反渗透与超滤及其在水处理中的应用

反渗透与超滤是水处理中广泛应用的膜分离技术,给水处理中反渗透应用较多,废水处理中超滤应用较广泛。     

Substance-specific detection and pursuit of non-eliminable compounds during biological treatment of waste water from the pharmaceutical industry

Up to now comprehensive examination and assessment of the elimination behaviour of many different pollutants in biological waste water treatment failed above all because of limited possibilities to pursue polar organic compounds of anthropogenic and biogenic origin. In this case the behaviour of waste water constituents during the treatment of waste water from the pharmaceutical industry was studied with the help of mass-spectrometric detection (MS). After completest possible extraction and concentration by liquid/liquid and solid phase extraction (SPE) from samples of influent and effluent of a pilot plant, substance-specific determination and identification was done after chromatographic separation and with the help of mixture analysis, respectively. Separation by gas chromatography coupled with MS was applied to pursue the organic compounds, which are volatile without decomposition, during the waste water treatment process. Flow injection analysis (FIA) bypassing the analytical column combined with soft-ionizing interfaces served for screening of the polar compounds. Then they were separated by liquid chromatographic methods to recognize changes in the qualitative and quantitative compound spectrum. Mixture analysis by FIA combined with tandem mass spectrometry (FIA/MS/MS) was used for identification of the pollutants without previous chromatographic separation. A laboratory-made daughter ion library helped to identify some of the poorly eliminable pollutants detected. The presentation of the monitoring procedures applied was made in such a way that the treatment results were visually recognizable. Due to the use of time-saving FIA/MS, this method may serve for substance-specific monitoring of the treatment of possibly problematic waste waters. ©     

Rehabilitation of the chernoistochinskii drinking water system,Nizhnii Tagil,Russia

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) performed a reservoir diagnosis and developed low-cost recommendations to improve drinking water quality for the city of Nizhnii Tagil, Russia. Despite widespread regional pollution, water quality within the drinking water supply source can be summarized as generally good. Sampling and analysis efforts did not reveal appreciable amounts of hazardous chemicals or metals. The major water quality problem stems from an abundance of blue-green algae during the summer months, causing drinking water taste and odor problems and filter clogging at the water treatment plant. City water treatment officials also frequently experience difficulties with maintaining an effective disinfection residual in the distribution system because it spans more than 30 kilometers in length. Regrowth of microorganisms in the distribution system often causes coliform bacteria counts to exceed standards. The implementation of a watershed protection and management program, and the installation of a new disinfection system, to purify drinking water and to reduce bacterial growth in the distribution system should improve drinking water quality for the city residents.     

Study of the evaporation process of saline waste from the tanning industry.

The second and third steps of wastewater treatment in the tanning industry generate sludges that are rich in salts, organic matter and suspended solids. Since these are formally catalogued as industrial wastes by environmental legislation, they cannot be disposed of directly but need a final treatment. One of the problems with these wastes is their high water content, which has to be reduced. In the particular case of the concentrated streams from the secondary and tertiary treatment steps, the sludges are first concentrated by evaporation, and the evaporated water is used in other parts of the plant. This study, which preceded evaporator design, analysed the evaporation process (laboratory scale) of a saline residue produced in the reverse osmosis step of the treatment of tanning wastewaters by the company Aquagest Levante, S.A. in Lorca (Murcia, Spain), to ascertain its behaviour in the evaporation process and the evolution of its physical properties. The study served to determine the exact mineralogy and ionic composition as well as the characteristics of the waste in question. This information was used in the last step of the design of the evaporation equipment.     

Management of municipal solid waste in the Three Gorges region

As the fourth phase of the Three Gorges reservoir project commenced in 2008, the rate of water flow in the Yangtze River has obviously decelerated further downstream and water clarity within the storage facility has decreased. Meanwhile, the rate of urbanization in the region is adding to the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) being generated by every day life. The composition of the waste is becoming more diversified and complicated, thereby presenting an increasing threat to the ecological environment and water resources of the Three Gorges region. This paper is a probe into MSW in terms of its characteristics as well as methods of storage, collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal, the protection of environmental ecosystems. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental problems in the Three Gorges region, and indeed the whole of China. Based on the analysis of the present situation of MSWM and its treatment/disposal, some methods of sorting, recycling, decomposing, incineration and reuse are described, sanitary landfill as the main disposal method in Chongqing city, incineration being the second. Sanitary landfill or dump was also used for MSW treatment in the Three Gorges region, and this paper also provides some suggestions for improving MSWM in the Three Gorges region.     

