水循环对太湖地区稻田生态系统中养分平衡的影响

本研究在太湖地区常熟、无锡和武进三县(市)设立试验点,同时研究小麦—水稻两熟轮作制中水循环过程的降雨、灌溉、外排、渗漏四途径对N、P、K、Ca、Mg,S六种营养元素的迁移量;水循环输入、输出途径对于土壤养分库中上述六种元素容量变化的贡献;水循环输入、输出途径对于稻田生态系统各养分总输入、总输出的贡献。结果表明,水循环对六种营养元素迁移量大小顺序为:Ca>Mg、S>K>N>P;水循环对土壤养分库容量影响最强烈的元素是Ca、Mg,使之出现了较大程度的亏损,而对钾,氮,磷的影响较小,尤以磷素为甚;水循环对稻田生态系统中Ca、Mg、S三元素的输入贡献率为50％——88％,输出贡献率为73——94％,主导着该三元素的循环。     

水循环对太湖地区稻田生态系统中养分平衡的影响

本研究在太湖地区常熟、无锡和武进三县（市）设立试验点，同时研究小麦-水稻两熟轮作制中水循环过程的降雨、灌溉、外排、渗漏四途径对N、P、K、Ca、Mg，S六种营养元素的迁移量；水循环输入，输出途径对于土壤养分库中上述六种元素容量变化的贡献；水循环输入、输出途径对于稻田生态系统各养分总输入、总输出的贡献，结果表明，水循环对六种营养元素迁移量大小顺序为：Ca>Ma、S>K>N>P；水循环对土壤养分库容量影响最强烈的元素是Ca、Mg，使之出现了较大程度的亏损，而对钾，氮，磷的影响较小，尤以磷素为甚；水循环对稻田生态系统中Ca、Mg、S三元素的输入贡献率为50%-88%，输出贡献率为73-94%，主导着该三元素的循环。     

浅谈C语言字符串格式化

介绍了C语言格式式化输出类操作函数,对该类函数的实现方式和C语言可变参数的工作原理进行了较为详细的阐述,同时,构造了一个方便通用的格式化输出函数,为数据数据格式化操作提供了一条灵活便捷有效的处理途径.     

三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对氮磷的净化效率

选取面积为1 600 m2的小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)湿地进行小区域模拟试验。试验设割草区、1倍浓度区、静态对照区和2倍浓度区4个处理,研究N、P输入浓度,割草和输出径流对三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统净化N、P污染物的影响。结果表明,在小叶章生长期和成熟期,湿地生态系统对N、P保持较稳定的净化,N、P平均去除率分别为85.62%和85.94%。湿地水体中TN和NH4 -N的累积浓度显著相关。输入浓度、割草和输出径流都影响着湿地生态系统对N、P的净化和N、P在系统内的分配。输入浓度增大时,N、P去除率明显降低;割草会降低N去除率,但对P去除率影响不大;少量输出径流对N、P去除影响不大。三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对输入的N、P具有显著净化作用,总净化率可达97.97%和99.05%。     

四川省宜宾地区旱地作物结构能量分析

本文根据系统输入、输出原理分析了宜宾地区旱地作物结构量流动和能量转化,并对各作物结构进行了聚类分析。对今后的工作提出建议。     

三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对氮磷的净化效率

选取面积为1600m^2的小叶章（Deyeuxia angustifolia）湿地进行小区域模拟试验。试验设割草区、1倍浓度区、静态对照区和2倍浓度区4个处理，研究N、P输入浓度，割草和输出径流对三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统净化N、P污染物的影响。结果表明，在小叶章生长期和成熟期，湿地生态系统对N、P保持较稳定的净化，N、P平均去除率分别为85．62％和85．94％。湿地水体中TN和NH4^＋-N的累积浓度显著相关。输入浓度、割草和输出径流都影响着湿地生态系统对N、P的净化和N、P在系统内的分配。输入浓度增大时，N、P去除率明显降低；割草会降低N去除率，但对P去除率影响不大；少量输出径流对N、P去除影响不大。三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对输入的N、P具有显著净化作用，总净化率可达97．97％和99．05％。     

