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Paul Ney 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1981,68(12):597-605
Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions. 相似文献
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This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed(for all four combustion tests) for S, As, Cl and Br(R = 0.917-0.999). Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds(e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.). Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically "not significant", i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization. 相似文献
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珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。 相似文献
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G. Vollmer 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1991,78(12):533-542
In order to say something substantial about the fundamental limits of machines (especially of computers) and of human calculations, we must explicate the concept of algorithm. Such an explication is provided by the Turing machine. Thus, problems have been discovered which cannot be solved algorithmically. For other problems there are problem-solving procedures, but no elegant algorithms. That men are fundamentally superior to machines has not been shown as yet. 相似文献
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Kurunthachalam Kannan Simonetta Corsoline Takashi Imagaws Silvano Focardi John P.Giesy 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2002,31(3):207-211
我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量. 相似文献
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Vine Edward L. Sathaye Jayant A. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2000,5(2):189-216
In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable. 相似文献
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《Journal of Cleaner Production》2006,14(17):1557-1558
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人口迁徙、汇款、生活轨迹及社会应变能力 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
W. Neil Adger P. Mick Kelly Alexandra Winkels Luong Quang Huy Catherine Locke 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2002,31(4):358-366
我们认为,人口变化的方方面面,包括迁徙,都影响个人和团体的社会应变能力以及基本资源基础的可持续性.社会应变能力是应对和适应通过适当的制度调节的环境和社会变化的能力.我们调查了当今越南沿海地区人口变化、社会应变能力以及可持续发展之间关系的一个侧面:迁徙和汇款对依赖于资源的人口源区居民群的影响.利用有关生活来源的纵向运动数据,我们发现移民出境和汇款对一个逐渐形成的社会和政治范围内的应变能力有抵消作用.移民出境是与不可持续的沿海养殖业的发展同时并存的,而不是起推动作用.日益增加的经济不平等削弱了社会应变能力.同时,多种经营和收入水平的不断提高有助于应变能力的增强. 相似文献
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共沉淀-离心-X射线荧光法快速测定表层海水中的Fe,Ni,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
基于共沉淀的富集作用,采用自制的离心管离心沉淀,以手持式X-射线荧光仪(XRF)测定,由此建立了表层海水中Fe,Ni,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb的共沉淀-离心-XRF快速分析方法。测定时间为5 min/样;线性范围125μg/L~1 000μg/L,可以满足近岸表层海水中铁和锰的分析要求;基底加标200μg/L回收率为94.5%~116%;连续7次测定6种金属浓度均为500μg/L的海水加标样品,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.86%~5.85%。与ICP-MS法比较,测定结果无显著性差异。本方法具有化学试剂污染小、方便快捷、可现场快速测定方法等优点。该方法已成功应用于厦门西港和福建九龙江河口表层海水中可溶态铁锰的现场测定,并在现场以手持式XRF对颗粒物中铁锰进行了测定,获得了该海域颗粒物中和海水中铁锰的分布。 相似文献
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采用Fe0还原、钯催化法对土壤中2,2',3,4,4',5,5,-七氯联苯的的还原特性进行了实验研究.结果表明, Pd/Fe双金属能有效地进行2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯的催化脱氯.在钯化率为0.05%、钯/铁加入量1g、初始pH为5.6、反应时间5d的条件下,钯/铁双金属对土壤中2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯去除率达54%.实验还考察了钯化率、初始pH、反应时间、钯/铁投加量、2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯初始浓度等参数对2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯脱氯效果的影响.研究表明,较高的钯化率、钯/铁加入量,较低的2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯初始浓度及弱酸性等条件更有利于Pd/Fe对2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯的还原脱氯.在Pd/Fe双金属表面,2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯的脱氯符合一级动力学反应,反应速率常数为0.0142/h,其半衰期为49h.利用实验数据,对钯/铁双金属作用下的2,2',3,4,4',5,5',-七氯联苯还原脱氯的反应机制也进行了分析. 相似文献
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进行了布、洛、维、肖氏硬度之间的回归分析,建立了洛氏硬度与布氏、维氏、肖氏硬度之间,以及布氏硬度与维氏、肖氏硬度之间的回归关系式. 相似文献
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《Environmental Science & Policy》1999,2(4-5):369-379