絮凝作用对HEDP防垢性能的影响

絮凝剂ＰＨＰ、防垢剂ＨＥＤＰ是油田水处理常用的药剂。在油田水处理过程中，调节污水的ＰＨ、投加絮凝剂常常与投加防垢剂一起或先后进行。本文对投加絮凝剂和调节ＰＨ对防士兵防垢性能的影响进行了研究。实验结果证明，絮凝剂的絮凝作用和ＰＨ调节产生的Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）２，均会使污水中的ＨＥＤＰ含量发生变化，防垢性能受到影响。     

Centrifugal dewatering of blended sludge from drinking water treatment plant and wastewater treatment plant

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The blended sludge taken from drinking water treatment plant (WTP) and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for centrifugal dewatering was proposed....     

废水中氨氮湿式空气氧化和超临界水氧化研究进展

湿式空气氧化法(WAO)和超临界水氧化法（SCWO)废水处理技术近年已有广泛研究。当催化剂存在于氧化体系时,不仅能降低反应温度、压力,而且可提高废水中有害物质的降解效率。介绍了氨的湿式空气氧化和超临界水氧化催化剂应用的研究进展、各种催化剂在超临界水中的稳定性能及氨的催化超临界水氧化情况。     

Production of feed and fertilizer from water Hyacinth plants in the tropics

Water hyacinth grows ubiquitously in natural water bodies in the tropics. If allowed to propagate without control, it can cause deterioration of water quality and create problems with water uses. However, water hyacinth has been used for wastewater treatment, and as an animal feed and soil conditioner. This paper reports a case study on silaging and composting of water hyacinth plants generated from ponds treating pig farm wastewater. The water hyacinth plants mixed with molasses and pig manure at the ratios of 85:10:5 (% wet weight) were found to be optimum for silage production; the silaging period was 28 days. The silaged products contained 16% protein and 18% dry matter, suitable for use as animal feed. The composted water hyacinth plants, whose raw materials included pig manure and leaves, contained N, P and K about 2.2, 1.5, and 0.8% (dry weight), respectively. An economic analysis of the two recycling options suggested that some benefits could be gained from these practices after 5 years of operation. These two options were found to be technically and economically feasible to be implemented at farm scale levels.     

超临界水氧化法处理固体废物的研究进展

超临界水氧化法作为一种新兴的高级氧化技术具有广阔的应用前景,该方法在处理固体废物方面具有独特的优势。介绍了超临界水的特性和超临界水氧化法的反应机理及超临界水氧化法在固体废物处理方面的应用现状,提出了该方法要达到工业化应用亟待解决的理论和实际问题,对超临界水氧化法的发展方向进行了展望。     

Remediation of MTBE-Contaminated Water and Soil

As the number of leaking underground fuel tank sites with methyl tertiary butyl ehter (MTBE) contamination continues to grow, there is a need to develop cost-effective solutions for treatment of soil and water contamination. MTBE poses special challenges because of its physicochemical properties, in particular high solubility and low Henry's constant, low affinity for sorption, and very slow rate of microbial degradation. Advanced oxidation processes tend to generate undesirable by-products. Based on laboratory studies with hollow fiber membranes (HFM), a field-scale unit was constructed and tested at a number of sites, to determine the effectiveness of this technology in dealing with MTBE contamination. In addition, to treat the soil contamination, the HFM unit was coupled with a Spray Aeration Vapor Extraction (SAVE) unit, which is based on an internal combustion engine. The engine provides the means to treat soil vapors, as well as organic vapors from the spray aeration and HFM units. The overall treatment objectives of 5μg/l for MTBE and 1 μg/l for benzene were achieved with a treatment train consisting of an ion exchange unit, a spray aeration system, a hollow fiber membrane module and two granular activated carbon (GAC) units, for flowrates ranging from 3.8 to 30 l/min (1 to 8 gal/min). The ion exchange unit sewed to reduce water hardness and avoid scaling in the subsequent treatment units, extending the run-time of the entire system. Overall removal efficiencies for the spray aeration system and hollow fiber membrane module ranged from 85 to over 99 percent. High removal efficiencies (> 97%) were obtained at elevated water temperatures (54°C) or lower flowrates (up to 11 l/min). The GAC units were used only to polish the effluent and meet the discharge requirements. Soil, water, and gas phases are treated with this system. Cost estimates are provided for similar treatment processes, for water flowrates up to 38 l/min (10 gal/min). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Effectiveness of forestry streamside management zones in the sand-clay hills of Mississippi: early indications

