Pollution characteristics of atmospheric dustfall and heavy metals in a typical inland heavy industry city in China

Through field sampling of atmospheric dustfall in regions of Zhuzhou City, China for a period of one year, the deposition fluxes of atmospheric dustfall and five heavy metals contained inside, including Cr, As, Cd, Hg and Pb, were analyzed. Meanwhile the enrichment factor and index methods were used to analyze the pollution characteristics of heavy metals of atmospheric dustfall in Zhuzhou. The annual deposition flux of atmospheric dustfall in Zhuzhou was 50.79 g/(m~2·year), while the annual deposition fluxes of Cr, As, Cd, Hg and Pb were 9.80, 59.69, 140.09, 0.87 and 1074.91 mg/(m~2·year), respectively.The pollution level of atmospheric dustfall in Zhuzhou was relatively lower compared with most other cities in China, but the deposition fluxes of As, Cd, Hg and Pb in atmospheric dustfall in Zhuzhou were much higher than that in most cities and regions around the world. Cd is the typical heavy metal element in atmospheric dustfall in Zhuzhou, and both the enrichment factor and pollution index of Cd were the highest. Cd, Hg, Pb and As in atmospheric dustfall were mainly from human activities. According to the single-factor index, Nemerow index and pollution load index analyses, the atmospheric dustfall in Zhuzhou could easily cause severe heavy metal pollution to urban soil, and the most polluting element was Cd, followed by Pb, As and Hg. Only the pollution level of Cr lay in the safety region and mainly originated from natural sources.     

沱江流域水系沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险评价

通过对沱江流域水系沉积物的系统研究,查明了重金属元素含量的空间分布特征,进行了潜在生态风险质量评价。研究结果显示,在两支流交汇之前,沉积物中重金属的污染水平从上游到下游呈上升趋势,矿业活动是水环境中重金属的主要来源,两支流交汇之后元素含量有较明显升高,显示两河汇流叠加对沱江下游水系沉积物有较大的影响;与前人研究相比,各元素含量有较明显的增加;沱江水系沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险水平较低,大多属于轻微生态风险,Cd的潜在生态危害程度最严重;多种重金属的潜在生态风险指数(R1)表明河流重金属污染属于轻微生态危害,其受危害程度由大到小的顺序为:沱江>石亭江>绵远河。     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

白洋淀表层沉积物重金属形态分布特征及生态风险评价

为了研究白洋淀全域表层沉积物重金属污染程度,采用BCR 3步提取法分析了沉积物中6种重金属（Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn）的含量及其赋存形态,讨论了6种重金属的生物可利用性大小,并运用次生相与原生相比值法（RSP）、潜在生态风险指数法（RI）和聚类分析进行了生态风险评价及重金属污染来源探讨.研究表明,白洋淀表层沉积物中重金属Cd和Cu含量均值分别达到背景值的2.9倍和1.3倍.Cd的可交换态及碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态的质量分数达到51.20%,生物可利用性较大;Pb主要赋存于铁锰氧化物结合态;Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn以残渣态为主要的存在形式.白洋淀的首要污染因子是Cd,整体面临较高Cd风险.圈头片风险最高,端村片风险最低;南刘庄片区域内风险相差较大,其中N4为白洋淀全域最高风险点.源解析结果显示,Cd、Cu、Pb和Ni受人类活动因素较多,Cr和Zn则更多的受到自然因素影响.     

PM2.5, PM10 and health risk assessment of heavy metals in a typical printed circuit noards manufacturing workshop

A typical Printed Circuit Board（PCB） manufacturer was chosen as the object of this study.During PCB processing, fine particulate matter and heavy metals（Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni）will be released into the air and dust, which then impact workers＇ health and the environment. The concentrations of total suspended particle（TSP）, PM10 and PM2.5in the off-site were 106.3, 90.0 and 50.2 μg/m3, respectively, while the concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5in the workshops ranged from 36.1 to 365.3, from 27.1 to 289.8 and from 22.1 to212.3 μg/m3, respectively. Almost all six of the heavy metals were detected in all of the particle samples except Cd. For each workshop, it was obvious that Zn was the most enriched metal in TSP, followed by Cu 〉 Pb（Cr） 〉 Ni 〉 Cd, and the same trend was found for PM10 and PM2.5. In the dust samples, Cu（which ranged from 4.02 to 56.31 mg/g） was the most enriched metal, followed by Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Cd, and the corresponding concentrations ranged from 0.77 to 4.47, 0.37 to 1.59, 0.26 to 0.84, 0.13 to 0.44 and nd to0.078 mg/g, respectively. The health risk assessment showed that noncancerous effects are unlikely for Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd and Ni. The carcinogenic risks for Cd and Ni were all lower than 10-6, except for Cr. This result indicates that carcinogenic risks for workers are relatively possible in the workshops. These findings suggest that this technology is advanced from the perspective of environmental protection in the waste PCB＇s recycling industry.     

