Immediate and unexplained fetal death during mid-trimester amniocentesis

Immediate and unexplained fetal death during mid-trimester amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis was found to be an uncommon though real phenomenon. A survey of programmes in the United States detected 5 cases from 7524 at 4 centres. Postmortem examination was not helpful and a neurogenic mechanism is postulated. Awareness of this phenomenon and routine pre- and post-amniocentesis ultrasound monitoring may clarify the actual prevalence and etiology.     

某化工企业1971～2000年职工恶性肿瘤死亡情况的动态分析

对以天然气、食盐为原料生产基础化工产品的综合性化工企业的职工调查显示,恶性肿瘤已成为该企业职工死亡的主要原因之一,总死亡率为1.44‰,与当地对照有显著性,尤以肺癌、肝癌、食道癌为主.动态观察显示,职工恶性肿瘤死亡率从1971～的0.41‰上升为1996～的1.93‰,总体呈现逐年上升的趋势.1991～以来的男、女职工死亡性比率为1.90∶1,两者差异非常显著,目前3位死因都有统计学意义.这说明恶性肿瘤对该企业职工,特别是男性职工的生命健康威胁越来越大,应成为今后卫生工作的重点之一.     

小窑湾海水养殖环境现状的研究

2000年3－11月对小窑湾水域质量进行了9航次10个指标的海上调查，结果表明该水域质量符合国家一类标准。叶绿素a值夏季高于冬季，IN值冬季高于夏季，COD值4、5、6月均值高出其他月份均值43个百分点，IP值上半年高于下半年。海区营养属贫脊型。同时揭示了高密度双壳贝类浮筏养殖对海区水质的负影响较小，该海域养殖贝类的死亡主要是因饥 饿引发的贝体较弱，抗病力较差。     

NO参与亚砷酸钠诱导酵母细胞死亡的调控

以模式生物酵母细胞为材料,研究亚砷酸钠胁迫对细胞死亡率和胞内NO水平的影响,以探讨NO在砷诱导细胞死亡中的作用.结果显示,浓度为1～7mmol·L-1的亚砷酸钠可降低酵母细胞活性,诱导细胞死亡,随着处理浓度的升高和作用时间的延长,细胞死亡率增高;死细胞出现核固缩和核降解等凋亡特征;凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB(2"mol·L-1)与3mmol·L-1亚砷酸钠共同作用后,酵母细胞死亡率下降.在亚砷酸钠胁迫的过程中,酵母细胞内NO水平升高;一定浓度的NO清除剂c-PTIO(0.2mmol·L-1)或NO生成抑制剂NaN3(1mmol·L-1)均可降低亚砷酸钠引起的酵母细胞死亡率.结果表明,砷胁迫诱导的胞内NO升高是酵母细胞死亡的一个诱因,亚砷酸钠诱发的酵母细胞死亡中可能存在细胞凋亡过程.     

Cardiotocographic and sonographic findings in two cases of antenatally diagnosed intrauterine fetal brain death

Intrauterine fetal brain death is a rare cause of a fixed fetal heart rate pattern. Seven cases have been previously reported in the literature, but only two of them were diagnosed prenatally and all the newborns died soon after delivery. Two additional cases of antepartum diagnosis of intrauterine fetal brain death, managed expectantly, are reported. We had the unique opportunity to document progressive sonographic cerebral changes during the follow-up period, following the neurological event, while the fetus continued life and growth in utero. The cardiographic and sonographic findings suggesting intrauterine fetal brain death were a prolonged fixed fetal heart rate, even following a vibroacoustic and contraction stress test; an atonic fetus without breathing and body movement; and the appearance of hydramnios and the development of ventriculomegaly.     

Cytogenetic abnormalities among perinatal deaths demonstrating a single umbilical artery

The presence of a single umbilical artery is associated with fetal congenital malformations and cytogenetic abnormalities. The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in perinatal deaths complicated by a single umbilical artery is unknown. We studied the proportion of cytogenetic abnormalities associated with a single umbilical artery among perinatal deaths undergoing autopsy. Of 1078 autopsies, 42 (3·9 per cent) were identified with a single umbilical artery. Chromosome analysis was attempted in 21 of the 42 cases (50 per cent). There were 16 successful chromosome analyses, of which three (18·75 per cent) were abnormal. All the chromosomally abnormal fetuses had major congenital malformations. These data suggest that in a perinatal death, the presence of a single umbilical artery does not clinically alter the a priori risk of cytogenetic abnormalities.     

