超疏水表面在提高镁合金耐蚀性能上的研究进展

总结和讨论了超疏水表面提高镁合金耐蚀性能的制备方法。采用电化学测试方法研究了超疏水表面的抗腐蚀行为。总结了在镁合金上制备抗腐蚀性超疏水表面的最新进展,提出了超疏水表面提高镁合金耐蚀性能的机理。镁合金上制备超疏水表面的方法较多,但是能进行大规模生产的较少,且制备的超疏水表面耐久性、机械稳定性较差。     

铜合金在一级反渗透海水中的耐蚀性对比研究

目的评价淡水管路中常用铜合金的耐蚀性。方法采用浸泡试验、电化学测试等手段研究B10铜合金、TUP紫铜、铝青铜三种典型铜合金在一级反渗透海水中的耐蚀情况,并通过正交试验方法对数据进行分析。结果室内浸泡试验中,铜合金的质量损失速率在0.01 mm/a数量级,B10质量损失最小。随着温度的升高,B10极化曲线的阶跃不再明显。通过正交分析,与TDS、水质硬度相比,温度对铜合金在淡化海水中的耐蚀性影响最大。结论在三种试验铜合金中,B10耐腐蚀性较好,在一级反渗透海水中高温时表面连续成膜能力降低,对基体的保护作用不再明显,且温度对B10耐蚀性影响较大。     

Finite element modeling of microstructural changes in turning of AA7075-T651 Alloy

The surface characteristics of a machined product strongly influence its functional performance. During machining, the grain size of the surface is frequently modified, thus the properties of the machined surface are different to that of the original bulk material. These changes must be taken into account when modeling the surface integrity effects resulting from machining. In the present work, grain size changes induced during turning of AA7075-T651 (160 HV) alloy are modeled using the Finite Element (FE) method and a user subroutine is implemented in the FE code to describe the microstructural change and to simulate the dynamic recrystallization, with the consequent formation of new grains. In particular, a procedure utilizing the Zener–Hollomon and Hall–Petch equations is implemented in the user subroutine to predict the evolution of the material grain size and the surface hardness when varying the cutting speeds (180–720 m/min) and tool nose radii (0.4–1.2 mm). All simulations were performed for dry cutting conditions using uncoated carbide tools. The effectiveness of the proposed FE model was demonstrated through its capability to predict grain size evolution and hardness modification from the bulk material to machined surface. The model is validated by comparing the predicted results with those experimentally observed.     

离子镀铝与离子液体电镀铝涂层性能对比研究

目的对比研究离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层的性能。方法针对高强度钢表面环保表面处理的需求,对比研究300M钢表面离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)等对两种涂层的表面、断面微观形貌和成分进行表征;采用原子力显微镜(AFM)对两种涂层表面三维形貌和粗糙度进行观察和测量;采用电偶腐蚀测试两种涂层与铝合金的电偶腐蚀性能;采用缺口试样拉伸方法检测两种涂层对300M钢基体氢脆性能的影响;采用5%Na Cl人工海水周浸试验的方法检测两种涂层的耐蚀性能,与电镀镉钛镀层进行对比,采用电化学方法对涂层试验前后的阻抗谱特性进行检测分析。结果两种涂层表面形貌存在较大差异,离子镀铝经过致密化处理后,表面为均匀的圆饼状形貌,致密度很高,粗糙度约为0.88μm,而离子液体电镀铝涂层表面则为圆顶状的凸起物组成,没有明显的孔洞缺陷,粗糙度约为0.71μm;电偶腐蚀测试显示,两种涂层都能够与铝合金相容连接;缺口试样的拉伸试验结果显示,两种涂层的对基体的氢脆性能没有影响;腐蚀试验结果显示,两种涂层对于300M钢基体都具有良好的保护效果,与传统的电镀镉钛相当,具备了未来替代镉类镀层的潜质。结论两种涂层均匀致密,没有明显的气孔、裂纹等缺陷,电偶腐蚀性能优异,对300M钢基体都不会产生氢脆隐患,耐蚀性能优异。     