滦河口表层沉积物中重金属和多环芳烃的分布、来源及风险评估

为了弄清近年滦河输送与河口环境之间的相关性,对采自滦河口的33个表层沉积物样品的粒度、有机碳、重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Hg)和多环芳烃(PAHs;16种US EPA优先控制单体)含量进行了检测分析.Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Hg的平均含量分别为18.76,30.98,44.63,41.14,15.60,0.09,7.21和0.02μg/g.重金属含量高值区分布在河口和南部细颗粒中心区域,其分布受沉积环境控制;元素之间相关性较高,河流输送对该区域中重金属含量和分布影响较大;该区域中重金属64.2%源于人为污染释放,35.8%属于自然背景;整体污染程度较低,在河口存在低生态风险.PAHs总浓度为7.5~74.3ng/g,平均为37.4ng/g,PAHs与重金属具有完全不同的分布特征,河流输送影响较小,单体组成以4环单体为主;该区域中沉积物中的PAHs有40.3%源于石油泄漏及船舶航行等,46.7%源于煤炭、天然气及木柴燃烧,12.0%源于交通尾气排放;北部区域锚地船舶航行及石油制品泄漏对北部区域PAHs生态风险贡献较大.     

太湖表层沉积物中重金属形态分布及其潜在生态风险分析

利用BCR 3步提取法对太湖37个表层沉积物样品中重金属Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的形态进行调查研究,并基于重金属形态评价方法(RSP)对太湖沉积物中4种重金属的潜在生态风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,太湖表层沉积物中Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb含量显著高于太湖沉积物背景值,分别超出背景值80.3%、13.5%、25.9%和69.6%,表现出明显的累积效应.残渣态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态是太湖表层沉积物中4种重金属的主要赋存形态,4种重金属的可提取态比例均大于50%,具有较高的二次释放潜力.从RSP污染指数分析,太湖表层沉积物中4种重金属的潜在生态风险大小为为Ni>Zn>Cu>Pb,表层沉积物中可提取态重金属的空间分布特征明显,表现为北部湖湾>西太湖>其他区域     

滇池外海底泥重金属污染分布特征及风险评价

采用底泥质量标准(SQGs)法和潜在生态风险(RI)法对滇池外海22个点位20cm柱状底泥中重金属As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu浓度分布及潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,Pb的最高浓度达319mg/kg,9个点位超过风险评价中值或高概率效应浓度,是超标最严重的重金属.各元素污染程度顺序为PbCuHgAsCdCrZn.Pb、Cu、Hg的污染层为15~20cm,其余重金属污染层为10~15cm.潜在生态风险(RI)评价表明,滇池外海底泥重金属污染总体处于中等生态风险水平,北部为"强"等级,潜在风险顺序为HgCdAsPbCuCrZn.两种方法的评价结果具有一定的差异性,在实际应用中需结合起来使用.此外,滇池底泥重金属浓度与潜在生态风险表现出一致的区域性差异,即北部大于南部,西部大于东部.     

湖南采矿区和冶炼区水稻土重金属污染及其潜在风险评价

对湖南省9个县市采矿区和冶炼区附近的水稻土中重金属Cd、As、Cu、Zn和Pb进行了调查和分析.结果表明,采矿区和冶炼区周围的水稻土中重金属Cd、As、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量呈对数正态分布.单因子污染指数法评价表明,在所调查的区域中,有6个县市矿区和冶炼区附近的水稻土受到Cd的严重污染,其它地区的水稻土分别受到Cd、As、Cu、Zn和Pb不同程度的污染,其中衡阳常宁市水口山铅锌矿区和株洲清水塘冶炼区附近的水稻土受到重金属的严重污染.潜在风险评价表明,采矿区和冶炼区周围的水稻土中Cd潜在风险参数最高,其次是Pb和As.衡阳常宁水口山铅锌矿、株洲清水塘冶炼区、娄底冷水江锡矿和湘潭锰矿附近的水稻土中重金属的潜在生态风险参数很高,具有很高潜在风险程度;永州道县冶炼区水稻土中重金属的潜在生态风险程度为较高程度;郴州柿竹园铅锌矿.常德石门雄磺矿、益阳赫山区金矿区和岳阳临湘铅锌矿区附近的水稻土的重金属潜在生态风险为中等程度.     

