Monitoring of copper level in water and soil samples by using liquid–liquid extraction

A new, simple, sensitive, and selective spectrophotometric method for the determination of copper in water and soil samples has been demonstrated. The method is based on the reaction of Cu(I) with neocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-1, 10-phenanothroline) and extracted with N-phenyl benzimidoylthiourea in chloroform. The value of molar absorptivity of the complex in the term of Cu(I) is 1.45 × 10⁵ L mol^???1 cm^???1 at λ _max 460 nm in chloroform. The detection limit of copper in water and soil is 2 ng mL^???1 and 4 ng g^???1, respectively. The method is free from the interference of the ions commonly found to be associated with the copper determination in water and soil samples. The application of the proposed method has been successfully tested for the determination of copper in different types of water and soil samples.     

Behaviour and Quantification Studies of Terbacil and Lenacil in Environmental Samples Using Cyclic and Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode

The cyclic voltammograms of terbacil and lenacil at the hanging mercury drop electrode showed a single well defined four electron irreversible peak in universal buffer of pH 4.0 for both compounds. The peak potentials were shifted to more negative values on the increase of pH of the medium, implying the involvement of protons in the electrode reaction and that the proton transfer reaction precedes the proper electrode process. The four electron single peak may be attributed to the simultaneous reduction of carbonyl groups present in 2 and 4 in pyrimidine ring of terbacil and lenacil to the corresponding hydroxy derivative. Based on the interfacial adsorptive character of the terbacil and lenacil onto the mercury electrode surface, a simple sensitive and low cost differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure was optimized for the analysis of terbacil and lenacil. The optimal operational conditions of the proposed procedure were accumulation potential E _acc = −0.4 V, accumulation time t _acc = 80 s, scan rate = 40 mV s⁻¹, pulse amplitude = 25 mV using a universal buffer pH 4.0 as a supporting electrolyte. The linear concentration range was found to be 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.2 × 10⁻⁹ mol/l and 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ to 2.5 × 10⁻⁸ mol/l with the lower detection limit of 1.22 × 10⁻⁹ and 2.0 × 10⁻⁸ mol/l. The correlation coefficient and relative standard deviation values are found to be 0.942, 0.996, 1.64% and 1.23%, respectively, for 10 replicants. The procedure was successfully applied for determination of terbacil and lenacil in formulations, mixed formulations, environmental samples such as fruit samples and spiked water samples.     

Spectrophotometric determination of platinum(IV) in alloys, complexes, environmental, and pharmaceutical samples using 4-[N,N-(diethyl)amino] benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone

4-[N,N-(Diethyl)amino] benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (DEABT) is proposed as an analytical reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of platinum(IV). The DEABT forms 1:2 yellow complex with Pt(IV), which is sparingly soluble in water and completely soluble in water–ethanol–DMF medium. The Pt(IV)–DEABT complex shows maximum absorbance at 405 nm. Beer’s law is valid up to 7.80 μg cm^???3, and optimum concentration range for the determination of platinum(IV) is 0.48–7.02 μg cm^???3. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity of the method are found to be 1.755 × 10⁴ dm³ mol^???1 cm^???1 and 0.0012 μg cm^???2, respectively. The relative error and coefficient of variation (n?=?6) for the method does not exceed ±0.43% and 0.35%, respectively. Since the method tolerates a number of metal ions commonly associated with platinum, it can be employed for the determination of platinum in environmental samples, pharmaceutical samples, alloys, catalysts, and complexes. The method is rapid as the Pt(IV)–DEABT complex is soluble in water–ethanol–DMF medium and not requiring any time consuming extraction method for the complex.     