船用铝合金在海洋环境中的腐蚀研究

介绍了Al-Cu,Al-Mg,Al-Si系等3种主要的船用铝合金在海洋环境中的应用和腐蚀研究现状,对三种铝合金的性质以及在船舶及船用设备领域中的具体应用进行了概述,对船用铝合金在不同海域海洋大气、表层海水、深海海洋环境下的腐蚀状况以及在模拟海水条件下的腐蚀研究进展进行了归纳。已有研究表明,海洋环境下船用铝合金的腐蚀形式主要为点蚀和应力腐蚀,其腐蚀程度和敏感性随海水深度的增加而增大,相同海洋环境下Al-Mg系铝合金具有较好的耐腐蚀性能。最后综合实际生产和应用现状,对船用铝合金的发展趋势及其在海洋环境下的腐蚀研究工作的进一步开展做了展望。     

铝合金在流动海水中的腐蚀行为

对5种铝合金在流动海水中的腐蚀行为进行了研究。研究结果表明：在静止海水中．铝合金的耐蚀性与其自然腐蚀电位值存在一定的相关性，电位越负越耐蚀。在流动海水中，铝合金比普通碳钢和紫铜耐蚀，特别是铝镁系和铝镁锰系合金，可以与90／10铜镍合金媲关。但必须严格避免与电位较正金属偶合使用，越耐蚀的铝合金越容易遭到电偶腐蚀的危害。铝铜系和铝锌镁系合金，由于在流动海水中具有明显的剥落腐蚀敏感性，不宜用于流动海水腐蚀环境。     

铜合金在模拟深海低温条件下的电偶腐蚀行为研究

目的研究管路铜合金在模拟深海低温条件下的电偶腐蚀行为。方法对舰船常用的管路材料B10合金与管路泵阀材料镍铝青铜偶接后的电偶电位和电偶电流进行监测,对其电偶腐蚀速率和系数进行计算,评价电偶腐蚀敏感性。最后,结合动电位极化曲线的测量探讨温度对偶对阴阳极铜合金腐蚀行为的影响。结果 B10合金为偶合阴极,受到保护,而镍铝青铜为偶合阳极,加速腐蚀。在深海低温条件下,偶对的电偶腐蚀效应和腐蚀速率均较低,表现出轻度电偶腐蚀敏感性。结论温度的降低一方面会减缓B10合金Cu2O钝化膜中Ni的占位,降低膜层电位,同时减缓镍铝青铜的脱Al腐蚀,从而缩小了两者自腐蚀电位的差异,降低电偶腐蚀效应;另一方面,温度的降低会减缓阳离子向溶液本体中的迁移,造成腐蚀产物在电极表面的积累,抑制阳极溶解过程,也会大幅降低氧的扩散速率,造成阴极反应阻力的增大,降低电偶腐蚀速率。     

铝合金结构腐蚀传感器综述

基于铝合金材料发生腐蚀后,其电特性发生了很大的变化,可以通过监测电特性的变化实现铝合金结构腐蚀程度评估的特性,重点描述了电流式、电阻式、阻抗式等腐蚀传感器的主要构造、功能及其工作原理。这些腐蚀传感器的研发和应用为早期发现飞机结构的腐蚀损伤提供了技术储备和有效手段,有利于及时采取修理或预防措施,从而减少或避免飞机结构发生重大腐蚀故障。最后提出了飞机结构腐蚀传感器研发的基本构想和总体思路,明确了其技术发展的重点方向。     

微弧氧化6061铝合金的腐蚀行为研究

采用室内海水浸泡试验、电偶试验等方法研究了6061铝合金微弧氧化层厚度和封孔处理对其耐海水腐蚀性能的影响。试验发现,微弧氧化后,铝合金在海水中的腐蚀形貌为点蚀,封孔处理可明显抑制点蚀的发生,厚度变化对耐蚀性影响不大。与铜合金偶合后,微弧氧化铝合金的腐蚀速率增加,因此在实际使用中应尽量避免这2种材料的电接触。     

LY12CZ铝合金腐蚀损伤的概率分布及其变化规律

采用铜加速乙酸盐雾试验方法对LY12CZ铝合金腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明：腐蚀深度服从Gumbel分布、正态分布、威布尔分布和对数正态4种分布。选用正态分布描述了LY12CZ铝合金在盐雾环境下的腐蚀损伤的分布特性,并得出了不同置信度和可靠度下腐蚀深度随时间变化的规律。     