Wet and dry deposition fluxes of heavy metals in Pearl River Delta Region (China): Characteristics, ecological risk assessment, and source apportionment

The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals poses serious risks to the ecological system and human health. To advance our knowledge of atmospheric dry/wet heavy metal deposition in the PRD region, monthly fluxes were examined based on soluble/insoluble fractions of five heavy metal elements(Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn) in samples collected from January 2014 to December 2015 at Guangzhou(urban) and Dinghushan(suburban) sites. The ratios of wet/dry deposition fluxes indicated that heavy metal deposition was governed by wet deposition rather than dry deposition in the PRD region. Affected by the shifting of the Asian monsoon, wet deposition fluxes exhibited significant seasonal variation between summer monsoon seasons(April to September) and winter monsoon seasons(October to February) in this region. Cd was classified as an extremely strong potential ecological risk based on solubility and the Hakanson ecological risk index. Source contributions to wet deposition were calculated by PMF, suggesting that dust, biomass burning, industries,vehicles, long-range transport and marine aerosol sources in Guangzhou, and Zn fertilizers,marine aerosol sources, agriculture, incense burning, biomass burning, vehicles and the ceramics industry in Dinghushan, were the potential sources of heavy metals.     

10种典型重金属在八大流域的生态风险及水质标准评价

收集了10种典型重金属在我国八大流域水体中的暴露浓度和对水生生物的急性和慢性毒性数据,分别应用概率密度重叠面积法和联合概率分布法对重金属在各流域水体中的生态风险进行评估,并与现行水质标准的评估结果进行对比.结果显示,Cu和Zn在各流域水体中生态风险均较高,现行水质标准对水生生物Cu、Zn的暴露不能实施有效的保护;Hg和Ni现行标准对水生生物存在过保护的现象;Se、As和Sb在各流域水体中生态风险均较低,现行标准对水生生物保护程度适中.建议对现行水质标准适度修改,同时增强高风险重金属监测水平,以合理有效的保护我国水生态系统安全.     

Heavy metals in maternal and cord blood in Beijing and their efficiency of placental transfer

This study aimed to determine the effect of exposure to heavy metals in pregnant women in Beijing, China. We also evaluated the association of these heavy metals with birth weight and length of newborns. We measured the levels of 10 heavy metals,including lead(Pb), titanium(Ti), manganese(Mn), nickel(Ni), cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr), antimony(Sb), stannum(Sn), vanadium(V), and arsenic(As), in 156 maternal and cord blood pairs. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method was used for measurement. Pb, As, Ti, Mn, and Sb showed high detection rates( 50%) in both maternal and cord blood. Fourteen(9%) mothers had blood Pb levels greater than the United States Center for Disease Control allowable threshold limit for children(50 μg/L).In prenatal exposure to these heavy metals, there was no significant association between any heavy metal and birth weight/length. Moreover, we estimated the placental transfer efficiency of each heavy metal, and the median placental transfer efficiency ranged from 49.6%(Ni) to 194%(Mn)(except for Cd and Sn). The level and detection rate of Cd in maternal blood were much higher than that in cord blood, which suggested that Cd had difficulty in passing the placental barrier. Prospective research should focus on the source and risk of heavy metals in non-occupationally exposed pregnant women in Beijing.     

