旺盛期烟草对镉富集敏感性研究

采用盆栽试验方法,揭示了旺盛期烟草（云烟99）对镉的富集特点以及光合等生理指标对镉胁迫的响应.结果表明：当土壤镉含量分别为4.43,7.94,17.33和49.79mg/kg时,烟草茎、叶及地上部镉的富集系数（植物镉含量与土壤镉含量的比值）均大于1,转移系数（地上部镉含量与根镉含量的比值）也大于1,但镉含量未达到镉超富集植物的临界含量标准100mg/kg.当土壤镉含量为4.43mg/kg时,烟草的耐性较强.当土壤镉含量大于7.94mg/kg时,烟草的生物量、叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和SOD活性均显著下降（P<0.05）,胞间CO₂浓度和MDA含量显著提高（P<0.05）.旺盛期烟草对镉富集比较敏感,建议烟草的种植要远离镉污染土壤或镉背景值较高的土壤.     

中国镉超富集植物的物种、生境特征和筛选建议

植物修复作为一项绿色且有效的原位修复重金属污染土壤技术,在近20年引起了中国学者的关注并取得了一系列成果.通过检索镉超富集植物相关关键词,对过去20 a(2002～2021年)科技文献中报道的中国镉超富集植物的物种特征、野外发现地在中国各植被地带的分布、原生境特征、地质特征和镉的地球化学进行归纳总结,为镉超富集植物的筛选提供建议.结果表明,目前报道的镉超富集植物有45种.在植物物种上,隶属22科,36属,其中菊科(Compositae)植物最多,为14种.由野外调查发现的镉超富集植物有25种,主要发现于亚热带常绿阔叶林区域,其主要生长于铅锌矿周围的高浓度镉土壤上.归纳总结发现,丰富的植物物种资源、高浓度重金属土壤和长时间的驯化共同促进了超富集植物的形成.因此,具备这3点的区域可以视为超富集植物存在的高概率区域,并且超富集植物的野外筛选可以围绕此展开.最后,提出可以通过高概率区域识别和调查、富集能力验证、富集能力逆境习得筛查、生态型筛查、继代遗传检验和修复能力验证这6步,来进行超富集植物的筛选和植物超富集能力的鉴定.     

三叶鬼针草等7种常见菊科杂草植物对重金属的集特征

超富集植物是植物修复重金属污染土壤技术最主要的内容,而超富集植物的筛选是植物修复技术的难点和重点.采用室外盆栽试验的方法,研究了我国北方较常见的7种菊科植物对重金属的超富集特征.盆栽筛选试验表明,蒲公英和三叶鬼针草对Cd单一及Cd-Pb-Cu-zn复合污染的耐性较强,植物地上部镉含量分别高于其根部镉含量,地上部镉的富集系数也均大于1,具备了镉超富集植物的基本特征.以这2种植物为试材的盆栽浓度梯度试验表明,当土壤中Cd投加浓度分别为25、50、100 mg·kg-1时,三叶鬼针草地上部生物量没有明显下降(P<0.05),Cd含量均大于其根部Cd含量,且其叶中Cd含量均大于100 mg·kg-1,达到了Cd超富集植物应达到的临界含量标准.而蒲公英在这3个处理条件下,其叶片中Cd含量均没有超过100 mg·kg-1.可见只有三叶鬼针草完全具有镉超富集植物的基本特征,是镉超富集植物.     

一株茎点霉菌的抗镉机制

从矿区土壤筛选到一株对镉具有较强抗性和富集能力的丝状真菌,编号为F2,根据其形态主要是分生孢子器的特征鉴定为茎点霉菌.对不同镉浓度液体培养下菌体的生长及培养液的pH值变化作了分析,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜与能谱分析相结合的方法研究镉在F2胞内外的沉积作用及分布情况,从而分析该菌对镉的抗性和富集机制.结果表明,100mg/L的镉浓度下,在细胞壁及周围区域存在大量颗粒状镉沉积物,而在菌体表面也有沉淀物附着.因此胞内外沉积作用可能是该菌对高浓度镉的抗性和富集作用的重要途径,而且因为该菌生长过程中尤其是高镉浓度下pH值的大幅度上升,沉积过程可能与该菌在生长过程中产生碱性物质有关.     

速生树种竹柳对镉的吸收、积累与分布特性

通过水培试验,对不同浓度镉(0、5、10、50μmol·L~(-1))处理下竹柳的生长、镉积累与分布情况进行了研究.结果表明,竹柳对镉的耐性较强,高镉(50μmol·L-1)胁迫下竹柳生长不受抑制,可以正常生长;镉胁迫下,竹柳叶片叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值增大;竹柳根系镉浓度最高,韧皮部次之;竹柳各部分对镉转移能力较弱,转移系数均小于0.5;地上部分对镉具有较强的持续富集能力,地上部位镉含量占植株总积累镉量的47%~77%.试验结果表明,竹柳可以作为一种新型植物修复材料,通过其富集镉的能力帮助移除污染土壤中的镉.     

