Nitrogen removal influence factors in A/O process and decision trees for nitrification/denitrification system

In order to improve nitrogen removal in anoxic/oxic(NO) process effectively for treating domestic wastewaters, the influence factors, DO( dissolved oxygen), nitrate recirculation, sludge recycle, SRT( solids residence time), influent COD/TN and HRT( hydraulic retention time) were studied. Results indicated that it was possible to increase nitrogen removal by using corresponding control strategies,such as, adjusting the DO set point according “to effluent ammonia concentration; manipulating nitrate recirculation flow according to nitrate concentration at the end of anoxic zone. Based on the experiments results, a knowledge-based approach for supervision of the nitrogen removal problems was considered, and decision trees for diagnosing nitrification and denitrification problems were built and successfully applied to NO process.     

Spatial and temporal variations in groundwater nitrate at an intensive dairy farm in south-east Ireland: Insights from stable isotope data

Achievement of at least “good ecological status” in all waterbodies under the EU Water Framework Directive by 2015 will in some cases be a challenge. The twin challenge is to manage expectations of policy makers for such waterbodies as to a realistic length of time required for improvement in water quality. Hence, understanding the source, transformation processes and residence time of nitrate in a hydrological system is an essential part of meeting such challenges. On a dairy farm with 24 shallow groundwater wells, the dual isotopic composition of nitrate (δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O) was used to clarify nitrate sources, to assess spatial and temporal variability in nitrate concentrations and to determine if and where denitrification was occurring. Vertical travel time was estimated to correlate nitrate concentrations with management practices. Organically derived nitrogen was the predominant source contributing to groundwater nitrate concentrations. Denitrification was identified as prevalent within specific regions of the study site. The distinct low temporal variability in the isotopic data suggests constancy among nitrate sources and processes over time across the study site. Vertical travel times of up to 3 years were estimated on site indicating the influence of recent management practices on nitrate concentrations. Very slow horizontal migration of groundwater (decades) indicates a legacy of older management practices. Stable isotope techniques, together with an understanding of time lag, provide an extra mechanism to test the efficacy of monitoring and mitigation programmes.     

周村水库主库区热分层初期氮素降低的驱动因子分析

为了探究周村水库热分层前期氮素的变化趋势及其驱动因子,于2016年2~4月定期对周村水库主库区进行水质指标监测,并在采样点采集新鲜水样和表层沉积物,实验室模拟水库氮素变化过程中,水体和沉积物的反硝化作用量.结果表明周村水库在热分层初期,库区总氮浓度由(2.28±0.09)mg·L~(-1)降至(1.08±0.09)mg·L~(-1),硝氮浓度由(1.66±0.09)mg·L~(-1)降至(0.25±0.06)mg·L~(-1),氨氮浓度总体变化不大,亚硝氮的浓度几乎不变.与此同时,叶绿素没有明显增加,藻类的影响不大;氮素降低主要由于好氧反硝化菌的反硝化作用造成.热分层初期水库的温度逐渐增加、DO、pH的变化以及以小分子量为主的有机物组成均利用好氧反硝化菌的生长繁殖,菌数从1.06×105cfu·L~(-1)增加到8.33×106cfu·L~(-1),使得水库的反硝化作用增强,水库氮素下降;与此同时的模拟实验中,仅有水体好氧反硝化菌作用时,培养瓶的总氮去除量为0.7 mg,水体和表层沉积物共同作用时,总氮去除量为3.3 mg,水体与表层沉积物的反硝化去除氮量之比大体为1∶4,表层沉积物的反硝化作用是水库氮素去除的重要因素.     