Water quality and bacteriology in an aquaculture facility equipped with a new aeration system

The HOBAS aeration system was tested to compare changes in environmental and bacteriological parameters in ponds growing Penaeus monodon during a single production cycle. The stocking density in the aerated pond was doubled to 12 post-larvae (PL) m^???2 in contrast to the non-aerated pond with 6 (PL) m^???2. Microbial abundance in the ponds ranged between 10^5???6 cells ml^???1. Among the physiological groups of bacteria enumerated, the heterotrophs dominated with an abundance of 10⁴ CFU ml^???1. Of the nitrogen and sulfur cycle bacteria, the nitrifiers flourished in the aerated pond and could maintain ammonia-N concentration within permissible levels. Bacterial activity also maintained sulfide concentrations at <?0.03 mg l^???1. Non-aerated conditions promoted denitrification maintaining nitrate concentration between 0.32 and 0.98 μM NO₃ ^???-N l^???1. However, a marked increase in ammonium content was observed in the non-aerated pond at the end of the culture period. Thus in high-density ponds, the aerators served to stimulate bacterial growth and activity which consequently maintained the quality of the water to match that of low-density ponds. Accordingly, these aerators could be effectively used to sustain higher yields. The effluent from the aerated pond is less likely to alter the redox balance of the receiving waters.     

Ultra-sensitive quantification of copper in food and water samples by electrochemical adsorptive stripping voltammetry

A new electrochemical adsorptive stripping voltammetry method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of copper in food and water samples. The study of electrochemical behavior of Cu ion indicated that Cu(II) and Schiff base formed a complex in H₃BO₄–NaOH buffer solution (pH?=?7.25). An accumulation potential of ?100 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) was applied while the solution was stirred for 60 s. The response curve was recorded by scanning the potential, and the peak current of ?0.31 V (vs Ag/AgCl) was recorded. The peak current and concentration of copper accorded with linear relationship in the range of 0.04–120 ng mL^?1. The relative standard deviation (for 12 ng mL^?1 of copper) was 1.73 %, and the detection limit was 0.007 ng mL^?1. The possible interference of some common ions was studied. The proposed method was applied to the determination of copper in water, rice, wheat, tea, milk, and tomato with satisfactory results.     

Simultaneous quantification of Bi(III) and U(VI) in environmental water samples with a complicated matrix containing organic compounds

Trace amounts of bismuth(III) and uranium(VI) can be simultaneously determined in a single scan by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry in the presence of cupferron as a complexing agent. Optimal conditions were found to be: 0.1 mol?L^?1 acetate buffer (pH 5.3), 5?×?10^?5?mol?L^?1 cupferron, accumulation potential of ?0.25 V, and accumulation time of 30 s. The linear range of Bi(III) and U(VI) was observed over the concentration range from 2?×?10^?9 to 2?×?10^?7?mol?L^?1 and from 1?×?10^?8 to 5?×?10^?7?mol?L^?1, respectively. The influence of the main components of real water samples such as foreign ions and organic substances (surface active substances, humic substances) was precisely investigated. The method was applied to the simultaneous measurements of bismuth and uranium in natural water samples.     

Determination of Nitrobenzene in Wastewater Using a Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode

The determination of trace amount nitrobenzene in wastewater on a hanging mercury drop electrode was studied. The determination conditions of pH, supporting electrolyte, accumulation potential, accumulation time, and voltammetric response were optimized. The sharp peak of the nitrobenzene was appeared at 0.05 V. The peak electric current was proportional to the concentration of nitrobenzene in the range of 1.47 × 10⁻⁵ ∼ 1.0 × 10⁻³ mol/l with relative standard deviations of 3.99 ∼ 8.94%. The detection limit of the nitrobenzene in water was 5 × 10⁻⁶ mol/l. The proposed method offered low limit of determination, easy operation, the use of simple instrumentation, high sensitivity and good reproducibility. It was applied to the determination of nitrobenzene in wastewater with an average recovery of 94.0% ∼ 105%. The proposed method provided fast, sensitive and sometimes real time detection of nitrobenzene.     

