饮用水中挥发性有机污染物的直接测定液氮冷阱/色谱/质谱—毛细管柱法

将冷阱用于液样浓缩器(LSC)/色谱/质谱(GC/MS)装置中,可对饮用水中挥发性有机污染物进行快速定性、定量分析.此方法适用于对饮用水及天然水体中挥发性有机污染物的普查和监测.     

Organische Leiter

Only three decades ago it was thought inconceivable that organic compounds could transport electric charges like metals do. However, recently organic molecules exhibiting high conductivities have been synthesized. Some examples of organic conductors are presented together with the present status of this research which is both interesting to chemists and physicists. Some applications of organic conductors are discussed.     

效益型资源化啤酒废水处理技术应用及效果

本项处理技术屏弃了以往环境处理技术沿用的生产末端处理路线.根据啤酒生产工艺特点,在全面分析,平衡工艺废水的特性,数量及排放规律的基础上提出综合治理方案,着重于从废水中提取有用物质和能源,治理过程中把废水当做资源加以利用,而且具有明显低投入高增益的经济效益.装置2年来运行结果证明:核心技术——UASB 高效,实用,易操作,运行稳定居国内领先水平,其主要技术指标达到国内外同类研究的先进水平.该项技术可在啤酒行业及以粮食为原料的其它酿造行业和食品加工业中推广应用,并已被国家科委列为《国家级科技成果重点推广计划》及国家环保局最佳实用技术.     

污泥基发泡保温材料的制备及性能分析

随着污水处理厂污泥产量急剧增长,污泥资源化利用至关重要,将污泥制备成泡沫保温材料,可满足我国可持续发展战略的需求。主要研究了发泡剂和稳泡剂复配比对发泡倍数及泡沫半衰期影响,优选出最佳发泡材料OP及纤维素醚的配比分别为0.6%和0.3%。在此基础上,通过正交实验研究污泥添加比、水泥添加比和水料比对发泡保温材料性能的影响,建立综合性能指标,获得污泥基发泡保温材料性能影响因素顺序为水料比>污泥添加比>水泥添加比。当污泥添加比、水泥添加比、水料比分别为12.5%、55.5%、0.5%时,材料性能最佳,抗压强度、导热系数和密度分别为0.32 MPa、0.072 W/(m·K)和624.4 kg/m3,满足无机发泡材料抗压强度C0.3,干密度等级A07 (JG/T 266—2014《国家建筑工业行业标准》)。     

GJB 150.28—2009酸性大气试验应用中存在的问题探讨

为了使装备研制、环境试验领域相关人员能更好地依据GJB 150.28—2009制定试验大纲和组织实施试验,提高试验的质量和有效性.总结了GJB 150.28—2009酸性大气试验标准应用过程中普遍存在的问题,对贮存条件、试验溶液配制、试验样品放置、酸雾沉降率和沉降溶液pH值的测量、转换时间、标准适用范围、使用典型材料代...     

介孔γ -Al2O3的制备及其对F-的吸附性能研究

以硝酸铝和碳酸氢铵为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成具有较高活性的介孔γ-Al2O3纳米材料.对合成的样品进行XRD、TEM和BET表征.结果表明:在N2气氛下煅烧所得样品与在空气中煅烧所得样品相比,其比表面积略有增加;在溶胶-凝胶过程中,用乙醇洗涤凝胶能显著提高产物的比表面积,所得产物比表面积高达390 m2/g,呈多孔结...     

α—萘酚—6,8—二磺酸的水解

本文测定了100—130℃下α—萘酚—6,8—二磺酸(G 酸)的酸催化水解动力学,此反应唯一产物是α—萘酚—6—磺酸(S 酸).α—磺酸基比β—磺酸基水解更快.水解反应在动力学上,可描述为一级反应.还确定了反应速度常数和活化能.该研究结果可用于消除在 G 酸生产过程中造成的产品损失.     