污水生物脱氮过程中N_2O的释放途径和影响因素

为了更好地理解和掌握污水处理过程中N 2O的释放规律,结合近年来已经发表的研究结果,就传统的污水生物脱氮过程(全程硝化反硝化过程)和新型污水生物脱氮过程(同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化)中N2O的释放途径以及影响因素进行了综述。通过综述发现,硝化和反硝化过程均有可能导致N2O的释放,且硝化过程更易产生N2O;与传统的脱氮过程相比,同步硝化反硝化等新型脱氮过程产生N2O的概率更大;影响N2O释放的因素主要有DO浓度、NO-2浓度、进水氨氮负荷、SRT和COD/N等运行工况和细菌种类及其活性。最后,展望了该领域的研究方向。     

影响MBR脱氮效率的因素研究

采用重力出流式膜生物反应器,考察了采用2种脱氮运行方式对生活污水脱氮的效果,同时对影响脱氮效率的相关因素进行了分析．研究结果表明,C／N是影响A／O与同步硝化反硝化（SND）2种运行方式脱氮效率最关键的因素．当C／N比小于12时,A／O方式的脱氮效率高于SND;随着C／N的升高,A／O与SND脱氮效率的差距逐渐缩小．对于A／O运行方式,在低C／N条件下可以通过提高回流比与增加缺氧段的HRT来提高系统的总氮去除率．而对于SND运行方式,好氧反硝化的完成是建立在有足够有机物作碳源的基础上,此时,DO的控制就成为提高脱氮效率的关键因素．     

Ammonium removal pathways and microbial community in GAC-sand dual media filter in drinking water treatment

A GAC-sand dual media filter (GSF) was devised as an alternative solution for drinking water treatment plant to tackle the raw water polluted by ammonium in place of expensive ozone-GAC processes or bio-pretreatments. The ammonium removal pathways and microbial community in the GSFs were investigated. The concentrations of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen were monitored along the filter. Total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) loss occurred during the filtration. For 1 mg ammonium removal, the TIN loss was as high as 0.35 mg, DO consumption was 3.06 mg, and alkalinity consumption was 5.55 mg. It was assumed that both nitrification and denitrification processes occur in the filters to fit the TIN loss and low DO consumption. During the filtration, nitritation, nitrification and nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation processes probably occur, while traditional nitrification and denitrification and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification processes may occur. In the GSFs, Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira are likely to be involved in nitrification processes, while Novosphingobium, Comamonadaceae and Oxalobacteraceae may be involved in denitrification processes.     

基于微电极技术的反硝化滤池生物膜特性分析

为研究反硝化滤池中溶解氧对反硝化作用的影响,制备性能良好尖端直径在30μm以内的氧(O2)以及硝酸盐(NO3-)微电极,以此为测试工具,对反硝化滤池中生物膜内部O2、NO3-微环境分布进行测试,通过建立扩散-反应方程,获得生物膜微环境耗氧及反硝化活性特征.研究结果表明,溶解氧在生物膜内部呈明显的下降趋势,从主体溶液氧浓度约1mg/L下降至生物膜300μm深度处约为0.生物膜内部反硝化活性区域发生在300~600μm深度范围内.该条件下反硝化滤池生物膜的氧利用速率常数以及反硝化速率常数之间的比值为1.46,溶解氧对反硝化过程的影响是显著的.     

实际生活污水短程/全程硝化反硝化处理中试研究

常温条件下,用A/O生物脱氮工艺中试试验装置处理实际生活污水,控制好氧区低DO浓度(0.5 mg/L),实现了短程硝化反硝化反应,亚硝酸氮平均积累率可达85%或更高.研究了低DO短程硝化反硝化、低DO全程硝化反硝化和高DO全程硝化反硝化3种运行方式或状态在总氮去除率、耗氧量、污泥性能和反应机理上的差别.结果表明,短程硝化反硝化是生物脱氮的最优运行方式,它可有效提高系统脱氮率、降低运行费用.短程硝化反硝化过程中缺氧区和好氧区的pH值变化幅度较大;而全程硝化反硝化过程中,缺氧区pH值变化很小或基本不变化,好氧区pH值变化幅度较大.全程硝化和短程硝化的硝化速率相差不大,但短程反硝化速率和全程反硝化速率相比增加了15%.可以应用DO和pH在线控制A/O工艺硝化反应过程.     