Quantification of triazine herbicides in soil by microwave-assisted extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography

A method for the determination of herbicides residues, triazine (atrazine, metribuzin, ametryn, and terbutryn), in soil samples with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)?CUV detection is described. The proposed method is based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of soil samples for 4 min at 80% of 850-W magnetron outputs in the presence of mixture of solvents (methanol/acetonitrile/ethylacetate). Related important factors influencing the MAE efficiency, such as the solvent type and volume, irradiation energy, and time, were optimized in detail. Calibration curve ranges established using HPLC for metribuzin, atrazine, ametryn, and terbutryn are 1.0?C19.0, 0.9?C18.0, 0.6?C11.0, and 0.7?C11.0 µg mL^???1, respectively. The limits of detection of metribuzin, atrazine, ametryn, and terbutryn are 0.30, 0.24, 0.16, and 0.20 µg mL^???1 while limits of quantification are 1.0, 0.80, 0.50, and 0.60 µg mL^???1, respectively. A Plackett?CBurman factorial design was used as a screening method in order to select the variables that influence MAE extraction. The recoveries of the method at three different spiked levels were assessed by analyzing real soil samples and were found to be in the range of 83.33 ± 0.12?C96.33 ± 0.23 with good precision (<8%).     

Arsenic-safe alternate aquifers and their hydraulic characteristics in contaminated areas of Middle Ganga Plain, Eastern India

Arsenic groundwater contamination exceeding 0.05 mg/l affecting the Newer Alluvial tracts of Patna and Bhojpur, the two worst affected districts located in the Middle Ganga Plain in the Bihar state, has been studied The area is underlain by two-tier Quaternary aquifer systems within a depth of 300 m below ground level, separated by a 15?C32-m-thick clay/sandy clay aquitard. The upper part (<50 m depth) of the shallow aquifer system is arsenic-contaminated. The deeper aquifer system (lying below 120?C130 m depth) exhibits low arsenic load (max 0.0035 mg/l), having hydraulic conductivity between 64.88 and 82.04 m/day. Groundwater in the deeper aquifer occurs under semi-confined to confined condition due to poor hydraulic conductivity of the middle clay (4.7 × 10^???2???7.2 × 10^???3 m/day). Hydraulic head of the deeper aquifer remains close to the surface than the shallow aquifer. The two aquifer systems in the Newer Alluvium are replaced by a thick single aquifer system in the adjoining Older Alluvium, within a depth of 330 m below ground. In the arsenic-contaminated area, deeper aquifer is protected by a middle clay, which may be developed for community drinking water supply by deep tube wells having a yield capacity of 150 m³/h.     

A very sensitive flow-injection spectrophotometric determination method for iron (II) and total iron using 2′, 3, 4′, 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone

In this study, an ultra-sensitive and highly selective, rapid flow-injection spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron (II) and total iron has been proposed. The method was based on the reaction between iron (II) and 2′, 3, 4′, 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone in slightly acidic solution with a strong absorption at 415 nm. The carrier solution used was 1?×?10^?5 M 2′, 3, 4′, 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone in 0.1 M HAc/Ac^? buffer solution at pH 4.5. Parameters that affect simultaneously the determination of iron (II) and interfering ions were tested. The relative standard deviation for the determination of 50 μg L^?1 iron (II) was 0.85 % (n?=?10), and the limit of detection (blank signal plus three times the standard deviation of the blank) was 3 μg L^?1, both based on injection volumes of 20 μL. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of iron (II) and total iron in water samples and ore samples. The method was verified by analysing a certified reference material Zn/Al/Cu 43XZ3F.     

Comparison of fecal coliform bacteria before and after wastewater treatment plant in the Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean Sea)

The distribution of fecal coliforms was investigated and determined in Izmir Bay from 1996 to 2005. Izmir Bay severely was polluted from industrial and domestic discharges during decades. In early 2000, a wastewater treatment plant began to treat domestic and industrial wastes. This plant treats the wastes about 80% capacity after 2001. The sampling periods cover before and after treatment plant. Assessment method for determining the number of fecal coliform has evolved membrane filtrations. Maximum surface fecal coliform concentration was 4.9 × 10⁵ cfu 100 ml^???1 in 1996–2000 period. Following the opening treatment system, fecal coliform density decreased 2.1 × 10⁴ cfu 100 ml^???1 during 2001–2005. A continuous improvement can be sustained in the water quality if direct inflow of untreated wastewater is prevented.     

