次氯酸钙法处理发泡剂生产废水

采用废漂白液(次氯酸钙)处理发泡剂偶氮二甲酰胺生产废水。废水pH为8～9时,加入质量分数3％～5％的漂白液和1‰PAM絮凝剂,反应2h,沉淀澄清。实验室试验中COD去除率为88％,工业处理试验中COD平均由626mg／L降为105mg／L,去除率为83．2％。该法工艺简单,以废治废,费用低,处理效果好。     

Compostability of Poly(lactide): Degradation in an Inert Solid Medium

Commercial poly(lactide) degradation was studied in an inert solid medium simulating compost conditions, with the aim to achieve a complete carbon balance of the polymer degradation. The mineralisation rate at the end of the test was compared to those obtained for poly(lactide) degradation in compost. It was shown that the mineralisation rate after 45 days of degradation was quite lower in inert solid medium than in compost but the standard deviation of data was enhanced. A protocol for both extraction and quantification of the carbon included in the different degradation by-products was proposed and the carbon balance of the polymer degradation was followed during the test with a satisfactory accuracy. The non-degraded PLA material was recovered during the test, hence the evolution of the glass transition temperature and the molecular weight was followed. A two-step degradation mechanism was highlighted in inert solid medium, showing the fundamental role of abiotic reactions for PLA degradation in compost.     

臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理PVA废水

采用臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理聚乙烯醇（PVA）废水,研究了臭氧氧化时间、臭氧流量以及废水pH等因素对臭氧氧化效果的影响。实验结果表明：当气体臭氧质量浓度为30 mg/L、臭氧氧化时间为45 min、臭氧流量为4 L/min、废水pH为8时,PVA质量浓度从进水的93.2 mg/L降至4.5 mg/L;PVA溶液的BOD₅/COD从0.014增加至0.310,可生化性明显改善;臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理后出水COD降至50 mg/L左右,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准;出水PVA质量浓度为1.6 mg/L,明显优于A/O工艺（33.1 mg/L）。     

Experimental research on emission and removal of dioxins in flue gas from a co-combustion of MSW and coal incinerator

This paper describes the experimental study of dioxins removal from flue gas from a co-combustion municipal solid waste and coal incinerator by means of a fluidized absorption tower and a fabric filter. A test rig has been set up. The flow rate of flue gas of the test rig is 150-2000 m3/h. The system was composed of a humidification and cooling system, an absorption tower, a demister, a slurry make-up tank, a desilter, a fabric filter and a measurement system. The total height of the absorption tower was 6.5m, and the diameter of the reactor pool was 1.2 m. When the absorbent was 1% limestone slurry, the recirculation ratio was 3, the jet rate was 5-15 m/s and the submerged depth of the bubbling pipe under the slurry was 0.14 m, the removal efficiency for dioxins was 99.35%. The concentration of dioxins in the treated flue gas was 0.1573 x 10(-13)kg/Nm3 and the concentration of oxygen was 11%. This concentration is comparable to the emission standards of other developed countries.     

Comprehensive temperature monitoring in an in-vessel forced-aeration static-bed composting process

Comprehensive temperature monitoring was done in an in-vessel forced-aeration static-bed composting process using sewage sludge. The three layers that divided the compost pile horizontally showed different temperature distributions. The temperature of the top layer appeared not to be influenced by the ambient temperature. The temperature of the center area of the top layer was taken to be the representative temperature for evaluating composting start-up performance. The temperature of the bottom layer was strongly influenced by the ambient temperature, and the temperature of the center area of the bottom layer was taken to be the representative temperature for pathogen control as it was the minimum temperature in the reactor. Composting start-up performance was influenced by several factors when the ambient temperature was either below or above 20°C. When the ambient temperature was below 20°C, the time taken to reach 65°C (T ₆₅) was influenced by the temperature of inflowing air, but when the temperature was higher than 20°C, it was influenced by the ratio of sewage sludge to seed compost (F/S). T ₆₅ was least when F/S was 1–2. Received: January 9, 2001 / Accepted: October 10, 2001     