人工湿地的氮稳定同位素特征及污染源解析

对2016年4,6,和8月合肥市塘西河人工湿地水体中的溶解态硝酸盐进行稳定氮同位素分析。通过不同的季节人工湿地内硝酸盐的稳定氮同位素值(δ~(15)N-NO_3~-)的变化情况来研究水体中氮的迁移、转变等生物地球化学过程,从而揭示其环境行为,同时对该人工湿地氮的循环机制进行探究。研究发现:该人工湿地的δ~(15)N-NO_3~-值分布在13.9‰~22.7‰,表明其硝酸盐氮的主要来源是人畜排泄物或城市生活污水。4,6,8月水体中的δ~(15)N-NO_3~-值都受硝化、矿化、植物同化作用的影响;6月水体中的δ~(15)N-NO_3~-值还受藻类同化吸收作用的影响;8月水体中的δ~(15)N-NO_3~-值还受雨水混合、藻类同化吸收与反硝化作用的影响。     

农田土壤N2O产生的关键微生物过程及减排措施

氧化亚氮(N2O)作为一种重要的温室气体,其全球排放总量仍然在持续上升.它不仅可以产生温室效应,还可以间接破坏臭氧层,使其在全球气候变化和生态环境变化研究中备受关注.土壤生态系统是大气中N2O的最重要排放源.本文详细论述了农田土壤中反硝化作用、硝化作用、硝化微生物的反硝化作用以及硝酸盐异化还原成铵作用等过程产生N2O的微生物学机制,并从土壤理化性质(土壤pH、氮素、有机质、土壤温度和湿度)和土壤生物等方面对农田土壤N2O排放的影响进行综述,在此基础上对农田土壤N2O的减排措施进行总结,并就今后农田土壤N2O排放的研究重点和方向进行了展望,为调控农田土壤温室气体排放、氮转化过程和提高氮素利用效率提供科学依据.     

溶解氧对Biolak型A2O工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

通过对Biolak型A2O工艺处理生活污水工程应用的研究,考察了好氧段溶解氧(DO)浓度对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验结果表明,DO浓度变化对系统COD、NH+4-N处理效果的影响不大,而对系统总氮及总磷的去除效果影响显著.当DO浓度控制在0.80~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统总氮去除效果最佳,可以达到69.5%,系统好氧段可实现同步硝化反硝化除氮.通过对系统氮进行物料衡算发现,23.7%的总氮通过好氧段多级A/O反硝化脱氮去除.当DO浓度为1.00~3.00 mg·L-1时,总磷(TP)去除率较高,可以达到74.0%.DO浓度控制在1.00~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统脱氮除磷效果最佳,此时TN、TP的去除率分别为68.9%、73.7%,二级生化处理段出水TN、TP分别为12.02、0.95 mg·L-1.     

沁河上游硝酸盐的定量源解析及其季节性差异

沁河流域人为源硝酸盐输入增加了河流富营养化的风险.为识别沁河上游硝酸盐来源,分别于2017年10月、2018年3月和2018年6月在沁河上游采集了28个河流表层水样,联合稳定同位素（δ15N-NO₃-和δ18O-NO₃-、δD-H₂O和δ18O-H₂O）和水化学参数（Cl-、NO₃--N、NH₄+-N）评估了沁河上游河流硝酸盐源与关键过程,并基于贝叶斯混合模型量化了不同硝酸盐来源的贡献.结果表明:①沁河上游溶解无机氮以NO₃--N为主,秋季[（2.40±1.17）mg/L]高于春季[（2.11±1.03）mg/L]和夏季[（1.50±0.61）mg/L];受积雪融化的影响,春季δ18O-NO₃-（13.0‰±3.13‰）显著高于夏季（2.90‰±3.12‰）和秋季（6.62‰±1.30‰）.②SIAR同位素模型结果表明,沁河上游硝酸盐主要来自土壤氮和化肥.在春、夏、秋3个季节,土壤氮的硝化对沁河上游硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为27.8%、39.5%和39.3%,化肥贡献比例分别为29.1%、40.2%和41.9%.春季（24.7%）大气沉降的贡献比例高于夏季（2.4%）和秋季（10.6%）.③沁河上游硝酸盐主要受硝化过程的影响,没有发生明显的反硝化过程.研究显示,春季、夏季和秋季沁河上游硝酸盐主要来自土壤氮和化肥的硝化,硝酸盐污染防治应考虑化肥的使用效率和抑制硝化过程的发生.      