Short-term variability of water quality and its implications on phytoplankton production in a tropical estuary (Cochin backwaters—India)

Changes in the phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a), production rate, and species composition were studied over two seasons using the time series measurements in the northern limb of the Cochin estuary in relation to the prevailing hydrological conditions. The present study showed the significant seasonal variation in water temperature (F = 69.4, P < 0.01), salinity (F = 341.93, P < 0.01), dissolved inorganic phosphorous (F = 17.71, P < 0.01), and silica (F = 898.1, P < 0.01) compared to nitrogen (F = 1.646, P > 0.05). The uneven input of ammonia (3.4–224.8 μM) from upstream (Periyar River) leads to the inconsistency in the N/P ratio (range 6.8–262). A distinct seasonality was observed in Si/N (F = 382.9, P < 0.01) and Si/P (F = 290.3, P < 0.01) ratios compared to the N/P ratio (F = 1.646, P > 0.05). The substantial increase in chlorophyll a (average, 34.8 ± 10 mg m^???3) and primary production (average, 1,304 ± 694 mg C m^???3 day^???1) indicated the mesotrophic condition of the study area during the premonsoon (PRM) and it was attributed to the large increase in the population of nanoplankton (size < 20 μ ) such as Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira subtilis, Nitzschia closterium, and Navicula directa. In contrast, during the post monsoon (PM), low chlorophyll a concentration (average, 9.3 ± 9.2 mg m^???3) and primary production (average, 124 ± 219 mg C m^???3 day^???1) showed heterotrophic condition. It can be stated that favorable environmental conditions (optimum nutrients and light intensity) prevailing during the PRM have enhanced the abundance of the nanoplankton community in the estuary, whereas during the PM, the light limitation due to high turbidity can reduce the nanoplankton growth and abundance, even though high nutrient level exists.     

New kinetic-spectrophotometric method for monitoring the concentration of iodine in river and city water samples

A new kinetic method has been developed for the determination of iodine in water samples. The method is based on the catalytic effect of I^? with the oxidation of Indigo Carmine (IC) by KBrO₃ in the sulfuric acid medium. The optimum conditions obtained are 0.16 M sulfuric acid, 1?×?10^?3 M of IC, 1?×?10^?2 M KBrO₃, reaction temperature of 35°C, and reaction time of 80 s at 612 nm. Under the optimized conditions, the method allowed the quantification of I^? in a range of 12–375 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.46 ng/mL. The method was applied to the determination of iodine in river and city water samples with the satisfactorily results.     

A simple extraction procedure for determination of total mercury in crude oil

The determination of mercury in crude oil and petroleum products is particularly difficult due to the volatile nature of both mercury and the matrix, which may lead to significant loss of the analyte. A simple extraction method for total mercury has been developed to determine total mercury in crude oil using cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The homogenized crude oil sample was diluted to 5, 10, and 20 % (w/w) in toluene. The diluted crude oil samples were spiked with 10 and 40 μg/kg (w/w). The samples were extracted using an oxidant/acid solution, BrCl/HCl. The mercury was extracted into the aqueous phase; the ionic mercury was then reduced to volatile elemental mercury (Hg⁰) by stannous chloride (SnCl₂). The mercury vapor was detected by Merlin cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry at a 253.7-nm wavelength. The average recoveries for mercury in spiked diluted crude oil (10 and 40 μg/kg, w/w) were between 96 and 103 %, respectively, in 5 and 10 % spiked diluted crude oil. Whereas, low recoveries (<50 %) were recorded in 20 % diluted spiked crude oil. The method detection limit was calculated as t _{(0.01)(n ? 1)}?×?SD where t is the student's value for 99 % confidence level and standard deviation estimate with n???1 degrees of freedom. The method detection limit was found to be 0.38 μg/kg based on 5 g of diluted crude oil sample. The method is sensitive enough to determine low levels of mercury in crude oil.     