Salmon policy in the Pacific Northwest illustrates a class of contentious, socially wrenching issues that are becoming increasingly common in the western United States as demands increase for limited ecological resources. Many Pacific salmon “stocks” (a term used in fisheries management for a group of interbreeding individuals that is roughly equivalent to “population”) have declined and some have been extirpated. The salmon “problem” is one of the most vexing public policy challenges in natural resource management. Even with complete scientific knowledge — and scientific knowledge is far from complete or certain — it would be a challenging policy problem. The salmon decline issue is often defined simplistically as a watershed management problem, in part because changes in watersheds are highly visible and often occur on public or corporate lands where individuals and organizations often have direct input to decision making. Yet, changes in climate and ocean conditions, for example, occur frequently and such changes have a major influence on salmon abundance. The scientific challenges are great, but the more difficult — and critical — aspect of the debate concerns policies and decisions affecting everyone, including those involved in rural enterprises (especially farming and logging); manufacturing and construction; electricity generation (including hydro, fossil fuel, and nuclear); national defense; urban development; transportation (including road, rail, air, and water). The debate also involves competing personal rights and freedoms; the prerogatives and roles of local, state, and federal government and Indian tribes; policies on human population level, reproduction, emigration, and immigration; and the future of fishing (commercial, recreational, and Indian). The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by: (1) nearly everyone claims to support maintaining wild salmon runs; (2) many competing societal priorities exist, many of which are partially or wholly mutually exclusive; (3) the region’s rapidly growing human population creates increasing pressures on all natural resources (including salmon and their habitats); (4) policy stances in the salmon debate are solidly entrenched; (5) society expects salmon experts to help solve the salmon problem; (6) each of the many sides of the political debate over the future of salmon use salmon experts and scientific “facts” to bolster its argument; (7) it has proved to be nearly impossible for salmon scientists to avoid being categorized as supporting a particular policy position; and (8) many advocates of policy positions couch their positions in scientific terms rather than value-based preferences. Although far from indisputable, I conclude that over the next century and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of costly protection and restoration efforts. 相似文献
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钯/铁双金属对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的催化脱氯研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用Fe0还原、钯催化法对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的的还原特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,Pd/Fe双金属能有效地进行2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的催化脱氯.在钯化率为0.05%、钯/铁加入量1g、初始pH为5.6、反应时间5 d的条件下,钯/铁双金属对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯去除率达54%.实验还考察了钯化率、初始pH、反应时间、钯/铁投加量、2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯初始浓度等参数对2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯脱氯效果的影响.研究表明,较高的钯化率、钯/铁加入量,较低的2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯初始浓度及弱酸性等条件更有利于Pd/Fe对2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的还原脱氯.在Pd/Fe双金属表面,2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的脱氯符合一级动力学反应,反应速率常数为0.014 2/h,其半衰期为49h.利用实验数据,对钯/铁双金属作用下的2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯还原脱氯的反应机制也进行了分析. 相似文献
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金属污染对水生底栖滤食性动物的危害,一直是普遍关注的水产养殖及水产品安全性热点问题之一。本文采用半静态法研究了Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Cr6+、Se4+对褶牡蛎(Crassostrea plicatul)的急性毒性效应(LC50)。结果表明,Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Cr6+、Se4+对褶牡蛎48 h- LC50分别为1447.00、28.16、12.25、1098.00、22.89 mg/L;72h- LC50分别为231.62、12.24、4.23、539.02、9.12 mg/L;96 h- LC50分别为81.84、8.83、2.59、378.06、4.10 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)分别为0.81、0.08、0.03、3.78、0.04 mg/L,五种金属对褶牡蛎的毒性依次为:Cu2+ Se4+ Cd2+ Zn2+ Cr6+,其中褶牡蛎对Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+耐受性较强,分别为渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)的17.60、37.81、8.18倍。 相似文献
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Meryl J. Williams 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2002,31(4):337-339
引言 以下三篇文章分别对海岸带生态系统、人口变化和科学技术发展对海岸带资源利用影响之间的复杂关系进行综合论述. 相似文献