CaCl2投加量、M-C11投加量等因素对污泥脱水效果的影响,并与常规化学絮凝剂的调理效果对比分析.结果表明,絮凝剂M-C11生产的最优培养条件:30 g·L-1葡萄糖、2g·L-1NaNO3、0.5 g·L-1MgSO4分别作培养基碳源、氮源、无机盐,在37℃,150 r·min-1振荡培养48 h,絮凝活性高达91.70%.M-C11在pH为4~8、温度为20~60℃的范围内具有良好的絮凝稳定性.克雷伯氏菌产絮凝剂M-C11应用于调理污泥脱水,在pH为6、3 mL M-C11、4 mL CaCl2(1%)的最佳投加组合下,调理后污泥比阻(SRF)和含水率分别由原泥的11.64×1012m·kg-1和98.86%,降低至4.66×1012m·kg-1和83.74%,调理后的污泥脱水效果显著优于硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝(PAC)等无机絮凝剂.微生物絮凝剂具有成本低廉、易生物降解、无二次污染等优点,且对污泥pH、盐度等条件具有良好的适应性,可作为新型高效的污泥脱水调理剂.     

荔枝落叶对铜绿微囊藻生长和光合作用的影响

利用浮游植物荧光分类仪对暴露于不同浓度荔枝落叶浸出液下铜绿微囊藻的生长、最大光合作用效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光合作用效率(YⅡ)、光能利用效率(α)、最大相对电子传递速率(r ETRmax)和光饱和系数(Ik)进行了为期15 d的检测,研究浸出液对铜绿微囊藻生长和光合作用的影响.结果发现,浸泡5 d的荔枝落叶浸出液可以抑制藻的生长,呈明显的浓度抑制型变化,随着时间的延长,抑制作用下滑.荧光参数Fv/Fm、YⅡ和α与浸出液浓度由负相关转为正相关或保持正相关关系,浸出液可能早期对藻光合作用发生胁迫,或通过提高光能利用效率来度过胁迫环境,r ETRmax、Ik和叶绿素a浓度与浸出液浓度由负相关转为显著负相关关系.三维荧光图谱结果表明,第15 d时,在投量为2.0 g·L-1时,色氨酸及酪氨酸荧光峰强度约为1.2g·L-1投量情况下的1/3,同时腐殖酸的荧光峰强度减弱.进一步研究藻细胞生长的半抑制浓度EC50值表明,与传统的农作物秸秆控藻比较,其EC50值较低,可能荔枝落叶化感控藻效果较强,只需较低的浸出液浓度而能达到较好的控藻效果.