Contributions of biofilm and suspended sludge to nitrogen transformation and nitrous oxide emission in hybrid sequencing batch system

Hybrid system combines the nature of suspended growth and attached growth has been widely applied to wastewater treatment. In this research, the contributions to N transformation and N2O emission by biofilm and suspended sludge in the hybrid sequencingbatch reactor for a simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal process were investigated. For the hybrid system, nitrification occurred mostly in the suspended sludge, while the biofilm played the major role in denitrification. The interaction of the biofilm and the suspended sludge in the same reactor resulted in a better overall nitrogen removal performance with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. However, N2O emission was the main end product of nitrogen removal for the hybrid system; while it was N2 for the biofilm. The relative low N2O emissions from the pure biofilm and the pure suspended sludge corresponded to the relatively high nitrate at the end of the aeration period compared with the hybrid system.     

晚期渗滤液脱氮过程中的抑制现象及其消除

对于垃圾填埋过程中高氨氮浓度、低C/N的晚期渗滤液,反硝化碳源不足会造成A/O脱氮系统的亚硝酸积累,导致对氨氧化和亚硝酸氧化过程的抑制作用.A,²/O流程中的厌氧处理对难降解有机物的水解酸化作用可为后续反硝化提供易降解有机碳源,可消除亚硝酸盐的积累及其对硝化过程的抑制.试验表明,厌氧处理可使氨氧化速率和反硝化速率提高约1倍和1.3倍,分别达0.123mgN/(mgMLSSd)和0.0675mgN/(mgMLSSd),TN去除率由8%提高到15%.使浓度高达1000mg/L的氨氮,在0.138mgN/(mgMLSSd)的进水负荷下较为彻底地氧化为安全的硝酸盐.     

基于水化学及氮氧同位素技术的硝酸盐来源解析——以鄱阳湖湿地为例

为了识别鄱阳湖湿地水体中硝酸盐污染的来源,转化特征和各污染来源的贡献比例,选取枯水期这一典型时期,于2019年1月份对鄱阳湖中的蚌湖湿地,沙湖山湿地和庐山湿地的地表水进行取样,并测定了水样中的离子组成和硝酸盐氮氧同位素值.研究结果显示, NO3-/Cl-物质的量浓度比值与Cl-浓度的关系表明3处湿地中硝酸盐来源可能受到农业活动和降雨的影响.蚌湖,沙湖山和庐山湿地水体中δ15N-NO3-和δ18O-NO3-值的范围分别为-6.19‰～4.67‰和3.41‰～39.95‰,-4.14‰～1.45‰和31.54‰～68.30‰,-6.98‰～3.83‰和2.80‰～30.43‰,硝酸盐氮氧同位素值表明3处湿地硝酸盐来源可能受到降水NO3-,硝酸盐氮肥,氨态氮肥和土壤有机氮的影响.利用硝酸盐氮氧同位素之间的关系,并结合NO3-与Cl-比值关系判断湿地中无明显反硝化作用的发生.SIAR模型结果显示:蚌湖湿地,沙湖山湿地,庐山湿地硝酸盐来源中降水NO3-贡献占比最大,其次是化肥,土壤有机氮,粪便和生活污水贡献占比最小.     