某型飞机防护体系性能优选试验研究

目的采用盐雾对比试验,优选获得抗腐蚀性能优异的防护体系。方法选用飞机常用的两种结构材料(2024、30Cr Mn Si A)的几种备选防护体系,开展盐雾加速腐蚀试验。结果铝合金试件经过10个周期盐雾加速腐蚀试验,涂层鼓泡失效,基体未发生腐蚀;经过7个周期加速腐蚀试验,结构钢试件预制划痕处涂层剥落、基体腐蚀。结论铝合金外部防护体系B方案(铬酸阳极化+37底漆+E面漆)和内部防护体系H方案(铬酸阳极化+TB06底漆)最佳,结构钢推荐选用GE方案(镀镉+钝化+TB06底漆+TS96面漆)。     

早强剂对钢渣-脱硫灰基胶凝材料的强度及水化性能影响

针对钢渣-脱硫灰基胶凝材料存在早期强度低的问题,研究不同早强剂对钢渣-脱硫灰基胶凝材料抗压强度及水化性能影响。结果表明:当脱硫灰掺量为15%,3 d抗压强度为3.65 MPa,比空白样降低了48.95%。利用生石灰、氯化钙、甲酸钙、硅灰、硫酸铝复合早强剂改性钢渣-脱硫灰基胶凝材料,其3 d抗压强度可达到17.89 MPa,是空白组试件的2.45倍,满足GB 175—2007《通用硅酸盐水泥》中复合硅酸盐水泥42.5级水泥抗压强度指标。通过XRD、SEM、FT-IR、XPS和DTG分析发现,水化产物主要是单硫型水化硫型硫铝钙、水化氯铝酸钙、水化硅酸钙和弗里德尔盐。     

京杭大运河苏州高新区段水质污染状况研究

以2005—2010年京杭大运河苏州高新区段水质监测数据为基础,运用内梅罗综合污染指数法以及采取方差分析对京杭大运河苏州高新区段水质的主要污染因子及其变化趋势进行了研究,并对京杭大运河水质污染状况进行了综合评价。结果表明:京杭大运河苏州高新区段主要污染物为氨氮、总磷;氨氮浓度在2006—2010年间虽有明显下降,但仍超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)IV类水质要求,为劣V类水,总磷亦有明显下降,但在2008—2010年3年间其浓度略有波动,在IV类和V类水质之间浮动;2005—2008年间其水质处于污染状态,2009—2010年水质较好,为轻污染。该研究结果可为苏州高新区河流水环境治理提供科学依据。     

Some recent advances in the theory of random vibration

A brief introduction is first given of the history of the technical field of random vibration, tracing back to the works of physicists since the beginning of the twentieth century. This is then followed by an account of more recent developments, with emphasis on nonlinear and quasi-nonlinear systems, and on analytical solutions for the associated Fokker-Planck equation and the generalized Pontryagin equation. The governing equation of a quasi-nonlinear system is linear, but with one or more randomly varying coefficients. The techniques for finding exact probability solutions, approximate probability solutions, conditions for motion stability, and the failure probability and statistics of a system are discussed.     

Mechanisms of electromagnetic interaction with cellular systems

The question of how electromagnetic fields - static or low to high frequency - interact with biological systems is of great interest. The current discussion among biologists, chemists, and physicists emphasizes aspects of experimental verification and of defining microscopic and macroscopic mechanisms. Both aspects are reviewed here. We emphasize that in certain situationsnonthermal interactions of electromagnetic fields occur with cellular systems.     

Carbon source in the future chemical industries

Rising crude oil prices favour the exploitation of hitherto unutilised energy carriers and the realisation of new technologies in all sectors where carbon is used. These changed economic constraints necessitate both savings in conventional petrochemistry and a change to oil-independent carbon sources in the chemical industry. While, in coal chemistry, the synthesis and process principles of petrochemistry — fragmentation of the raw material and subsequent buildup of molecular structures — can be maintained, the raw material structure largely remains unchanged in the chemistry of renewable raw materials. This lecture is to demonstrate the structural as well as the technological and energy criteria of the chemistry of alternative carbon sources, to forecast the chances of commercial realization and to discuss some promising fields of research and development.     

