基于生物膜法磷回收工艺厌氧释磷研究

城市污水经过碳回收后的低碳源进水水质将对活性污泥法强化除磷（EBPR）工艺的运行带来困难.本研究基于生物膜法磷回收的序批式反应器（Biofilm-SBR）对低碳、低磷进水进行磷回收,在BSBR反应器好氧无碳源、厌氧低碳源投加的运行基础上,研究了该工艺在低碳模式下厌氧磷释放的关键影响因素.同时,研究了不同的碳源浓度和碳源投加方式对BSBR工艺释磷的影响.最后,分析了系统中生物膜蓄磷量的变化,并探究其与碳源消耗、释磷效果的量化关系.结果表明,该系统在好氧无碳源、厌氧仅200 mg·L^-1的碳源投加下,即可取得115 mg·L^-1（可溶性磷）的富磷回收液.系统的C_upt/P_rel（释放单位质量磷的COD消耗量）平均为（11.12±1.03）mg·mg^-1,最大蓄磷量为124 mg·g^-1.     

低碳源条件下BSBR工艺磷酸盐强化吸收影响因素分析

相较于传统强化生物除磷工艺通过测流实现污泥磷酸盐的富集和回收,生物膜法可对废水中的磷酸盐进行高效同步去除和富集,具有应用潜力。针对生物膜法厌氧释磷需要高碳源刺激的问题,通过优化工艺条件强化生物膜好氧吸磷能力提高生物膜蓄磷量,进而减少厌氧释磷时的碳源消耗。采用生物膜法序批式反应器(BSBR),考察了在低碳源投加下,蓄磷量与磷富集罐磷浓度的响应关系,采用正交试验探究溶解氧、搅拌速度以及好氧时间对磷酸盐强化吸收的影响。结果表明:当温度为(25±2)℃、厌氧外加碳源为(180±20) mg/L时,富集罐磷浓度随着生物膜蓄磷量的增加而增加,最高可达到90.62 mg/L。相同蓄磷量下,溶解氧浓度从2 mg/L增加至8 mg/L,磷酸盐最大吸收速率可从2.60 mg/(L·h)上升到8.70 mg/(L·h)。正交实验结果表明:各因素对磷酸盐强化吸收的影响顺序为溶解氧>好氧时间>搅拌速度。当溶解氧浓度为6 mg/L,搅拌速度为200 r/min,好氧时间为5 h时,除磷效率最高可达99.98%。     

Inhibition and recovery of nitrification in treating real coal gasification wastewater with moving bed biofilm reactor

Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was used to treat real coal gasification wastewater. Nitrification of the MBBR was inhibited almost completely during start-up period. Sudden increase of influent total NH3 concentration was the main factor inducing nitrification inhibition. Increasing DO concentration in the bulk liquid (from 2 to 3 mg/L) had little e ect on nitrification recovery. Nitrification of the MBBR recovered partially by the addition of nitrifying sludge into the reactor and almost ceased within 5 days. Nitrification ratio of the MBBR achieved 65% within 12 days by increasing dilute ratio of the influent wastewater with tap water. The ratio of nitrification decreased to 25% when influent COD concentration increased from 650 to 1000 mg/L after nitrification recovery and recovered 70% for another 4 days.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.     

移动床膜生物反应器同步硝化反硝化特性

采用挂膜填料代替传统膜生物反应器(MBR)的活性污泥,构建一种新型的移动床膜生物反应器 (MBMBR),考察其处理模拟生活污水的效果及同步硝化反硝化(SND)特性.结果表明,移动床膜生物反应器运行67 d,对模拟生活污水表现出良好的去除有机物及同步硝化反硝化能力.进水COD浓度为573.5～997.7 mg/L时,膜出水COD去除率为88.3%～99.2%.进水氨氮浓度为45.5～99.2 mg/L时,膜出水氨氮去除率为72.1%～99.8%,总氮去除率为62.0%～96.3%.批式实验结果表明,生物膜去除总氮的最佳溶解氧浓度为1 mg/L,其中氨氮和总氮去除率分别为100%和60%.生物膜系统内可能存在好氧反硝化现象.DO为3 mg/L且有机碳源充足时,生物膜总氮去除率为99.0%,SND率达到99.8%.扫描电镜对生物膜的观察发现生物膜内部存在着明显的孔隙,有利于溶解氧和有机基质从外界向生物膜内部传递.     