铜及铜合金在淡海水交替自然环境条件下的腐蚀行为研究

目的研究铜及铜合金在淡海水交替条件下的腐蚀行为。方法通过开展TUP纯铜、B10与B30铜合金3种典型的铜及铜合金在淡海水交替、海水及淡水自然环境下2年的暴露试验,将三种环境下材料的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率进行对比,总结3种材料在不同水环境下的腐蚀规律,对其腐蚀机理进行简要的探讨,并对其长周期的腐蚀行为进行预测。结果对TUP纯铜来说,淡海水环境对TUP纯铜的影响是海水环境的1.66倍,对B30铜合金来说,淡海水环境对其影响是海水环境的2.07倍,而对于B10铜合金,淡海水环境是海水环境的2.17倍。结论从耐蚀性上来看,铜及合金在淡海水交替自然环境下耐蚀性能最差,海水自然环境下次之,在淡水环境下的耐蚀性能最好,自然环境中水的流速越快,会加重铜及合金的腐蚀。     

典型铜镍合金在海洋环境中腐蚀行为与防护技术研究进展

在海洋高湿度、高盐度等复杂的腐蚀环境中,海洋服役材料更容易发生腐蚀。然而铜镍合金由于具有非常优异的耐蚀性、抗菌性,使其在海洋装备中得到非常广泛的应用。选择了两种最为典型的B10(C70600)和B30(C71500)铜镍合金材料,分析了其在海洋环境中的腐蚀行为和腐蚀机理,阐述了国内外B10和B30两种铜镍合金在海洋环境中防护技术的研究现状,最后就两种典型铜镍合金在海洋环境中腐蚀与防护领域未来的研究方向提出了建议,希望在以后的研究中取得突破性进展。     

镍基和铁镍基合金在不同海域海水中的腐蚀

通过现场暴露试验。获得了5种镍基和铁镍基合金在青岛、厦门和湛江海域的潮汐区和全浸区暴露4年的腐蚀结果，总结了它们在不同海域海水中的腐蚀行为。镍基和铁镍基合金在不同海域的海水中有相同的腐蚀行为。镍基和铁镍基舍金在海水潮汐区和全浸区的腐蚀有随试验地点的海水温度上升而加重的趋势。镍基和铁镍基合金在潮汐区的腐蚀比全浸区轻。NS112在海水中的耐蚀性很差。NS335、NS336、GH3128有很好的耐蚀性。GH181在海水中有很好的耐点蚀性能．但耐缝隙腐蚀性能较差。     

Arsenic removal from contaminated soil using phosphoric acid and phosphate

Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to study arsenic （As） removal from a naturally contaminated soil using phosphoric acid （H3PO4） and potassium dihydrogen phosphate （KHEPO4）. Both H3PO4 and KHEPO4 proved to reduce toxicity of the soil in terms of soil As content, attaining more than 20% As removal at a concentration of 200 mmol/L. At the same time, acidification of soil and dissolution of soil components （Ca, Mg, and Si） resulted from using these two extractants, especially H3PO4. The effectiveness of these two extractants could be attributed to the replacement of As by phosphate ions （PO4^3-）. The function of H3PO4 as an acid to dissolve soil components had little effects on As removal. KH2PO4 almost removed as much As as H3PO4, but it did not result in serious damage to soils, indicating that it was a more promising extractant. The results of a kinetic study showed that As removal reached equilibrium after incubation for 360 rain, but dissolution of soil components, especially Mg and Ca, was very rapid. Therefore dissolution of soil components would be inevitable if As was further removed. Elovich model best described the kinetic data of As removal among the four models used in the kinetic study.     

Prediction of polycrystalline materials texture evolution in machining via Viscoplastic Self-Consistent modeling

The crystallographic orientation or anisotropy is one of the main microstructural attributes strongly affecting the mechanical properties of materials. It is also an influential parameter to be considered during the manufacturing process especially for ultra-precision machining since it affects part quality, tool performance, and process productivity through material properties. In this study, a prediction toolset constituted of a Viscoplastic Self-Consistent model and machining process mechanics model is used to predict the texture evolution on the machined surface. The VPSC (Viscoplastic Self-Consistent) methodology which uses the mechanisms of slip and twinning that are active in single crystals of arbitrary symmetry was used. For this, an analytical model for the process mechanics is derived to understand the forces and stresses generated by the cutting tool at each workpiece point, then the strain and strain rate to capture the rate at which the material is deforming and finally the crystallographic orientations under various machining conditions. Experiments were performed on the orthogonal cutting of aluminum alloy AA-7075-T651 and the texture results were compared to model predictions.     