During the past decade, compliance with initiatives to promote forestry best management practices (BMPs) has been monitored in most states of the southern U.S. and suggests an excellent level of acceptance throughout the region. However, effectiveness of these practices to protect water quality and aquatic habitat in streams that are potentially impacted by forest management activities has not been as thoroughly documented as the degree of compliance. The objective of this study was to determine effectiveness of streamside management zones (SMZs), a key element of BMPs designed for protection of water quality, aquatic habitat, and macroinvertebrate communities, in low-order streams within a region of north central Mississippi that is subjected to intensive forest management. Three SMZ treatments (undisturbed reference, clear-cut logging with an SMZ designated by forest managers, or clear-cut logging with no SMZ) were evaluated using a study with three replications of each treatment. Response metrics including water quality parameters, mineral soil exposure and net deposition/erosion within riparian zones, stream habitat indicators, and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities were comparable between streams receiving SMZs and undisturbed reference streams at all sampling intervals during the first year after treatment. Furthermore, significant elevation of streamwater temperature, decline in habitat stability rating, and increase in density of macroinvertebrates occurring in streams without an SMZ in comparison to reference streams provides additional evidence of SMZ effectiveness during the initial year after harvesting.     

Influence of Glutaraldehyde Crosslinking and Alkaline Post-treatment on the Properties of Chitosan-Based Films

Depending on the modifications proposed, chitosan films present different characteristics, for instance correlated to hydrophilicity, chemical and mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of glutaraldehyde crosslinking and an alkaline post-treatment with NaOH on the characteristics of chitosan based films. Films were obtained by casting and characterized by thickness, swelling degree, mechanical and thermal properties and chemical structure. The water vapor permeability (WVP) was also evaluated for food packaging application. It was observed that crosslinking and NaOH post-treatment have great influence on the chitosan films characteristics. Crosslinking reduced the swelling degree of films and increased its fragility, whereas NaOH treatment also reduces the swelling degree and changes mechanical properties, acting in the same way as a crosslinker. The WVP analyses showed that the basic treatment could substitute the glutaraldehyde crosslinking for film water stability, without greatly compromising the barrier properties of chitosan based films.     

炼油外排废水回用试验

针对某炼油厂的废水场二沉池出水,先后采用曝气生物滤池和超滤工艺进行深度处理.试验结果表明,在曝气生物滤池中投加专性微生物菌种、曝气生物滤池HRT为2h、COD去除负荷为0.36 kg/( m3·d)、超滤膜通量为50L/(m2·h)的条件下,出水中的ρ(油)为0.8 mg/L、COD为57 mg/L、ρ(氨氮)为0.2 mg/L.出水水质达到Q/SH0104-2007《炼化企业节水减排考核指标与回用水质控制指标》,可回用于循环水的补水.     

超临界水氧化法水处理技术进展

介绍了超临界水的特性和超临界水氧化法水处理技术的原理与工艺流程;着重论述了催化剂在超临界水氧化法中的应用,以及在超临界状态下材料的腐蚀研究现状;展望了这一新型水处理技术的发展前景。     

纳滤膜深度处理棉针织品印染废水

采用芳香聚酰胺膜(NF-1#)、复合膜(NF-2#)和聚酰胺复合膜(NF-3#)深度处理棉针织品印染废水,考察了膜分离性能及膜污染情况的影响因素。实验结果表明,在操作压力为0.5MPa、废水温度为25~35℃、废水pH为7的条件下,NF-1#膜处理效果最佳,COD去除率最高,为76.0%~85.0%;脱盐率也最高,达90.0%。膜过滤后浓水送污水厂处理,产水回用于车间生产。操作压力增高、废水温度升高和废水pH增大均导致滤饼层阻力(Rc)和膜过滤过程中的总阻力(Rt)增加,Rc是Rt的主要组成部分,同时也是导致膜透过通量下降的主要因素。     

Preliminary environmental impact assessment of PFOS waste treatment in a lab-scale batch subcritical water decomposition operation

Life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out by SimaPro 7.3 to study the environmental impact of a lab-scale batch subcritical water decomposition operation for a kilogram of Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) waste treatment in this study, a proven process for the decomposition of PFOS pollutants with high concentration. This LCA focuses on not only the main environmental factors from emissions of toxic pollutants, but also the influence from technical characteristics of the iron-induced subcritical water technology including energy and substances consumption during the subcritical water decomposition treatment process. The IMPACT 2002+ environmental model was used to evaluate the 15 midpoint and 4 end-point environmental damages. It was found that the energy consumption to sustain the high temperature (350 °C) and high pressure (23 MPa) in the subcritical water process contributes 99.8 % of the damages. The total negative impact of the SCWD process for 1 kg of PFOS waste treatment to human health, ecological quality, climate change and resources amounts to 1.11 × 10^?3, 8.43 × 10^?5, 9.76 × 10^?4, 9.05 × 10^?4 Pt, respectively. And the improvement of energy efficiency and catalytic effectiveness are two important factors to reduce the environmental impact from the SCWD process for the treatment of PFOS waste.     

