A methodological framework for improving air quality monitoring network layout. Applications to environment management

This work aims to provide a methodology framework which allows to improve the performance and efficiency of an air quality monitoring network (AQMN). It requires to be constituted by a minimum and reliable number of measurement sites. Nevertheless, the AQMN efficiency should be assessed over time, as a consequence of the possible emergence of new emission sources of air pollutants, which could lead to variations on their spatial distribution within the target area. PM₁₀ particles data monitored by the Community of Madrid's (Spain) AQMN between 2008 and 2017 were used to develop a methodology to optimize the AQMN performance. The annual spatial distribution of average PM₁₀ levels over the studied period monitored by all current stations vs those more representative was provided by a geographic information system (GIS), and the percentage of similarity between both postulates was quantified using simple linear regression (> 95%). As one innovative tool of this study, the practical application of the proposed methodology was validated using PM₁₀ particles data measured by AQMN during 2007 and 2018, reaching a similitude degree higher than 95%. The influence of temporal variation on the proposed methodological framework was around 20%.The proposed methodology sets criteria for identifying non-redundant stations within AQMN, it is also able to appropriately assess the representativeness of fixed monitoring sites within an AQMN and it complements the guidelines set by European legislation on air pollutants monitoring at fixed stations, which could help to tackle efforts to improve the air quality management.     

区域空气质量监测网络优化布点方法研究

通过分析区域空气质量监测网络(RAQMN)优化布点的各种限制因素,利用空气质量模型模拟数据构建综合评价浓度,建立以最大贴近度为优化目标,以建设成本、地形、行政区域、人口布局和空间覆盖率等为约束条件的RAQMN优化布点方法.以珠江三角洲为案例背景,利用此方法分析了考虑常规污染物(SO2、NO2和PM10)、区域特征污染物(O3和PM2.5)和同时考虑包括常规、区域特征污染物等多种污染物组合3种情景下的RAQMN的优化布点.结果表明,该方法能够成功地应用于RAQMN的优化选址.与仅考虑常规污染物和仅考虑区域特征污染物的优化结果相比,同时考虑多种污染物优化结果的空间代表性更好,更能满足RAQMN的监测目标与优化布点的要求.     

长三角地区空气质量国控环境监测点空间代表性评价——以PM2.5为例

2013年我国正式开展了113个环境保护重点城市和国家环境保护模范城市细颗粒物等项目监测,目前已建成国家环境空气质量监测网络.为了较好地将空气质量国控环境监测点（简称国控点）监测结果提升到区域和全球水平,须了解当前空气质量环境监测网络的空间代表性.本文以长三角地区为研究区域,基于国控点空间分布信息,结合区域第二产业比重（POSI）、地区生产总值（GDP）、人口（POP）、风速（WDSP）、降水量（PRCP）、气温（TEMP）、增强型植被指数（EVI）和数字高程模型（DEM）8个影响细颗粒物（PM_2.5）相关变量,在1 km×1 km空间分辨率下计算长三角地区129个国控点与研究区域中其他位置（像元）的多维欧氏距离,并结合K均值聚类方法开展区域国控点PM_2.5监测的空间代表性评价及优化.结果表明：①长三角地区129个国控点代表区域面积差异明显,其中,上海市淀山湖站点的代表面积最大,为37933 km²,南京市迈皋桥站点的代表面积最小,仅为4 km²;②长三角地区国控点能较好地代表整个区域的PM_2.5空间分布,现有国控点对PM_2.5空间分布代表的有效范围（即像元与国控点多维欧氏距离低于全区平均值的区域）占总面积的63.23%;③难以被现有国控点代表性的区域主要集中在江苏省太湖、洪泽湖等水域、上海市中心城区与崇明沿海地区及浙江西南部山地地区;④在浙江省绍兴市与衢州市新增2个国控点,中东部丘陵地区的区域代表性可得到明显改善,长三角地区国控点可代表区域面积占比整体提高16.4%.