A study on the phytoaccumulation of waste elements in wetland plants of a Ramsar site in India

Some wetland plant species are adapted to growing in the areas of higher metal concentrations. Use of such vegetation in remediation of soil and water contaminated with heavy metals is a promising cost-effective alternative to the more established treatment methods. Throughout the year, composite industrial effluents bringing various kinds of heavy metals contaminate our study site, the East Calcutta Wetlands, a Ramsar site at the eastern fringe of Kolkata city (formerly Calcutta), India. In the present study, possible measures for remediation of contaminated soil and water (with elements namely, Ca, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Fe) of the ecosystem had been investigated. Ten common regional wetland plant species were selected to study their efficiency and diversity in metal uptake and accumulation. Results showed that Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) had the highest total Cr concentration (6,601 ± 33 mg kg^???1 dw). The extent of accumulation of various elements in ten common wetland plants of the study sites was: Pb (4.4?C57 mg kg^???1 dw), Cu (6.2?C39 mg kg^???1 dw), Zn (59?C364 mg kg^???1 dw), Mn (87?C376 mg kg^???1 dw), Fe (188?C8,625 mg kg^???1 dw), Ca (969?C3,756 mg kg^???1 dw), and Cr (27?C660 mg kg^???1 dw) indicating an uptake gradient of elements by plants as Ca>Fe>Mn>Cr>Zn>Cu>Pb. The present study indicates the importance of identification and efficiency of metal uptake and accumulation capabilities by plants in relation to their applications in remediation of a contaminated East Calcutta Wetland ecosystem.     

Risk assessment due to ingestion of natural radionuclides and heavy metals in the milk samples: a case study from a proposed uranium mining area, Jharkhand

Ingestion of radionuclides and heavy metals through drinking water and food intake represents one of the important pathways for long-term health considerations. Milk and milk products are main constituents of the daily diet. Radionuclides and heavy metals can be apprehended in the ecosystem of the East Singhbhum region which is known for its viable grades of uranium, copper and other minerals. For the risk assessment studies, samples of milk were collected from twelve villages around Bagjata mining area and analysed for U(nat), ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁰Th, ²¹⁰Po, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu and Ni. Analysis of the results of the study reveals that the geometric mean of U(nat), ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁰Th and ²¹⁰Po was 0.021, 0.24, 0.23 and 1.08 Bq l^???1, respectively. The ingestion dose was calculated to be 12.34 ??SvY^???1 which is reflecting the natural background dose via the route of ingestion, and much below the 1 mSv limit set in the new ICRP recommendations. The excess lifetime cancer risk was estimated to be 1.72 × 10^???4 which is within the acceptable excess individual lifetime cancer risk value of 1 × 10^???4. The geometric mean of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni was 4.91, 0.29, 4.77, 0.56 and 0.48 mgl^???1, respectively; whereas the daily intake was computed to be 0.44, 0.03, 0.43, 0.05 and 0.04 mg/day, respectively. Pb was not detected in any of the samples. The hazard quotient revealed that the intake of the heavy metals through the ingestion of milk does not pose any apparent threat to the local people as none of the HQ of the heavy metals exceeds the limit of 1.     

Assessment of elemental concentrations in the urban air (case study: Tehran city)

Tehran is one of the megacities of the world with a population of over eight million. Its air is highly polluted mainly due to the suspended particulate matters, which encompasses a wide spectrum of chemical elements. These elements based on their type, size, and impact on the life cycle have various environmental and heath risks. In this research, the neutron activation method is used to determine the concentration levels of Al, Ba, Fe, Mg, and V in the urban air. Thus, two districts of Tehran with different characteristics are selected. District 21 includes much of the industries located in Tehran metropolitan and is considered as an industrial area. In contrast, district 22 lacks any significant industrial activity. It is a newly established and expanding district adjacent to district 21 with a great deal of constructional activities. For the measurement of the suspended particulate matters in the air, the various sections of the aforesaid districts with industrial, residential, heavily congested traffic, residential/commercial, residential/heavily congested traffic, and residential/industrial classifications were identified. Subsequently, 24 sampling stations were selected. The sampling of the suspended particulate matters was conducted with the aid of a high volume pump containing 125 mm cellulose filters in two different time intervals. After completion of the sampling process, the samples were prepared and sent to the research reactor of the Iran Nuclear Energy Organization for Neutron Activation. During the next steps, the radiations emitted from the samples were registered, the radiation curves were plotted, and the amounts of the trace elements were determined. As a result, the average concentration levels of Al, Ba, Fe, Mg, and V were identified to be 3.301140, 2.273658 × 10, 4.0681696 × 10^???1, 3.5525475 × 10^???1, and 3.04075 × 10^???2 μg/m³, respectively. Moreover, the emission sources of the aforesaid elements into the air were identified. The concentration levels of these elements in the industrial and heavily congested traffic sections were higher. Finally, it was concluded that the statistical analysis of these elements presents a meaningful correlation among them.     