生物膜层DO浓度对MABR中异养硝化-好氧反硝化的影响

高浓度氨氮（NH₄+-N）废水的好氧生物处理是一个高氧需求过程.膜曝气生物膜反应器（membrane aerobic biofilm reactor,MABR）因其高氧利用率、低能耗优势在高氨氮废水处理中具有重要应用潜力.通过启动贯通式MABR接种异养硝化-好氧反硝化（heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification,HN-AD）脱氮混合菌液处理高氨氮模拟废水,调节进气量实现生物膜层不同溶解氧（DO）浓度,考察生物膜层DO浓度对MABR脱氮性能、HN-AD菌多样性及其脱氮功能基因的影响.结果表明:①MABR中仅生物膜内层DO浓度随进气量的增加而提升,生物膜外层DO浓度始终保持为0 mg/L;高DO浓度下反应器NH₄+-N、总氮（TN）去除率相比低DO浓度分别增加了28.15%和24.18%,提高生物膜内层DO浓度强化MABR脱氮性能.②高通量测序分析表明,HN-AD菌是MABR中的脱氮功能微生物,研究获得假黄褐藻属（Pseudofulvimonas）、脱氮副球菌属（Paracoccus）、鞘氨醇杆菌属（Sphingobacterium）和不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）等共13种HN-AD菌属,其总相对丰度在低、中和高DO浓度下分别为12.97%、19.05%和22.01%,说明提高生物膜内层DO浓度促进了HN-AD菌属的富集.③PICRUSt1功能基因预测发现,MABR中HN-AD菌的好氧反硝化功能基因（napA、napB）总相对丰度在低、中和高DO浓度下分别为0.000 13‰、0.019‰和0.060‰,说明提高MABR生物膜内层DO浓度加快了HN-AD菌的好氧反硝化进程,促进了MABR中HN-AD过程的实现.研究显示,通过调节进气量实现生物膜内层不同DO浓度,可以强化MABR脱氮性能,提高HN-AD菌属富集程度,促进MABR中HN-AD过程的实现.      

低DO硝化耦合内碳源反硝化脱氮处理生活污水

为了进一步合理利用碳源,降低曝气能耗,有效解决低C/N生活污水的脱氮问题,采用2个串联的SBR在无外加碳源的条件下处理低C/N实际生活污水,分别启动内碳源反硝化反应器（ED-SBR）和低DO硝化反应器（LDON-SBR）,并按照厌氧（ED-SBR）-好氧（LDON-SBR）-缺氧（ED-SBR）的方式运行,综合考察各反应器处理性能,并探讨低DO硝化耦合内碳源反硝化工艺脱氮的可行性.结果表明：LDON-SBR反应器在DO浓度为0.3~0.5mg/L的条件下能够成功实现90%以上的硝化并稳定维持,同时反应器存在明显的同步硝化反硝化（SND）现象,SND率可达29.6%;ED-SBR反应器在厌氧阶段能够将进水中的有机物转化为内碳源并储存,在缺氧阶段能够进行内源反硝化,使NO₃^--N平均浓度从27.3mg/L降低至3.9mg/L,NO₃^--N平均去除率为86.5%;系统整体COD去除率为80%左右.     

Effect of phosphate releasing in activated sludge on phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater

Aluminum and ferric salts are commonly used in municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWPTs) for phosphorus(P) removal. In this study, on-site jar tests were conducted to determine the removal of different P species from the fresh samples in the presence and absence of activated sludge(AS) with different doses of alum, poly-aluminum chloride,and ferric chloride at different p H. The soluble P(SP) concentration in the samples was about 0.63 mg/L. When the mixed liquor containing AS was treated with 8 mg/L of Al, SP could be reduced to 0.13 mg/L, while it was reduced to 0.16 mg/L with only 1 mg/L of Al after sedimentation removal of AS from sample. Chemical analysis determined that AS contained 59.8 mg-P/g-TSS and 43.8 mg-Al/g-TSS and most of the P was associated with the aluminum hydroxide. We discovered that the phosphate in the AS could readily be released from it, which was mainly responsible for ineffective removal of P to low levels in mixed liquor even with very high alum dose. This study provides new insight into the behavior and fate of P in the wastewater treatment plants that use alum to enhance P removal in the final effluent.     