SPNED-PR系统内PAOs-GAOs的竞争关系及其氮磷去除特性

为研究同步短程硝化内源反硝化除磷（SPNED-PR）系统的脱氮除磷特性及系统内聚磷菌（PAOs）和聚糖菌（GAOs）在氮磷去除的贡献和竞争关系,本研究以实际低C/N比（4左右）生活污水为处理对象,考察了不同浓度的溶解氧（DO）（0.5~2.0mg/L）、NO₂^--N（4.7~39.9mg/L）和NO₃^--N（5.0~40.0mg/L）对延时厌氧（150min）/低氧（180min,溶解氧0.5~0.7mg/L）运行的SPNED-PR系统氮磷去除特性和底物转化特性的影响.结果表明,DO浓度均不影响PAOs和GAOs的好氧代谢活性,且两者之间几乎不存在DO竞争.不同NO₂^--N浓度条件下,GAOs较PAOs更具竞争优势,NO₂^--N主要是通过GAOs去除的（约占58%）;且GAOs所具有的高内源反硝化活性和亚硝耐受力,减弱了高NO₂^--N浓度（26.2~39.9mg/L）对PAOs反硝化吸磷的抑制,保证了系统的脱氮除磷性能.不同NO₃^--N浓度条件下,PAOs较GAOs处于竞争优势,其在NO₃^--N去除中的贡献比例达61.2%.此外,SPNED-PR系统的PUR_DO > PUR_nitrate > PUR_nitrite,PAOs对DO的优先利用保证了低氧条件下系统的高效除磷,且GAOs的内源短程反硝化特性保证了系统的高效脱氮.     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal. __________ Translated from Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 给水排水]     

A/O脱氮工艺实时控制对策的试验研究

以人工合成废水为研究对象,系统研究了提高A/O(anoxic/oxic)工艺氨氮和硝酸氮去除效率的实时控制对策.氨氮控制的本质是通过控制DO设定值和好氧区体积大小使出水氨氮浓度达标排放.硝酸氮控制的本质在于高效利用缺氧区反硝化潜力,为此建立了以调节内循环回流量或(和)外碳源投加量维持缺氧区末端硝酸氮浓度处于设定值的实时控制对策.系统控制采用两级结构,高水平监控层用来选择低水平执行层的设定值,而低水平执行层对DO值、好氧区体积、内循环回流量和外碳源投加量进行直接控制,试验表明上述控制对策可以显著提高系统脱氮效率,降低出水氨氮和硝酸氮浓度,并最大程度节约运行费用.     

间歇曝气实现上覆水脱氮及氨氮的荧光法表征

为实现河流上覆水有效脱氮及快速表征氨氮的变化,采用间歇曝气研究二十埠河上覆水中氮的转化规律及去除效果,并结合三维荧光技术研究DOM(溶解性有机物)荧光强度与氨氮浓度的关系.工况运行结果表明:间歇曝气实现了上覆水的硝化反硝化脱氮,氨氮在硝化阶段呈现明显下降趋势,在反硝化阶段则呈现明显上升趋势;硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮在硝化阶段呈现明显升高而在反硝化阶段呈现明显下降趋势,而总氮呈现一直下降趋势,随着DO(溶解氧)增加,氨氮和总氮去除效果均增加,当DO分别为3.5,4.5,5.5,6.5mg/L时,上覆水中总氮分别降为5.11,1.42,1.13,0.91mg/L,氨氮分别降为4.13,1.30,0.85,0.72mg/L;荧光强度变化表明:低激发波长类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光强度变化与氨氮变化均呈现相同趋势,在DO分别为3.5,4.5,5.5,6.5mg/L时,低激发波长类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光强度之和与氨氮具有良好的相关性,其相关系数分别为0.974、0.972、0.966、0.984;研究表明,可以通过上覆水中低激发波长类酪氨酸和类色氨酸的荧光强度快速预测氨氮浓度,并根据氨氮变化及时、灵活地控制间歇曝气工艺的运行,为受污染河流提供快速有效的治理技术和科学依据.     

溶解氧和pH值对CAST工艺脱氮效果的影响

CAST工艺对硝化和反硝化反应要求不同的环境因素。本研究通过实验探讨了CAST工艺在主反应区内进行同步硝化反硝化时溶解氧浓度和pH值对脱氮效果的影响 ,得出结论 :CAST主反应区内SND最佳溶解氧为 0 5mg L ;脱氮的最佳pH值为 7 4～ 7 8。