Study of harmful algal blooms in a eutrophic pond, Bangladesh

The purpose of this research was to analyze the underlying mechanisms and contributing factors related to the seasonal dynamic of harmful algal blooms in a shallow eutrophic pond, Bangladesh during September 2005–July 2006. Two conspicuous events were noted simultaneously throughout the study period: high concentration of phosphate–phosphorus (>3.03; SD 1.29 mg l^???1) and permanent cyanobacterial blooms {>3,981.88 × 10³ cells l^???1 (SD 508.73)}. Cyanobacterial blooms were characterized by three abundance phases, each of which was associated with different ecological processes. High nitrate–nitrogen (>2.35; SD 0.83 mg l^???1), for example, was associated with high cyanobacterial abundance, while low nitrate–nitrogen (0.36; SD 0.2 mg l^???1) was recorded during moderate abundance phase. Extremely low NO₃–N/PO₄–P ratio (>3.55, SD 2.31) was recorded, and all blooming taxa were negatively correlated with this ratio. Cyanobacterial blooms were positively correlated with temperature (r?=?0.345) and pH (0.833; p?=?0.05) and negatively correlated with transparency (r?=???0.956; p?=?0.01). Although Anabaena showed similar relationship with water quality parameters as cyanobacteria, the co-dominant Microcystis exhibited negative relationship with temperature (r?=???0.386) and nitrate–nitrogen (r?=???0.172). This was attributed to excessive growth of Anabaena that suppressed Microcystis’s growth. Planktothrix was the third most dominant taxa, while Euglena was regarded as opportunistic.     

A nanosilver-based spectrophotometric method for determination of malachite green in surface water samples

A new spectrophotometric method is reported for the determination of nanomolar level of malachite green in surface water samples. The method is based on the catalytic effect of silver nanoparticles on the oxidation of malachite green by hexacyanoferrate (III) in acetate–acetic acid medium. The absorbance is measured at 610 nm with the fixed-time method. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range was 8.0?×?10^?9–2.0?×?10^?7?mol?L^?1 malachite green with a correlation coefficient of 0.996. The limit of detection (S/N?=?3) was 2.0?×?10^?9?mol?L^?1. Relative standard deviation for ten replicate determinations of 1.0?×?10^?8?mol?L^?1 malachite green was 1.86 %. The method is featured with good accuracy and reproducibility for malachite green determination in surface water samples without any pre-concentration and separation step.     

Environmental vanadium distribution, mobility and bioaccumulation in different land-use Districts in Panzhihua Region, SW China

In order to characterize environmental vanadium distribution, mobility, and bioaccumulation, a total of 55 soil samples and 36 plant samples were collected in four typical land-use districts in Panzhihua region, Southwestern China. Soil samples were analyzed with the modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure, and the content of vanadium in soil and plant was determined by ICP-AES. The total content of vanadium was 208.1?C938.4 mg kg^???1 in smelting area, 111.6?C591.2 mg kg^???1 in mining area, 94.0?C183.6 mg kg^???1 in urban park, and 71.7?C227.2 mg kg^???1 in agricultural area, respectively, while the bio-available content of vanadium was characterized that the polluted areas (mining area 18.8?C83.6 mg kg^???1, smelting area 41.7?C132.1 mg kg^???1) and the unpolluted area (agricultural area 9.8?C26.4 mg kg^???1, urban park 9.9?C25.2 mg kg^???1). In addition, the contamination degree of vanadium in soil was smelting area > mining area > agricultural area ?? urban park. Moreover, the fraction of vanadium in each sequential extraction characterized that residual fraction > oxidizable fraction > reducible fraction > acid soluble fraction. The bioaccumulation of vanadium from soil to plant was weak to intermediate absorption. Therefore, some countermeasures such as soil monitoring and remediation should be to take in the sooner future, especially in mining and smelting area.