冀东沿海地区镉的富集程度及成因分析

河北省地质调查院在冀东沿海地区的浅层土壤中发现了450 km2的镉富集带,富集区内Cd含量平均值0.76 mg/kg,最大值7.65 mg/kg,镉富集区域与当地的水稻田范围极为吻合。本文根据深、浅层土壤地球化学调查结果,运用富集因子及多元统计分析方法论述了镉的空间富集程度及富集的成因。结果表明,镉在研究区浅层土壤中高度富集,富集因子平均值3.27,最大值23.3。镉含量地球化学图、富集因子等值线图、污染因子得分图的空间分布特征几乎一致,异常区域内存在污染元素镉的单因子,镉富集源于人为活动。     

三叶鬼针草等7种常见菊科杂草植物对重金属的超富集特征

超富集植物是植物修复重金属污染土壤技术最主要的内容,而超富集植物的筛选是植物修复技术的难点和重点.采用室外盆栽试验的方法, 研究了我国北方较常见的7种菊科植物对重金属的超富集特征. 盆栽筛选试验表明, 蒲公英和三叶鬼针草对Cd单一及Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn复合污染的耐性较强, 植物地上部镉含量分别高于其根部镉含量,地上部镉的富集系数也均大于1, 具备了镉超富集植物的基本特征. 以这2种植物为试材的盆栽浓度梯度试验表明, 当土壤中Cd投加浓度分别为25、 50、 100 mg·kg^-1时,三叶鬼针草地上部生物量没有明显下降(p<0.05), Cd含量均大于其根部Cd含量, 且其叶中Cd含量均大于100 mg·kg^-1, 达到了Cd超富集植物应达到的临界含量标准.而蒲公英在这3个处理条件下,其叶片中Cd含量均没有超过100 mg·kg^-1. 可见只有三叶鬼针草完全具有镉超富集植物的基本特征,是镉超富集植物.     

南方典型区域水稻镉富集系数差异影响因素探析

该研究通过自采样分析及综合其他人员研究结果分析了我国南方典型稻米产区水稻吸收镉差异性。方差分析结果表明我国南方稻米产区稻米镉富集系数差异显著且可划分为高吸收(富集系数平均值及标准差为(0.96±0.73)、中高吸收(0.64±0.59)、中低吸收(0.29±0.22)及低吸收(0.26±0.30)4种类型,在19个研究区内中及中低吸收型(富集系数介于0.2~0.3)是4种类型中最常见的。对土壤p H、有机质含量、质地、土壤类型、土壤镉含量、土壤Zn/Cd等影响稻米镉富集系数的因素进行了探讨,结果表明,土壤p H对稻米镉富集系数影响最大且符合韦布尔非线性方程模型。土壤有机质影响明显较p H低,土壤质地在土壤酸性条件下对稻米镉富集系数的影响要大于碱性条件,土壤Zn/Cd比对稻米镉富集系数影响也比较突出,在高Zn/Cd比的土壤中稻米镉富集系数一般较低,而土壤类型、土壤镉含量对稻米镉富集系数的影响存在较大的地域差异性。     

三峡库区巫山建坪地区土壤镉等重金属分布特征及来源研究

位于三峡库区的巫山建坪地区存在明显土壤高镉(Cd)异常,但对其土壤镉分布特征及来源缺乏深入认识.通过对岩石及土壤样品中镉等重金属元素的总量、土壤理化性质、典型土壤剖面Cd含量、Cd赋存形态进行分析测试,并结合相关性分析和主成分分析等统计方法,以及不同类型土壤间的对比分析,研究了巫山县建坪地区土壤中镉等重金属的含量分布特征及其来源.结果表明,岩石(包括煤及煤矸石等)中Cd含量范围为0.22～101 mg·kg-1,表层耕作土壤中Cd含量范围为0.42～42 mg·kg-1,自然土壤中Cd含量范围为0.12～8.5 mg·kg-1;除Cd外,V、Cr、Ni、Zn同样存在富集现象.土壤中弱酸提取态镉占其总量的17%～35%.研究表明,巫山建坪研究区土壤存在严重镉污染问题,土壤中高镉与研究区岩石中镉含量具有很好的地球化学继承性,且表现出表层富集的特征.研究区土壤中镉等重金属主要为自然地质源,其历史上的煤矿开采加剧了土壤镉的富集过程.土壤中镉的生物有效态高,通过食物链富集而影响人群健康的环境危害大.     

锌对镉在河南华溪蟹鳃组织亚细胞中富集的影响

为了研究锌对镉在河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)鳃中富集的影响,本文选择不同浓度镉锌联合处理14 d和28 d后,采用亚细胞分离法将鳃组织分为热稳定蛋白(HSP)、富含金属颗粒(MRG)、生物活性部分(BAM)和细胞碎片部分(CD),其中,热稳定蛋白(HSP)和富含金属颗粒(MRG)组成生物解毒部分(BDM),利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)测定各个亚细胞组分中镉的含量.结果显示,BDM是镉富集的重要场所,镉在其中所占比例达到50%.其中,BDM包括热稳定蛋白(HSP)和富含金属颗粒组分(MRG).随着镉处理浓度的增加,锌对镉在HSP和MRG中的蓄积表现为先促后抑的作用.在BAM中,加锌促进镉的蓄积,且相较于高浓度锌(1000μg·L-1),低浓度锌(100μg·L-1)的促进作用更为显著.研究表明,锌对镉在河南华溪蟹鳃中的富集及分布有一定影响.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.