折流生物膜反应器处理生活污水效能研究

折流生物膜反应器是一种以活性炭纤维组合的膜载体为折流挡板的新型污水处理工艺。考察了活性炭纤维表面生物膜的挂膜情况,并针对不同停留时间和碳氮比情况下,生物膜同时去除有机物和氮的效果。结果表明,折流状况下,活性炭纤维挂膜效果好,5d后生物膜厚度达到3~4mm;在水温为18~23℃,pH值为7.1~7.4,进水DO为4.5~5.4mg/L,停留时间为8h,碳氮比为10的条件下,对COD和NH+4-N的去除率分别达到80%和60%以上。     

DO浓度对生活污水硝化过程中N2Ｏ产生量的影响

为确定污水脱氮过程中最优的DO浓度和曝气方式,以提高污水处理效率,降低N₂Ｏ产生量,采用实际生活污水应用小试SBR反应器,重点考察了不同DO浓度条件下,硝化效率和硝化过程中N₂Ｏ的产生量.结果表明,当DO浓度恒定为0.4 mg·L^-1时,虽然硝化过程所消耗的能量最低,但其氨氮氧化的速率较低.提高DO浓度,氨氮氧化速率可随之升高.低氨氮生活污水硝化过程中仍有N₂Ｏ产生.DO浓度为0.4 mg·L^-1 和0.9 mg·L^-1时,污水N₂Ｏ产生量(以N计)分别为1.5 mg·L^-1和1.6 mg·L^-1;而DO浓度为1.5 mg·L^-1和2.0 mg·L^-1时,N₂Ｏ产生量则分别降低至0.5 mg·L^-1和0.4 mg·L^-1.当DO浓度高于1.5 mg·L^-1后,继续提高DO浓度,氨氮氧化速率升高的速率变缓,同时N₂Ｏ产生量大幅降低.因此,从提高污水脱氮效率节能降耗和控制N₂Ｏ产生量2个角度考虑,生活污水脱氮过程中控制DO浓度在1.5 mg·L^-1较为适宜.     

DO对SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化的影响研究

实验研究了序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮城市污水处理工艺。试验结果表明:DO是影响SBBR工艺实现同步硝化反硝化的一个重要因素,将DO控制在2.8～4.0mg/L的范围内,可以取得较好同步硝化反硝化效果,总氮去除率可达67%以上。通过好氧反应过程中溶解氧在生物膜内反应扩散模型以及扫描电镜对生物膜的形态结构观察,分析了SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化机理。SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化主要是由微环境引起的,生物膜在好氧条件下能创造缺氧微环境,DO浓度直接影响生物膜内部好氧区与缺氧区比例的大小,进而影响硝化和反硝化的效果。DO浓度升高,使氧传递能力增强,使生物膜内部原来的微环境由缺氧性转为好氧性;反之DO浓度降低,生物膜内部微环境倾向于向缺氧或厌氧发展。     

缺氧条件下进水时间与溶解氧对底物贮存的影响

采用6个缺氧-好氧SBR反应器,考察了进水时间及溶解氧(DO)浓度对活性污泥系统中底物贮存的影响.缺氧进水条件下,进水时间的长短对底物贮存影响并不明显.进水时间由10min延长至60,90,120min时,各SBR系统内聚-β-羟基烷酸(PHA)贮存量依次小幅下降,最大差值为0.21mmolC/L, fPHB/HAc值在0.84~0.90范围内波动. 好氧曝气阶段控制低DO(0.5mg/L)运行比高DO(2.0mg/L)运行条件更有利于提高PHA的贮存量,90min进水时,高、低DO条件下PHA的平均合成量分别为3.1,5.0mmolC/L.而突然将进水时间90min缩短至10min,使得高、低DO系统中底物贮存量均增大,而高DO系统中底物贮存量的增长更为明显.     

供碳源载体及其在低碳氮比污水处理中的应用研究

为解决低C/N污水的脱氮问题,本实验自行研制开发了一种新型碳聚合物载体.对该载体进行低C/N污水的生物膜脱氮研究,考察了HRT、pH、DO、温度等因素对系统同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果的影响.结果表明:在C/N比为4、pH=8、DO=1 mg/L、HRT=6 h,T=24℃的条件下,氨氮及总氮的去除率分别可以达到90%和70...     

厌氧/好氧SNEDPR系统处理低C/N污水的优化运行

为实现同步硝化内源反硝化除磷（SNEDPR）系统的优化运行,以实际生活污水为处理对象,采用厌氧（180min）/好氧运行的SBR反应器,并通过联合调控好氧段溶解氧（DO）浓度（0.3～1.0mg/L）和好氧时间（150～240min）,考察了该系统脱氮除磷特性.并结合荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术对系统优化过程中各功能菌群的结构变化情况进行了分析.试验结果表明,当系统好氧段DO浓度由约1.0mg/L逐渐降至0.3mg/L,且好氧时间由150min逐渐延长至240min后,出水PO₄^3--P浓度稳定在0.4mg/L左右,但出水TN浓度由14.3mg/L降至8.7mg/L,TN去除率由75%提高至84%.此外,随着好氧段DO浓度的降低,SNED现象愈加明显,SNED率由34.7%逐渐升高至63.8%.SNED的加强,降低了出水NO₃^--N浓度,并提高了系统的脱氮性能和厌氧段的内碳源储存量.FISH结果表明：经127d的优化运行,系统内PAOs,GAOs和AOB（氨氧化菌）仍保持在较高水平（分别全菌的29%±3%,20%±3%和13%±3%）,其保证了系统除磷、硝化和反硝化脱氮性能;但NOB（亚硝酸盐氧化菌）含量减少了50%,为系统内实现短程硝化内源反硝化提供了可能.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