Fitting together the building blocks for sustainability: a revised model for integrating ecological,social, and financial factors into business decision-making

Companies committed to integrating sustainability concerns into product decisions are confronted with the daunting task of assessing hundreds, or thousands, of materials and goods. Further complicating efforts have been the rapid growth of environmental and social assessment principles, strategies, actions, and tools. The lack of clarity on how existing approaches are complementary or distinct has resulted in ambiguities about pathways forward for companies. This current state of the field highlights the need to draw out interconnections between the wide range of current work on integrating environmental and social issues into material, product, and other business decisions.This article—developed through collaboration among several environmental, social, and sustainability-oriented researchers and practitioners—addresses this need through building upon pre-existing work [J. Cleaner Prod. 10(3) (2002) 197; J. Cleaner Prod. 8(3) (2000) 243]. It proposes adaptations on a framework for organizing the assessment field, including development of exemplary sustainable product characteristics and their inclusion in a “strategic sustainable development” decision-making model and process [J. Cleaner Prod. 10(3) (2002) 197]. The article also argues for an expansion of analytical approaches within this previously developed framework in order to highlight social aspects of sustainability and landscape-level issues. Finally, the article puts these elements together to describe a pathway forward for companies. In the conclusion, areas for future research are highlighted.     

二硫代羧基化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺与Cu2+的螯合稳定性

以聚丙烯酰胺、甲醛、氢氧化钠、二硫化碳为原料制备了重金属螯合絮凝剂二硫代羧基化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺（DTMPAM）,采用紫外分光光度法测定了DTMPAM与Cu²⁺形成的螯合物在不同Cu²⁺浓度、二硫代羧基（—CSS^-）浓度、不同pH值下的紫外吸收光谱,确定了螯合物的配位比,考察了螯合物DTMPAM-Cu在不同pH值、不同—CSS^-浓度下的稳定性,并计算了其稳定常数.结果表明,DTMPAM在207和226nm处出现最大吸收峰,而螯合物DTMPAM-Cu分别在220和260nm处出现最大吸收峰,最大吸收峰发生红移.在不同的—CSS^-（3.0×10^-5~6.0×10^-5mol/L）浓度和pH值（3.0~9.0）下,DTMPAM中的—CSS^-与Cu²⁺的螯合比均为2：1;当—CSS^-浓度为3.0×10^-5~6.0×10^-5mol/L时,DTMPAM-Cu的螯合稳定常数对数值lgβ₂在10.5725~11.4473之间,随着—CSS^-浓度增大,螯合稳定常数略有减小.不同pH值下,DTMPAM-Cu的螯合稳定常数各不相同,当体系pH值为3.0~5.0时,随着pH值的升高,DTMPAM-Cu的稳定常数逐渐升高,当pH值为6.0~9.0时,DTMPAM-Cu的稳定常数整体上略有所降低.     

1990—2009年中国大陆主汛期降水的变化特征及其可能原因

利用我国160个台站1951—2010年逐月降水观测资料,分析了我国1990—2009年夏季（6—8月）降水的变化特征,对其代表性雨型进行了分类,重点分析了1990年代和2000年代主要多雨带的变化特征。此外还分析了1990年代和2000年代的北半球500 hPa大尺度环流背景和气温及海温背景的差异,从而探讨了夏季降水...     