Experimental investigation of turning AISI 1045 steel using cryogenic carbon dioxide as the cutting fluid

The intensive temperatures in high speed machining not only limit the tool life but also impair the machined surface by inducing tensile residual stresses, microcracks and thermal damage. This problem can be handled largely by reducing the cutting temperature. When the conventional coolant is applied to the cutting zone, it fails to remove the extent of the heat effectively. Hence, a cryogenic coolant is highly recommended for this purpose. In this paper, an attempt has been made to use cryogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) as the cutting fluid. Experimental investigations are carried out by turning AISI 1045 steel in which the efficiency of cryogenic CO₂ is compared to that of dry and wet machining with respect to cutting temperature, cutting forces, chip disposal and surface roughness. The experimental results show that the application of cryogenic CO₂ as the cutting fluid is an efficient coolant for the turning operation as it reduced the cutting temperature by 5%–22% when compared with conventional machining.It is also observed that the surface finish is improved to an appreciable amount in the finished work piece on the application of cryogenic CO₂. The surface finish is improved by 5%–25% in the cryogenic condition compared with wet machining.     

Electrochemical machining characteristics and resulting surface quality of the nickel-base single-crystalline material LEK94

Nickel-base single-crystalline materials such as LEK94 possess excellent thermo-mechanical properties at high temperatures combined with low density compared to similar single-crystalline materials used in aero engines. Since the components of aero engines have to fulfil demanding safety standards, the machining of the material used for these components must result in a high geometrical accuracy in addition to a high surface quality. These requirements can be achieved by electrochemical and precise electrochemical machining (ECM/PECM). In order to identify proper machining parameters for PECM the electrochemical characteristics dependent on the microstructure and the chemical homogeneity of LEK94 are investigated in this contribution. The current density was found to be the major machining parameter affecting the surface quality of LEK94. It depends on the size of the machining-gap, the applied voltage and the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte used. Low current densities yield inhomogeneous electrochemical dissolution of different microstructural areas of the material and lead to rough surfaces. High surface qualities can be achieved by employing homogenous electrochemical dissolution, which can be undertaken by high current densities. Furthermore, a special electrode was developed for the improvement of the quality of side-gap machined surfaces.     

An Experimental Study of Dust Generation During Dry Drilling of Pre-Cooled and Pre-Heated Workpiece Materials

The generation of fine dust during dry machining is a serious problem both for the environment and for workers. During machining, the fine dust particles generated remain suspended in the air for long periods, during they can be inhaled by workers. The quantity of dust generated is influenced by factors such as material type and heat treatment condition, temperature, and the associated chip formation mode. The aim of this work is to discover how these parameters influence dust generation during dry machining, which could lead to the control of dust production in the future. The materials tested are the wrought 6061 and foundry A356 aluminum alloys and 70-30 brass. It is found that pre-cooling a workpiece material leads to changes in chip formation, in the reduction of cutting forces, and hence in a reduction in fine dust generation by at least 70%, depending on the materials and cutting conditions used. Also, pre-heating the workpiece increases chip ductility and dust production levels.     

316L和308L不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹萌生行为研究

目的 研究载荷大小、加载方式和冷变形对材料裂纹萌生行为的影响规律.方法 采用多轴多试样加载装置,在线测量冷变形316L和308L不锈钢在模拟反应堆高温高压水环境中恒载荷和慢应变速率拉伸状态下的应力腐蚀裂纹萌生行为.结果 加载载荷低于屈服强度时,两种不锈钢均因具有较强的抗点蚀和晶界氧化性能而不易萌生裂纹.高于屈服强度后,...     

基于贝叶斯理论的小麦籽粒镉铅超标风险预测

对农作物污染风险进行预测具有重大意义.基于贝叶斯定理及数据分布特征,建立了贝叶斯风险预测模型,并使用区域大田调查土壤-小麦重金属含量数据,预测小麦籽粒Cd和Pb超标风险并验证该模型的准确度.结果表明,该模型预测小麦籽粒Cd超标风险时相对偏差较小,以小麦籽粒Cd含量为变量的预测相对偏差仅为(2.66±1.87)%,以土壤DTPA-Cd含量和土壤Cd全量为变量时预测相对偏差则分别为(5.11±3.77)%和(5.88±3.87)%, 3个变量均能使预测结果与真实超标概率的平均相对偏差小于10%.预测小麦籽粒Pb超标风险时,仅小麦籽粒Pb含量的预测相对偏差小于10%.数据来源、数据分布特征和变量的选择是影响贝叶斯风险预测模型预测相对偏差的重要因素.该模型基于大田数据的先验分布,能够有效反映大田生产条件下小麦籽粒重金属与土壤因子间的相互关系,预测较准确,具有应用潜力.