两株氢噬胞菌的萘降解特性分析

对两株分离自内蒙古乌梁素海的氢噬胞菌X32和X12的培养条件和萘降解特性进行研究。实验结果表明:菌株X32和X12的最适生长pH为7.0,最适生长温度为30~35℃,最适盐度w(NaCl)为1%;当初始萘质量浓度为3 500 mg/L时,对数生长期的菌株X32对萘的降解活性可达53.9 nmol/(mg·min),而菌株X12可达34.8 nmol/(mg·min);菌株X32在培养48 h后进入稳定期,60 h时萘降解率达91.43%;菌株X12在培养60 h后进入稳定期,90 h时萘降解率达93.93%。氢噬胞菌X32和X12是两株具有较高应用价值的多环芳烃降解细菌。     

利用烟道气处理火电厂WFGD废水的技术应用

概述了火电厂湿法烟气脱硫废水的特点及其常规处理方法,介绍了一种利用烟道气对脱硫废水进行蒸发处理的技术方案。应用实践表明,利用烟道气蒸发处理脱硫废水是可行性的。     

尿素水溶液吸收SO2的机理研究

通过对尿素水溶液吸收SO2能力的机理研究发现,尿素水溶液在常温下（〈60℃）对SO2的吸收主要是物理吸收,而化学吸收受到尿素水解速率的控制,达到平衡后,其吸收效率在20％左右。     

Effects of the forced ventilation on composting of a solid olive-mill by-product ("alperujo") managed by mechanical turning

The evaluation of the most suitable aeration technology for olive-mill by-product "alperujo" (AL) composting was carried out by using two identical piles prepared by mixing AL with a bulking agent (fresh cow bedding) and a mature compost (as inoculant). Forced ventilation was employed in conjunction with mechanical turning in one of the piles, whereas only mechanical turning was used in the other pile. These two treatment methods were evaluated by assessing process efficiency and end-product quality. The results show that the composting process was completed in less time when forced ventilation was coupled with mechanical turning. A slight delay in the evolution of pH, C/N ratio, and biodegradation of fats and organic matter was observed when only turning was employed. However, the recommended method for composting AL was mechanical turning without forced ventilation since the composition of the end-product in this case was comparable to the composted AL using forced ventilation coupled with mechanical turning. Furthermore, there were substantial economic savings by selecting mechanical turning alone, which included capital costs for equipment.     

某矿热炉烟气余热利用系统测量与诊断

对某铁合金厂2台硅铁矿热炉烟气参数进行了现场测量,测量结果表明,测点烟气温度偏低,流量偏大.通过对原始测量数据进行筛选整理,得到了更加真实的测量结果;通过分析测量数据,诊断出导致现有余热锅炉进口烟气温度偏低的主要原因,并给出相应的对策建议.     

压裂返排液的超声强化臭氧氧化处理

采用超声强化臭氧氧化技术处理经絮凝、沉降脱固、过滤预处理的页岩气压裂返排液,通过实验室实验优化工艺参数,并在自行研制的超声强化臭氧氧化装置上进行了中试验证。实验结果表明,在反应时间为30min、废水pH为10、废水臭氧质量浓度为40 mg/L、超声波功率为200 W时,COD去除率可达55.2%,处理后水质可满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准的要求。中试试验结果表明,研制的臭氧超声氧化处理装置可形成臭氧氧化、超声空化、水力空化的协同作用,处理后出水COD为90 mg/L,具有一定的推广价值。     

Pyrolysis characteristics of organic components of municipal solid waste at high heating rates

The pyrolysis characteristics of six representative organic components of municipal solid waste (MSW) and their mixtures were studied in a specially designed thermogravimetric analysis apparatus with a maximum recorded heating rate of 864.8 degrees Cmin(-1). The pyrolysis behavior of individual components was described by the Avrami-Erofeev equation. The influence of final temperature on individual components was studied, and it was concluded that final temperature was a factor in reaction speed and intensity, but that it played only a limited role in determining the reaction mechanism. The interactions between different components were evaluated, and it was concluded that the interaction between homogeneous materials was minimal, whereas the interaction between polyethylene and biomass was significant.     

废水生化处理出水吸收SO2过程相平衡关系的确定

应用相平衡理论对吸收液－ＳＯ２体系的相平衡关系进行了系统研究,确定了吸收相平衡的数学模型,并通过试验对数学模型进行了验证,结果表明,数学模型计算值与试验实测值基本吻合。     