ASMs模型中异养菌减衰系数之间的关系及其测定

国际水协(IAWQ)推出的ASM1、ASM2、ASM2D号模型中描述微生物的衰亡过程采用了死亡-再生模式,而ASM3号模型中描述微生物的衰亡则采用了传统减衰模式,文章从两种减衰模式的机理出发,指出了两者之间的区别与联系,并详细推导了两种减衰模式中各参数之间的关系,以此得出了异养菌传统减衰系数bH'和死亡-再生减衰系数bH的测定计算方法。文中在20℃条件下,对以印染废水为主的实际污水处理厂活性污泥的异养菌减衰系数bH'和bH进行了测定,所得结果分别为0.20和0.50。     

地质灾害生命损失灾情分析与对策

地质灾害每年造成最大可能死亡1500－2000人，除内蒙古，天津市，江苏省，上海市，香港，澳门以外，其余28个省（市，区）每年因地灾害均有不同程度的人员伤亡，据统计，全国实际发生地质灾害死亡人数：1995年死亡1230人，1996年死亡51人，1997年死亡108人，1998年死亡532人，2000年死亡142人（伤26975人）。各级政府必须加强地质灾害防治，保障人民群众生命财产的安全。（1）地质灾害防治，政府负总责，建立和完善领导责任制。（2）制定地质灾害防治规划，实施规划管理，分期分批治理。（3）将地质灾害防治资金列入预算，并建立多元化投资机制。（4）工程建设必须进行地质灾害危险性评估，发生地质灾害造成重大损失的，追究地方政府主要领导和有关部门负责人的责任。     

零维碳基纳米材料细胞毒性效应的研究进展

介绍了碳基纳米材料进入细胞的主要途径,重点总结分析了几种常见零维碳基纳米材料导致细胞发生不同形式的死亡效应及其可能的毒作用机制,影响纳米材料毒性的各种理化性质也有所阐述.最后在本课题研究成果的基础上对未来碳基纳米材料的毒性研究前景进行了思考和展望,将为碳基纳米材料设计优化和广泛应用提供有价值的参考.     

北京市大气颗粒物与温度对人群非意外死亡影响的交互作用

使用Poisson回归和广义相加模型(GAM)相结合,通过比较不同温度下大气颗粒物质量浓度〔包括ρ(TSP)和ρ(PM₁₀₎〕与人群非意外死亡的关系,分析了北京市1998年1月—2000年6月ρ(TSP)和ρ(PM₁₀₎与温度对人群非意外死亡影响的交互作用. 结果表明:温度越高,ρ(TSP)和ρ(PM₁₀₎与温度对人群非意外死亡影响的联合作用就越大. 采用温度的P₅和P₉₅分位数将温度分为低、中、高温度层后,ρ(TSP)每增加10 μg/m3,每日非意外死亡人数分别增加0.177%,0.052%和0.311%;ρ(PM₁₀₎每增加10 μg/m3,每日非意外死亡人数分别增加0.090%,0.185%和0.568%. 高温度层ρ(TSP)和ρ(PM10)对人群非意外死亡的影响高于中温度层,表明大气颗粒物质量浓度和高温对人群非意外死亡的影响有交互作用.      

Intrauterine rescue transfusion in monochorionic multiple pregnancies with recent single intrauterine death

To assess the role of fetal blood sampling and intrauterine transfusion in monochorionic (MC) multiple pregnancy complicated by single intrauterine death (IUD), we reviewed ten cases over a 4-year period in a tertiary referral centre which underwent fetal blood sampling within 24 h of death of its MC co-twin. Intrauterine rescue transfusion was performed in all seven anaemic fetuses (hematocrit; Hct<30%) to raise the fetal Hct to ≥40%. The rationale was to prevent death and/or brain injury. Two fetuses, which were severely acidaemic at blood sampling, died in utero within 24 h of the procedure. In two cases, the surviving twins manifested abnormal sonographic findings of the fetal brain 2–5 weeks later and underwent late termination. In two cases, the pregnancies continued uneventfully until delivery at 35 and 40 weeks' gestation with good neonatal outcome. In one case the co-twin delivered 1 week later at 29 weeks but died within 12 h. Fetuses without anaemia were not transfused and had normal clinical outcomes. We suggest that intrauterine rescue transfusion before the development of severe acidaemia in anaemic surviving MC co-twins may prevent fetal death, but does not necessarily prevent brain injury. Until its role becomes clearer, we recommend that its use be restricted to situations in which the parents and the local jurisdiction allow late termination as an option if brain injury subsequently manifests on ultrasound. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

采用模拟试验方法对一起一氧化碳中毒死亡事故的分析

运用模拟试验的方法查清了一起CO中毒死亡事故的原因,查明了事故的直接责任者,确定了石灰窑停窑操作的关键步骤,为今后避免类似事故提供参考.     