Heavy metals of natural and reclaimed tidal riparian wetlands in south estuary, China

The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in two plant species (Scirpus tripueter Linn. and Cyperus malaccensis Lam.), water, and soils sampled from the reclaimed tidal riparian wetlands (RTRWs) and the natural riparian wetlands (NRWs) in the Pearl River estuary (PRE), were analyzed to investigate and compare their distribution and accumulation. The results show that the concentrations of the six studied heavy metals in soils exceed the eco-toxic threshold recommended by USEPA. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Zn in plants may lead to toxic effects compared to others.The hydraulic conditions and the degree of human disturbances can affect the heavy metal accumulation in RTRWs and NRWs. The heavy metal concentrations in water are higher whereas they are lower in soils of RTRWs Compared with that in the NRWs. The accumulation of heavy metals in the roots of plants is higher in NRWs than those in RTRWs while the opposite result is found for heavy metal accumulation in shoots. Based on the bioaccumulation and translocation factors, the plants in NRWs have the higher capacity to accumulate heavy metals, while higher abilities to transport heavy metals from roots to shoots are observed in RTRWs. Heavy metal contaminations in RTRWs are dominated by anthropogenic sources from both side uplands and river water, whereas in NRWs, the metal accumulations are simultaneously affected by anthropogenic and natural factors.     

中国南亚热带海岛海域沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态危害

根据中国南亚热带海岛生态特征及其地理分布,选取9个具有代表性的海岛,采用潜在生态危害指数法评价了南亚热带海岛海域沉积物中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As、Hg)的潜在生态危害.结果表明:研究海域沉积物质量总体状况良好,但个别海域重金属含量较高,其中紫泥岛的Hg、内伶仃岛和上川岛的As均达到中度污染;紫泥岛Hg的潜在生态危害程度较高,达到中度危害;各海岛沉积物中重金属潜在生态危害指数与同期调查的大型底栖动物均匀度指数和生物量呈显著负相关关系,生态响应明显.     

北方湖库沉积物重金属区域特征及生态风险评价

以白洋淀、衡水湖、于桥水库、松花湖、大伙房水库和小兴凯湖沉积作为研究对象,通过对北方六湖库沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni等重金属元素进行分析,并与国内外其他水域重金属污染情况进行多因素比较,探讨了六湖库主要重金属污染源的差异性,区域分布特征以及与国内外其他水域污染的相似性和区别.结果表明,六湖库沉积物重金属污染处于中等偏下水平.六湖库之间主要重金属污染源存在差别.沉积物重金属含量未出现明显上升的趋势.其中Zn、Pb存在富集现象,但Pb含量与历史数据相比出现下降,Zn的含量与其他地区相比整体偏高.大伙房水库沉积物重金属污染较重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni含量平均值分别为56.28,142.3,17.44,97.9,44.44mg/kg.小兴凯湖沉积物重金属含量最低,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni含量平均值分别为2.41,63.90,13.37,56.36,26.09mg/kg.六湖库综合风险评价结果为大伙房水库>于桥水库>白洋淀>衡水湖>松花湖>小兴凯湖,重金属整体潜在生态风险指数为低.     

北方湖库沉积物重金属区域特征及生态风险评价

以白洋淀、衡水湖、于桥水库、松花湖、大伙房水库和小兴凯湖沉积作为研究对象,通过对北方六湖库沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni等重金属元素进行分析,并与国内外其他水域重金属污染情况进行多因素比较,探讨了六湖库主要重金属污染源的差异性,区域分布特征以及与国内外其他水域污染的相似性和区别.结果表明,六湖库沉积物重金属污染处于中等偏下水平.六湖库之间主要重金属污染源存在差别.沉积物重金属含量未出现明显上升的趋势.其中Zn、Pb存在富集现象,但Pb含量与历史数据相比出现下降,Zn的含量与其他地区相比整体偏高.大伙房水库沉积物重金属污染较重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni含量平均值分别为56.28,142.3,17.44,97.9,44.44mg/kg.小兴凯湖沉积物重金属含量最低,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni含量平均值分别为2.41,63.90,13.37,56.36,26.09mg/kg.六湖库综合风险评价结果为大伙房水库>于桥水库>白洋淀>衡水湖>松花湖>小兴凯湖,重金属整体潜在生态风险指数为低.     