Recovery of municipal waste incineration bottom ash and water treatment sludge to water permeable pavement materials

Water treatment plant sludge and municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash are non-hazardous residues, and they can be reprocessed to produce useful materials for city public works. In this study, an effort was endeavored to investigate the properties of water permeable bricks made of water treatment sludge and bottom ash without involving an artificial aggregate step. The water treatment plant sludge was dried and ground, and the bottom ash was subjected to magnetic separation to remove ferrous metals. Both sludge and bottom ash were ground and sieved to a size of <2mm. Different contents of water treatment sludge (70-95% by weight) were mixed with bottom ash and the blocks were molded under a pressure of 110 kg/cm2. Thereafter, the molded blocks were sintered at temperatures of 900-1200 degrees C for 60-360 min. The compressive strength, permeability and water absorption rate of the sintered brick were examined and compared to relevant standards. The amount of bottom ash added in the mixture with water treatment sludge affects both the compressive strength and the permeability of the sintered bricks. The two effects are antonymous as higher bottom ash content will develop a beehive configuration and have more voids in the brick. It is concluded that a 20% weight content of bottom ash under a sintering condition of 1150 degrees C for 360 min can generate a brick with a compressive strength of 256 kg/cm2, a water absorption ratio of 2.78% and a permeability of 0.016 cm/s.     

Treatment of the biodegradable fraction of used disposable diapers by co-digestion with waste activated sludge

The results presented in this paper are part of a project aimed at designing an original solution for the treatment of used disposable diapers permitting the recycling of materials and the recovery of energy. Diapers must be collected separately at source and transported to an industrial facility to undergo special treatment which makes it possible to separate plastics and to recover a biodegradable fraction (BFD) made up mainly of cellulose. The methane yield of BFD was measured and found to be 280 ml CH₄/g VS_fed on average. 150 kg of dry BFD can be retrieved from the treatment of one ton of used disposable diapers, representing an energy potential of about 400 kW h of total energy or 130 kW h of electricity. As the treatment process for used diapers requires very high volumes of water, the setting up of the diaper treatment facility at a wastewater treatment plant already equipped with an anaerobic digester offers the advantages of optimizing water use as well as its further treatment and, also, the anaerobic digestion of BFD. The lab-scale experiments in a SBR showed that BFD co-digestion with sewage sludge (38% BFD and 62% waste activated sludge on volatile solids basis) was feasible. However, special attention should be paid to problems that might arise from the addition of BFD to a digester treating WAS such as insufficient mixing or floating particles leading to the accumulation of untreated solids in the digester.     

Optimization of the food waste water incineration with respect to CO and NO<Subscript>x</Subscript> emission characteristics

The incineration of food waste water in conjunction with the domestic waste is getting attention as a food waste water treatment method, due to its low treatment cost and high efficiency. Many studies verified that the ammonia in the food waste water served as a reducing agent to suppress the generation of NO_x when the food waste water was injected and incinerated. However, they have not revealed the correlation between the change in the concentration of the CO and NO_x by the influence of the solid matters contained in the food waste water on the incineration of the wastes. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum amount of the food waste water injected through four nozzles in the primary and secondary incineration chambers and to assess the correlation between the concentration of CO and NO_x in accordance with the food waste water injection in each chamber of the incinerator. For the study, four food waste water injection nozzles were installed; two (A and B) at the top of the primary incineration chamber and the other two (C and D) in the secondary incineration chamber. The correlation between the change in the concentration of CO and NO_x was studied adjusting the amount of the food waste water injected through the nozzles. From the result, Case II showed the concentration of CO and NO_x as 1.8–10 and 14–26 ppm, respectively, while Case I showed that of CO and NO_x as 15–30 and 9–18 ppm, respectively. Those levels are well below the Korean emission criteria, 50 ppm for CO and 80 ppm for NO_x. Based on the results, it is evident there is a certain trade-off between emission of CO and NO_x, and Case II which has relatively low concentration of CO is easier and cheaper to control.