“生态平衡”析

什么是生态平衡?也就是说一个地区的生物与环境在长期适应的过程中,生物与生物、生物与环境成分之间建立了相对稳定的结构,有其相应功能的状态。通常生态平衡表现在:(1)生态系统的物质输出与输入维持着平衡;(2)生物与生物、生物与环境之间在结构上保持着相对稳定的比例关系;(3)食物链能量转化、物质循环保持正常运行。这三个平衡也就是生态系统物质输出输入收支平衡、结构平衡与功能平衡。 生态平衡是生态系统本身的自然规律,是     

红壤旱地湿沉降氮特征及其对马唐-冬萝卜连作系统氮素平衡的贡献

大气湿沉降作为农田生态系统养分的重要来源却一直没有得到足够的重视。文章通过常规农作条件,采用自动降雨收集器结合田间实验方法,重点研究了红壤旱地牧草马唐(Digitaria ischaemum)和蔬菜冬萝卜(Raphanus sativus)连作期间大气湿沉降氮素特征,估算了湿沉降向该生态系统输入的氮量,讨论了其对该生态系统氮素平衡的贡献。结果发现,该研究区域不同月份大气湿沉降T-N平均质量浓度为3.91mg·L-1,其中NH4 -N、NO3--N的分别为1.21、0.61mg·L-1;试验期间,湿沉降输入马唐-冬萝卜连作系统的T-N为34.34kg·hm-2,其中冬萝卜生长期最多,占67.88%,湿沉降T-N对该系统氮素输入、输出、盈余的贡献分别为12.97%、17.65%、48.90%。湿沉降T-N对马唐生态系统氮素输入、输出、盈余的贡献分别为6.45%、16.54%、10.57%;对冬萝卜生态系统氮素输入、输出的贡献分别为24.86%和18.23%。红壤旱地普遍具有"酸瘦黏板"的特点,氮素作为一种重要的生命物质和作物营养的必需元素,对作物产量和人民生活质量的提高具有重要的意义。研究结果表明,湿沉降对农田生态系统的影响不容忽视。     

梯级稻田主要营养元素的平衡特点

通过研究梯级稻田主要营养元素的输入，输出途径，发现了丘陵梯田所存在的生态环境问题及其营养丰缺状 合理施肥，发挥资源潜力提出了一系列的意见和建议。     

梯级稻田主要营养元素的平衡特点

通过研究梯级稻田主要营养元素的输入、输出途径，发现了丘陵梯田所存在的生态环境问题及其营养丰缺状况，为合理施肥、发挥资源潜力提出了一系列的意见和建议。     

论英汉色彩词内涵意义之对比

由于历史背景、语言习惯、文化底蕴及传统习俗等方面的差异，英汉两种语言中色彩词的用法有很多不同，对同一色彩词的理解也有很大差异．本文对英汉两种语言中常用色彩词的内涵意义进行了对比，以谋求对色彩词更准确的翻译和欣赏．     

Understanding the Role of Representations of Human–Leopard Conflict in Mumbai through Media‐Content Analysis

Attempts to minimize the effects of human–wildlife conflict (HWC) on conservation goals require an understanding of the mechanisms by which such conflicts are caused and sustained. This necessitates looking beyond the natural sciences to the human dimensions of wildlife management. Public dissemination of information regarding HWC occurs largely through the mass media. We conducted a content analysis of print media articles on human–leopard conflict in Mumbai, India. We sought to understand the framing of HWC and the changes in media coverage over a 10‐year period (2001–2011) during which a large number of attacks on people prior to 2005 were followed by a program of trapping and relocation. After 2005, when there was a decrease in the level of conflict, the tone of English‐language media reports changed. The perpetrator framing was over 5 times more likely before 2005, whereas a neutral framing was twice as likely after 2005. English‐language and non‐English‐language print media differed significantly in their framing of HWC and in the kinds of solutions advocated. Our results also suggest the print mass media in Mumbai could be an influential conduit for content that diminishes HWC. These media outlets seem attentive to human–leopard conflict, capable of correcting erroneous perceptions and facilitating mitigation and effective management. We believe better contact and mutual understanding between conservation professionals and the mass media could be an important component of managing HWC. We further suggest that in such interactions conservation professionals need to be aware of cultural and linguistic differences in reporting within the country. Entendiendo el Papel de las Representaciones del Conflicto Humano–Leopardo en Mumbai A Través del Análisis de Contenido de Medios     