Grief and mid-trimester fetal loss

Fetal loss through miscarriage or termination of pregnancy for genetic reasons often provokes the grief of bereavement. This is not fully understood, and the extent of the distress is often underestimated by professionals and family alike. We have examined elements of the normal bereavement process and have found that they may occur in specific and accentuated forms in mid-trimester fetal loss. We discuss our findings in the light of the attachment theory—a psychodynamic model for understanding grief reactions.     

Hydrops fetalis and neonatal death from human parvovirus B19: an unusual complication

A case of prenatally diagnosed human parvovirus B19 (HPVB19) infection is reported. The neonate died after intrauterine therapy and premature delivery. The fetus was diagnosed with oedema, cardiomegaly, poor myocardial contractility and a pericardial effusion at 24/40 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound using colour flow Doppler showed a midcerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA PSV) raised at 45 cm/s, suggesting fetal anaemia. This was confirmed on fetal blood sampling, but recovery was suggested with a reticulocyte count of 16.8%. The fetal karyotype was normal, 46,XY. Fetal IgM was positive for Parvovirus. A week later, severe fetal anaemia was suspected and intrauterine transfusion carried out. Altogether three transfusions were given. At 31/40 weeks, the mother presented to her local hospital with suspected preterm labour, a caesarean section was carried out because of fetal compromise on cardiotocography. The baby was in poor condition at birth and resuscitation was stopped at 45 min of age. The post-mortem examination confirmed the hydrops and proved persistent Parvovirus infection, cardiac involvement and severe liver fibrosis. HPVB19 generally follows a benign course with intrauterine therapy; however, in this case, the fetus died despite successful transfusions. The reasons for this are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市大气污染的人力资本损失研究

从人均GDP的角度提出了修正人力资本法,分析了大气污染引起的过早死亡人力资本损失,分析了平均损失寿命年、人均GDP增长率和社会贴现率对人力资本损失的影响.并以2003年为基准年,估算出主要城市大气污染的人均人力资本损失大致在12～90万元/人之间.为评估我国城市大气污染的健康经济损失提供参考.     

煤矿百万吨死亡率影响因素的灰色关联分析

本文以国有煤矿企业现状调查结果为依据,选取采矿工人收入、采掘工人高中以上文化程度比例、原煤生产效率和采煤机械化程度影响因素建立灰色关联模型,运用灰色关联分析法定量分析了各因素对煤矿百万吨死亡率的影响,其结果可为煤矿安全管理工作提供必要的依据.     

卵圆卡盾藻对卤虫的急性毒性效应

研究了卵圆卡盾藻在不同生长阶段和不同密度下对卤虫的急性毒性效应,结果表明:对数生长初期的卵圆卡盾藻藻液的毒性作用最强,卤虫暴露在4.3×104/mL藻液48 h后,死亡率达到80%;对数生长后期卵圆卡盾藻藻液也具有较强的毒性,48 h卤虫死亡率为67%;衰亡期藻液毒性最弱,48 h卤虫死亡率为40%。卵圆卡盾藻的藻液和滤液均对卤虫有致死作用,且前者毒性大于后者。海洋盾藻藻液和滤液的浓度对数与卤虫的死亡机率单位呈线性关系,藻液对卤虫24 h LD50为4.8×104/mL,而滤液对卤虫的24 h LD50为5.6×104/mL。卤虫在卵圆卡盾藻藻液中的暴露时间(48 h内)与死亡机率呈线性相关关系,在藻密度为5.1×104/mL时,卵圆卡盾藻藻液对卤虫的半致死时间(LT50)为38.6 h。     

酸沉降对南山马尾松的危害

通过实地考察和资料分析,本文提出了以SO_2为主的酸性干、湿沉降是造成南山马尾松死亡的重要原因之一的新观点。