Effect of humic substances on the precipitation of calcium phosphate

For phosphorus （P） recovery from wastewater, the effect of humic substances （HS） on the precipitation of calcium phosphate was studied. Batch experiments of calcium phosphate precipitation were undertaken with synthetic water that contained 20 mg/L phosphate （as P） and 20 mg/L HS （as dissolved organic carbon, DOC） at a constant pH value in the range of 8.0-10.0. The concentration variations of phosphate, calcium （Ca） and HS were measured in the precipitation process; the crystalline state and compositions of the precipitates were analysed by powder X-ray diffraction （XRD） and chemical methods, respectively. It showed that at solution pH 8.0, the precipitation rate and removal efficiency of phosphate were greatly reduced by HS, but at solution pH ≥9.0, the effect of HS was very small. The Ca consumption for the precipitation of phosphate increased when HS was added; HS was also removed from solution with the precipitation of calcium phosphate. At solution pH 8.0 and HS concentrations ≤3.5 mg/L, and at pH ≥ 9.0 and HS concentrations ≤ 10 mg/L, the final precipitates were proved to be hydroxyapatite （HAP） by XRD. The increases of solution pH value and initial Ca/P ratio helped reduce the influence of HS on the precipitation of phosphate.     

MgO改性赤泥复合材料对废水中氮磷的同步回收

为处理高浓度氮磷废水同时实现赤泥资源化利用,通过赤泥负载氧化镁制备高效氮磷回收材料(MgO-RM),用以对废水进行氮磷同步回收.考察了废水初始pH值、废水氮磷比和MgO-RM投加量对氮磷同步回收效果的影响.采用动力学模型和等温吸附模型对回收特性进行了描述,在此基础上利用FTIR、XRD、SEM、BET测试手段对MgO-...     

生物膜SBR反应器中低氨氮浓度废水亚硝化启动试验研究

为建立生物膜SBR反应器处理中低氨氮浓度废水的自养脱氮系统,采用控制DO浓度、HRT和不同生物载体填料的4组小试生物膜SBR反应器,对中低氨氮浓度废水进行了单级自养脱氮工艺亚硝化阶段的启动试验研究.结果表明:接种普通好氧活性污泥和厌氧污泥,在水温30℃±2℃,氨氮浓度60～120mg/L,DO为0.8～1.0mg/L和HRT=24h条件下,运行130d可实现稳定的亚硝化,YJZH软性组合填料更适合于微生物附着.     

基于微电极技术的反硝化滤池生物膜特性分析

为研究反硝化滤池中溶解氧对反硝化作用的影响,制备性能良好尖端直径在30μm以内的氧(O2)以及硝酸盐(NO3-)微电极,以此为测试工具,对反硝化滤池中生物膜内部O2、NO3-微环境分布进行测试,通过建立扩散-反应方程,获得生物膜微环境耗氧及反硝化活性特征.研究结果表明,溶解氧在生物膜内部呈明显的下降趋势,从主体溶液氧浓度约1mg/L下降至生物膜300μm深度处约为0.生物膜内部反硝化活性区域发生在300~600μm深度范围内.该条件下反硝化滤池生物膜的氧利用速率常数以及反硝化速率常数之间的比值为1.46,溶解氧对反硝化过程的影响是显著的.     

以稻草为碳源和生物膜载体去除水中的硝酸盐

采用室内试验装置,研究了以农业废弃物稻草为反硝化碳源和反应介质的生物反应器对于污水中硝酸盐的去除效果及其影响因素.结果表明,以稻草为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的反应器启动时间短,对污水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果好,且试验过程中未发现亚硝酸盐累积;进水硝酸盐浓度对装置的处理效果有一定影响,浓度过高会导致硝酸盐的去除率下降;装置对进水DO和ｐH变化有一定抗性,DO在1.0～3.5 mg/L,pH在6.5～8.5之间变化时,反应器硝酸盐的去除率变化很小,缓冲能力较强;反应器稳定性强,装置运行84 ｄ后,出水硝酸盐开始升高,硝酸盐去除率逐步降低,但去除率仍在50%以上.