Fenton流化床陶瓷膜反应器处理造纸废水的膜污染与清洗

采用Fenton流化床陶瓷膜反应器处理造纸废水二级出水,研究了陶瓷膜膜污染的机理,提出了相应的清洗再生方案。实验结果表明:Fenton流化床陶瓷膜反应器处理后废水的溶解性有机碳和色度去除率分别达到84.2%和94.1%。通过Darcy定律模型计算,过滤阻力主要来自于滤饼层阻力,约占总阻力的62.1%;滤饼层中主要污染物为悬浮固体,约占滤饼层总质量的75.4%;疏水性有机物是造成滤饼层污染的主要溶解性有机物,而亲水性有机物更易造成膜孔堵塞;腐殖酸对滤饼层和膜孔堵塞影响较大,而蛋白质比多糖更易引起膜孔堵塞。采用HNO_3清洗污染膜效果最佳,在HNO_3质量分数1.00%、反应时间15 min时,膜通量恢复率达73.6%。     

水性油墨废水絮凝污泥制备吸附剂及阳离子染料的吸附

以水性油墨废水絮凝污泥为原料、采用一步炭化活化法制备了吸附剂,并将其用于阳离子蓝X-GRRL溶液(300 mg/L)的吸附处理。考察了吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、吸附温度和吸附pH对吸附效果的影响,并对吸附动力学进行了探讨。结果表明:所制得吸附剂的总孔体积为0.5 cm~3/g,平均孔径为7.12 nm;在吸附剂投加量0.6g/L、吸附时间420 min、吸附温度25℃、吸附pH 5.4的条件下,吸附量高达486.21 mg/g,脱色率达97.24%;该吸附剂对于阳离子蓝X-GRRL的吸附过程可用准二级动力学模型和颗粒内扩散效应模型很好地描述。     

混凝—热固化联合空气吹脱法处理高浓度水性油墨废水

采用混凝—热固化联合空气吹脱法处理高浓度水性油墨废水。混凝—热固化法处理高浓度水性油墨废水的优化工艺条件为混凝剂NS-1投加量7.36 g/L,热固化温度75 ℃,热固化时间30 min,在此条件下COD去除率达91.00%,色度去除率达99.00%。空气吹脱法处理混凝—热固化出水,初始ρ（氨氮）对氨氮去除率影响较小;气液比增大、废水pH升高、吹脱次数增加、废水温度升高均能提高氨氮去除率。在废水初始ρ（氨氮）为1 406.25 mg/L、气液比为2 667、废水pH为11.50、废水温度为25 ℃、连续吹脱4次的条件下,氨氮去除率达95.34%。     

水污染分析校准用汞溶液的研制

研制了水污染分析校准用汞溶液。采用原子荧光光谱法对样品进行了均匀性和稳定性检验,对样品的量值进行了验证并进行了不确定度评定。检验结果表明:汞溶液均匀性良好,室温条件下可稳定36个月以上;样品的标准值为100 mg/L,扩展不确定度为2 mg/L。样品量值与美国AccuStandard公司同种标准物质具有一致性。可用于水中汞检测的测定标准、质量控制、分析方法研究以及实验室能力验证等方面。     

石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫浆液氟化铝络合原因分析及对策

石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫装置运行过程中,浆液氟化铝络合会影响石灰石的溶解度。以某电厂125MW燃煤机组脱硫改造工程为例,分析脱硫装置吸收塔浆液出现氟化铝缝合物造成石灰石闭塞的原因。依据A l3＋、F-络合原理及组分变化规律,及时采取技术措施,消除了石灰石闭塞,恢复脱硫装置正常运行。     

Solventless Delignification of Wood Flour with TiO2/poly(ethylene oxide) Photocatalyst System

A novel solventless delignification of a defatted Picea glehnii wood flour sample was performed using a TiO₂/polyethylene oxide (PEO) photocatalyst system. A cell wall structure of the wood flour was directly observed, showing that its lignin fraction was removed by the photodegradation. The total lignin amount was slightly decreased as compared with that of the pristine sample, and the vanillin formation was confirmed by the ¹H-NMR measurement. The TiO₂ worked as a radical initiator, and simultaneously acid and aldehyde compounds produced by the PEO photolysis did as an accelerator for the solventless delignification. Although the photocatalyst system showed high delignification activity even for a low molecular lignin model, the delignification of the wood flour sample was confined to the surface. It was found that the suppressed delignification behavior was due to crosslinked structure of lignin.     

循环半干法烟气脱硫装置脱硫效率的回归分析

以循环半干法烟气脱硫机理为基础,推导了脱硫效率的表达式。对主要影响因素与脱硫效率的关系进行了回归分析,建立了数学模型,为循环半干法脱硫装置的设计、运行和脱硫效率的预测提供依据。