Growth of non-English-language literature on biodiversity conservation

English is widely recognized as the language of science, and English-language publications (ELPs) are rapidly increasing. It is often assumed that the number of non-ELPs is decreasing. This assumption contributes to the underuse of non-ELPs in conservation science, practice, and policy, especially at the international level. However, the number of conservation articles published in different languages is poorly documented. Using local and international search systems, we searched for scientific articles on biodiversity conservation published from 1980 to 2018 in English and 15 non-English languages. We compared the growth rate in publications across languages. In 12 of the 15 non-English languages, published conservation articles significantly increased every year over the past 39 years, at a rate similar to English-language articles. The other three languages showed contrasting results, depending on the search system. Since the 1990s, conservation science articles in most languages increased exponentially. The variation in the number of non-English-language articles identified among the search systems differed markedly (e.g., for simplified Chinese, 11,148 articles returned with local search system and 803 with Scopus). Google Scholar and local literature search systems returned the most articles for 11 and 4 non-English languages, respectively. However, the proportion of peer-reviewed conservation articles published in non-English languages was highest in Scopus, followed by Web of Science and local search systems, and lowest in Google Scholar. About 20% of the sampled non-English-language articles provided no title or abstract in English; thus, in theory, they were undiscoverable with English keywords. Possible reasons for this include language barriers and the need to disseminate research in countries where English is not widely spoken. Given the known biases in statistical methods and study characteristics between English- and non-English-language studies, non-English-language articles will continue to play an important role in improving the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation.     

Language Fouls in Teaching Ecology: Why Traditional Metaphors Undermine Conservation Literacy

Abstract: We believe that the language commonly used in teaching actually hinders the creation of conservation literacy. We examined four frequently used ecology and environmental studies textbooks and considered the ways in which commonly used language can obscure or enhance an understanding of ecology and conservation. Specifically, we used the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis (a.k.a. linguistic relativity) and framing theory to examine the approaches reflected in three elements of the texts: introductions and treatment of two key ecological concepts (matter cycling and energy). Language used in the texts contained implicit metaphors that portrayed nature as a resource; resisted ecological realities, such as the finite nature of matter and the loss of energy with each transformation; and fundamentally served to separate humans from nature. Although the basis of conservation literacy is understanding of the complexity of ecological systems, culturally based communication as exemplified in these texts does not encourage students or educators to recognize the feedback loops that clarify human membership in the ecosystem. Consequently, the language used to teach ecology perpetuates the idea that humans exist outside of its laws. With this paper, we hope to initiate a dialogue about how to retool the language used in teaching and communicating about ecology such that it resonates with, rather than undermines, conservation.     

Geophagy in animals and geology of kudurs (mineral licks): a review of Russian publications

This paper reviews from the geological and biological perspectives the achievements of Russian researchers in the field of geophagy, which have not been published in English. It is focused on publications in Russian language about (1) animal behavior related to geophagy, (2) mineral and chemical composition as well as geological characteristics and biological effects of the earths, eaten by animals in various locations in Russia and neighboring countries. The authors argue that the Russian term “solonetz” (salt lick) is too limiting, as animals consume not just salt but many other minerals too. The more general term “kudur” is used for places where animals eat earths. The geological nature and biological properties of kudurites (the common name given to biologically active mineral-crystal substances consumed by animals) and gastroliths (stones consumed by birds and reptiles) are addressed. On the basis of the reviewed data, the authors propose their own views regarding the causes of geophagy.     