聚硅酸金属盐复合絮凝剂形貌结构及性能研究

以硅酸钠、硫酸和硫酸盐为原料制备聚硅酸金属盐(PSMS)复合絮凝剂,通过红外光谱研究了金属元素与聚硅酸(PS)的相互作用情况,采用电子显微镜观察了PS、PSMS和相应简单金属盐(MS)的形貌,利用激光粒度分析仪分析了絮体粒径变化及破碎与恢复情况,并考察了PSMS在不同投加量下处理腐植酸模拟废水的效果。结果表明:PSMS的红外光谱图中有M—O—Si振动峰出现,扫描电镜显示PSMS的聚集单元表面异于PS的平滑,为细小不规整的晶体颗粒,并与相应硫酸盐(MS)形貌有一定关联。此外,无论是所形成絮体的粒径还是对腐植酸的去除效果,聚硅酸硫酸铝(PSAlS)和聚硅酸硫酸铁(PSFeS)均优于其它聚硅酸金属盐,PSFeS的絮体虽易破碎但破碎后恢复能力最好,且粒径最大而容易沉降。     

Hunting for Dark Matter particles with new detectors

Although first hints of the existence of Dark Matter were observed by the Swiss astronomer Zwicky already in the 1930s, only in recent years has it become known that the universe, in fact, is dominated by particles whose nature is almost unknown and which have never been directly observed. Meanwhile, as the existence of these particles is postulated not only by astronomy, but also cosmology and theoretical particle physics, there is significant effort to detect them in a laboratory experiment and determine their physical properties. However, as the interaction rate between Dark Matter particles and ordinary matter is extremely low, detectors have to be extremely sensitive. Low temperature detectors have been available for more than a decade and have now reached the highest sensitivity for direct Dark Matter detection. In this article, we give a short overview of observational results that suggest the existence of Dark Matter particles and what physicists have learned so far about their properties. The main focus is on the experimental challenges and effort for their direct detection.     

红原泥炭腐殖化度记录的全新世气候变化

腐殖化度作为气候代用指标首次用于我国泥炭的古气候研究 ,较好的记录了红原地区全新世的气候变化。对红原泥炭14 C测年和腐殖化度分析 ,获得了距今 12 0 0 0年较高分辨率红原地区气候变化记录 :11.815～ 10 .9kaB .P .,气候干冷 ;10 .9～ 5 .6kaB .P .,气候湿暖 ;5 .6～ 3.9kaB .P .,气候干冷 ;3.9～ 1.7kaB .P .,气候干冷、湿暖波动 ;1.7～ 0kaB .P .,气候干冷。总体而言 ,大约 5 .6kaB .P .是红原地区由早中全新世的湿暖气候向晚全新世干冷气候变化的转折点。同时 ,红原泥炭记录的降温事件在北半球具有普遍性 ,反映了青藏高原对全球气候变化的响应。     

Crown—rump length in aneuploid fetuses: Implications for first-trimester biochemical screening for aneuploidies

This study examined the effect of estimation of gestational age from the menstrual history compared with that from crown—rump length (CRL) measurement on the detection rate of screening for aneuploidies in the first trimester. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) was assayed in blood collected prior to chorionic villus sampling in 356 women with unaffected pregnancies and 28 women with an aneuploid pregnancy. There were 14 Down's syndrome (DS) pregnancies. All pregnancies were dated from menstrual history and CRL measurement. The average CRL gestation in the aneuploid population was 2.5 days less than that derived from the LMP (95 per cent confidence interval (CI) for LMP—CRL gestation: using the algorithm based on unaffected pregnancies 0–3.5 days; using the matched case—control approach 1–4.5 days). The average CRL gestation in the DS population was 2 days less but this did not reach statistical significance (95 per cent CI for LMP—CRL gestation: using the algorithm — 1 to 4.5 days; using the matched case—control approach 0 to 5.5 days). The detection rate of aneuploidies in the first trimester using maternal serum PAPP-A was reduced by 7 per cent (and by 3 per cent for DS) for a 5 per cent false-positive rate when using CRL rather than LMP to date the pregnancy. This phenomenon is a consequence of an apparent reduction of gestational age when estimated by CRL in the aneuploid population. Further studies are required to evaluate whether CRL is an unbiased estimate of gestation for Down's syndrome pregnancies.