“三江源”地区主要生态环境问题与对策

长江、黄河、澜沧江河源地区地处青藏高原腹地,是我国江河中、下游和周边地区生态环境安全和区域可持续发展的生态屏障。近年来,由于自然因素与不合理的人类活动影响,“三江源”地区生态环境不断恶化,不仅严重影响和制约了当地各民族生存与发展,而且还危及中下游地区的经济与社会的可持续发展。论文分析了三江源地区所处的生态环境地位,揭示了该区生态环境存在的问题与症结,提出了三江源地区生态环境保护与建设的对策建议:①三江源自然保护区的建设必须重视科学研究,制定高水平的科学规划;②必须采取有力措施妥善安置核心区的移民;③建立科学研究基地,依靠科技创新和高新适用技术的引进和推广应用,促进当地社会经济的发展和生态环境建设;④加强生态环境建设,走可持续发展的道路;⑤加强鼠害治理,促进草场生态系统的恢复;⑥建立上、中、下游利益补偿机制,促进江河源区生态环境事业的良性发展。     

我国流域生态补偿机制设计

多年来,为了保障流域的生态安全、保证流域水资源的可持续利用,大多数河流上游地区都投入了大量的人力、物力和财力进行生态建设和环境保护.然而,我国大多数河流的上游地区往往是经济相对贫困、生态相对脆弱的区域,这些区域很难独自承担建设和保护流域生态环境的重任,同时这些地区摆脱贫困的需求又十分强烈,导致流域上游区域发展经济与保护流域生态环境的矛盾十分突出,而如何协调好这种关系,就需要下游受益区和中央政府来帮助流域上游地区分担生态建设的重任.因此,建立流域生态补偿机制,实施中央及下游受益区对流域上游地区的补偿机制,可以理顺流域上下游间的生态关系和利益关系,加快上游地区经济社会发展并有效保护流域上游的生态环境,从而促进全流域的社会经济可持续发展.     

关于建立流域生态补偿机制框架的探讨——以大伙房水库上游流域为例

随着经济的快速发展和人口的迅速膨胀,流域自然资源与生态环境面临着前所未有的压力。为了更好地协调流域各方的生态、经济利益关系,促进地区间和群体间的和谐、可持续发展,建立稳固的生态补偿激励机制就显得十分必要。以大伙房水库上游流域地区为研究对象,以公共产品理论、外部性理论、生态资本理论和可持续发展理论为理论基础,结合研究区的实际情况,确定研究区生态补偿的主客体和补偿的方式与途径;再分别站在供给方和需求方的角度,通过计算水库上游地区生态系统服务功能价值、生态保护建设总成本和水库下游地区人民的支付意愿价格来确定生态补偿的标准;最后综合考虑受益程度、支付意愿、流域面积等因素确定补偿金的分担率和分配率,并建立了生态补偿机制的配套措施。     

黑龙江生态农业发展探讨

进入21世纪生态农业已经成为农业发展的大势所趋,作为国家振兴东北的省份,黑龙江省应当结合实情,发挥自身的优势,进一步发展生态农业经济,加强生态环境建设,促进黑龙江省经济又快又好发展。发展生态农业不仅可以推动黑龙江新农村建设,而且有助于经济的可持续发展和生态城市的建设。建设生态省、打造＂生态龙江＂是实施可持续发展战略的不断深入,也是实现经济、社会、环境和资源协调统一发展,提高综合竞争力的关键。     

小议如何加强城市生态环境建设

伴随着我国经济的进步,社会的发展,环境污染问题层出不穷的出现在城市发展的进程中,已经渗入到社会生活的各个方面、各个环节里,为我国的可持续发展,带来严重的困扰。在诸多的问题中,城市环节链条失衡,生态服务系统退化,一系列问题随着而来,严重制约经济、社会的可持续发展。本文从实际出发,深入地研究和讨论城市生态环境建设的保护措施,根据当地经济的发展情况,有效地改善和健全城市生态环境建设,发挥生态保护的现实意义,促使城市可持续地发展和进步。     

生态文明与生态产业可持续发展研究

<正>建设生态文明,就是要在保持经济增长,人民收入水平不断提高的同时,降低单位生产能耗,减少污染物排放。发展生态产业,提升循环经济在经济结构中的比重,促进经济社会可持续发展是实现这一目标的重要途径。大力发展节约能源资源和保护生态环境的产业结构,实现经济增长方式向生态型转变,消费模式向环境友好型转变的共识已经形成。我国西部地区生态环境更为脆弱,在发展生态产业,促进可持续发展方面所面临的问题更多。进一步开展调查研究,因地制宜地制定西部地区生态产业发展和生态文明建设策略很有必要。开展这方面的研究对于指导西部生态脆弱地区的生态产业发展意义重大。     

生态城市建设与可持续发展

人类传统的社会发展是以破坏生态环境为代价,而自然生态系统是可持续发展的。建设生态城市是可持续发展的必然要求。文章阐述了生态城市建设的基本原则,生态城市建设的主要内容,生态城市生态经济功能还调律,与资源和生态、经济、社会可持续发展关系。     

浅谈水土保持在生态环境建设中的作用

水土乃万物之源,生态之本。要想搞好生态环境建设就必须从水土保持工作做起,以有效利用水土资源为主线,促进经济的长效可持续发展,认真执行水土保持相关法律法规,进一步加强水土保持的监督管理,使水土保持在生态环境建设中发挥其应有的作用。本文分析了水土保持和生态环境建设的相互关系,明确了水保工作在生态环境建设中的重大作用,旨在提高人们对水土保持工作的认识,进一步实现生态环境的健康可持续发展。     

华丰煤矿循环经济园模式建设

发展知识经济和循环经济,是世纪之交国际社会的两大趋势。知识经济就是在经济运行过程中智力资源对物质资源的替代,实现经济活动的知识化转向;循环经济则是按照生态规律利用自然资源和环境容量,实现经济活动的生态化转向。发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式。对我国来说,促进循环经济和知识经济的结合,建设循环经济或生态工业园区是走新兴工业化道路之必须。新汶矿业集团华丰煤矿通过煤矸石、矿井水等资源的综合利用,促进了循环经济的发展,保护了生态环境。     

苏州市社会经济与生态环境协调发展研究

文章以苏州市社会经济与生态环境为研究对象,采用主成分分析方法（PCA）,通过对近十年来苏州市经济、社会和环境发展现状的分析,筛选了评价该地区社会、经济与生态环境协调度的指标体系,建立了苏州市经济-社会-生态协调发展评价模型,并对该地区生态环境与社会经济的协调发展度进行了分析,得出了2000年以来苏州地区经济社会生态发展总体处于协调发展的阶段,同时提出了促进经济社会和环境进一步协调发展的对策措施。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.