Estimating the extent and structure of trade in horticultural orchids via social media

The wildlife trade is a lucrative industry involving thousands of animal and plant species. The increasing use of the internet for both legal and illegal wildlife trade is well documented, but there is evidence that trade may be emerging on new online technologies such as social media. Using the orchid trade as a case study, we conducted the first systematic survey of wildlife trade on an international social‐media website. We focused on themed forums (groups), where people with similar interests can interact by uploading images or text (posts) that are visible to other group members. We used social‐network analysis to examine the ties between 150 of these orchid‐themed groups to determine the structure of the network. We found 4 communities of closely linked groups based around shared language. Most trade occurred in a community that consisted of English‐speaking and Southeast Asian groups. In addition to the network analysis, we randomly sampled 30 groups from the whole network to assess the prevalence of trade in cultivated and wild plants. Of 55,805 posts recorded over 12 weeks, 8.9% contained plants for sale, and 22–46% of these posts pertained to wild‐collected orchids. Although total numbers of posts about trade were relatively small, the large proportion of posts advertising wild orchids for sale supports calls for better monitoring of social media for trade in wild‐collected plants.     

关于《湿地公约》中"湿地"定义的汉译

湿地公约文本使用的英语是英国英语，其使用的词汇与美国英语有微妙的区别，湿地国际(中国)官方文本对《湿地公约》中湿地定义的汉译不确切。文章讨论了英国英语和美国英语中与湿地有关的几个词语在含义上的差别，重译并解剖了几个典型的湿地定义。     

Are there physiological races of the sea anemone Diadumene luciae?

The chemical activators of feeding behaviour for coelenterates have been generally regarded as species specific. Recently, however, and English (North Sea) population of the sea anemone Diadumene (Haliplanella) luciae (Verrill) and an American (Californian) population of the same species were found to respond to different chemical activators. The results of further examination of this apparent anomaly show that a third population (from the English Channel, selected because of differences in colour variety and type of habitat from the North Sea population) shared the same activators as the other English population. There was no correlation between the identities of the feeding-behaviour activators and either the type of habitat or coloration of the three populations. Since the only physical factor shared by anemones with similar activators (i.e., the two English populations) was geographical, it is tentatively concluded that physiological races of D. luciae may be evolving, independently of morphological or differently coloured races, in different parts of the world.     

Bibliometric analysis of ecosystem monitoring-related research in Africa: implications for ecological stewardship and scientific collaboration

Regional ecosystem monitoring is a central form of knowledge sharing and collaboration amongst scientists and decision makers on environmental health, land use change, and science-policy development. Despite the proliferation of such research networks on long-term monitoring on many continents, little has been achieved in Africa. This study aims to assess and examine the spatiotemporal trend and categorical patterns in ecosystem monitoring-related research in Africa for the benefits of conserving biodiversity and sustaining natural resource sectors for well-being and livelihood security, environmental planning, and ecological stewardship. A systematic review was conducted using bibliometric tools. Based on a set of search terms and peer-reviewed publications retrieved from various ecosystem monitoring networks and journal databases, further analysis was conducted using social network approaches, mapping tools, and content analysis. About 1442 scientific publications on ecosystem monitoring and related research were documented from 1987 to 2014 mostly published in English. The number of publication increased progressively since 1992 after the Convention on Biodiversity was signed and this trend peaked till 2008. South African Journal of Science was the most leading journal and Nature the most cited. Internationally coauthored and collaborative articles represented majority of the findings with the United Kingdom at the central position in the research network due to colonial relationships. Regional collaboration amongst countries is limited owing to language barriers and other institutional constraints such as funding and short-term projects. These findings have implication for prioritizing national and regional policies toward biodiversity science and its contribution to human well-being, food security, and global change responses.     

How habitat affects the benefits of communication in collectively foraging honey bees

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) use the dance language to symbolically convey information about the location of floral resources from within the nest. To figure out why this unique ability evolved, we need to understand the benefits it offers to the colony. Previous studies have shown that, in fact, the location information in the dance is not always beneficial. We ask, in which ecological habitats do honey bee colonies actually benefit from the dance language, and what is it about those habitats that makes communication useful? In this study, we examine the effects of floral distribution patterns on the benefits of dance communication across five different habitats. In each habitat, we manipulated colonies' ability to communicate and measured their foraging success, while simultaneously characterizing the naturally occurring floral distribution. We find that communication is most beneficial when floral species richness is high and patches contain many flowers. These are ecological features that could have helped shape the evolution of the honey bee dance language.