大宝山矿区重金属污染对人体健康风险的研究

以广东省大宝山重金属污染矿区癌症高发村上坝为研究区域,测定了上坝村31户饮用井水,13种58个蔬菜样品,26户大米样品中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu的含量以及人体尿样、血样中Cd的含量.系统地评价了通过饮食途径(井水、蔬菜和大米)重金属暴露接触对人体的健康风险.研究结果表明,上坝污染区31户井水中分别有12口井水的Zn和14口井水的Cd含量超过生活饮用水水质标准; Pb、Zn、Cd在蔬菜中的含量分别为国家蔬菜卫生标准限值的4.0、1.1、5.6倍,在大米中的含量为国家粮食卫生标准限值的7.0、3.4、2.9倍.重金属暴露接触对人体健康风险评价结果表明,通过大米摄入的Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu的THQ(Target hazard quotients)靶标危害系数均大于1,饮食摄入重金属途径中大米对人体健康已构成巨大的潜在风险,蔬菜中Cd和Pb也具有潜在风险;饮用井水中几种重金属的THQ值均小于1,说明井水中重金属对污染区居民健康风险很低,因而Pb、Cd和Zn通过大米的摄入是造成当地居民健康风险的主要原因.重金属暴露接触对儿童的健康风险高于成年人.上坝村居民血Pb负荷水平远低于国家卫生部Pb接触限值,但尿Cd和血Cd含量平均值分别为3.41 μg·g-1(肌酐Creatine,Cr)和4.69 μg·L-1,略高于国内外其它非污染地区的平均水平.     

巢湖表层沉积物重金属生物有效性与生态风险评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为对象,对重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Pb)总量及形态进行分析并运用潜在风险指数法和风险评价编码两种方法对巢湖表层沉积物重金属的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中的重金属含量表现为西部湖区高,东部湖区低的特征,其中南淝河入湖区重金属含量是全湖的1.09~1.21倍.BCR形态分析表明,巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Ni和Cu以残渣态为主(分别占总量82.99%、63.63%和54.25%),Cd和Zn以弱酸提取态为主(分别占总量55.96%和35.84%),Pb以可还原态和可氧化态为主(分别占总量39.66%和24.56%).潜在生态风险危害指数(RI)表明,南淝河入湖河口区域具有较大生态风险(RI值范围为351.54~381.17).风险评价编码方法(RAC) 的结果显示,Cd处于极高风险水平,Zn基本处于高风险水平,Cu 和Ni处于中低风险,Pb处于低风险水平,Cr各采样点均处于无风险.因此, 对需着重考虑对南淝河入湖湖区的Cd和Zn元素的重点治理.     

Spatial distribution of heavy metals of agricultural soils in Dongguan, China

IntroductionThereisagrowingpublicconcernandscientificinterestsovertheheavymetalpollutioninagriculturalsoilsandagriculturalproductionsbecauseoftheirpotentialbioaccumulation ,responsehysteresis,andun biodegradability(Kelly,1996;Tam ,2 0 0 0 ;Hong,2 0 0 3)eventhoughthecontentsandspatialdistributionoftracemetalsintheagriculturalsoilsinGuangdonghaveneverbeenstudiedsystematically .Ingeneral,naturalbackgroundcontentanddistributionofheavymetalinsoilswerecloselyrelatedtothebiogeochemicalcycles,parentm…     

典型锌冶金区蔬菜重金属的生物可给性及健康风险评价

为了探究冶金区蔬菜重金属污染状况及对人体的危害,以葫芦岛锌冶炼厂周围为研究区域,对8种典型蔬菜中重金属含量进行分析,采用体外胃肠模拟实验,测算出蔬菜中重金属的生物可给性,并以此修正健康风险评价计算方法.结果表明,蔬菜中各重金属的生物可给性在模拟胃阶段表现为:Cd(67.67%)Pb(50.70%)Cu(44.69%)Hg(3.09%);在模拟肠阶段表现为:Pb(48.90%)Cd(40.66%)Cu(32.88%)Hg(13.12%).由生物可给性校正后,人群通过饮食蔬菜途径摄入重金属的目标危险系数(THQ)顺序依次为:CdPbCuHg.基于胃肠阶段生物可给性计算的重金属单元素的目标危险系数(THQ)及多种重金属复合的目标危险系数(TTHQ)均小于1,但基于胃阶段生物可给性的Cd目标危险系数(THQ)仍然超过1,表明锌厂周围人群通过饮食蔬菜途径摄入重金属存在健康风险.成人的4种单元素THQ值和TTHQ值均高于儿童,说明成人通过饮食蔬菜途径摄入重金属的健康风险高于儿童.