酚醛缩聚法处理炼油厂高浓度含酚废水（碱渣）的试验研究

一、前言石油炼厂中含酚废水主要来自碱洗汽油催化裂化及常减压工段,其中以反复使用洗涤汽油后的废碱液中含酚量最高,通常称为“碱渣”。该废水中还含有大量硫化物、油状物、碱及无机盐类,历来是各石油炼厂中难以处理而浓度又极高的有毒废水种类之一。目前,国内对该种废水尚无比较成功的处理方法,一般采用萃取法、加浓H_2SO_4提粗酚法、CO_2气提法以及回收碱法,这些方法都存在很多缺陷,如成本高,对设备的腐蚀性严重,酚的去除率很低等。有的厂则不经处理而将其与其他种类的废水混合稀释后排放,严重污染环境。     

热镀锌厂酸洗废水及锌灰中锌回收

分别采用蒸酸法、氨络合法和硫化沉淀法分离回收热镀锌厂酸洗废水及锌灰中锌铁。分别考察了酸洗废水中盐酸的逸出特性和氨浸法回收蒸馏渣中锌的效果;利用酸洗废水的酸度浸取锌灰中的锌并用氨络合法分离酸浸出液中锌铁;利用硫化物不同溶度积选择性沉淀酸浸出液中的锌,考察了Na2S加入量、曝气时间、反应溶液pH和反应时间的影响。研究结果表明硫酸的加入能提高盐酸的蒸发率但效果不明显,氨络合法难于有效分离锌铁,但硫化物沉淀法可较好地分离锌铁,铁回收率可达97．12％,锌沉淀率达到99．99％,所得沉淀物中ZnS纯度为68．51％。     

化学转化法治理电镀废水

化学转化法主要是选用固体硫化亚铁做转化剂，利用二价铁离子的还原性将废水中的氧化性物质还原(主要是六价铬)；同时利用二价硫离子使得除六价铬以外的重金属离子生成难溶的金属硫化物沉淀，以去除废水中重金属离子。     

二级絮凝-活性炭处理实验室无机废水的效果

采用两级絮凝-活性炭吸附法处理实验室无机废水,研究了该方法对重金属、硫化物、挥发酚、苯胺和浊度等的处理效果。结果表明,在絮凝温度、搅拌、曝气及污水pH值调节范围一定的情况下,硫酸亚铁(FeSO4.7H2O)与聚合氯化铝(PAC)结合的二级絮凝方法能有效地降低污水中的重金属和硫化物等污染物。二级絮凝处理中,使用聚合氯化铝(PAC)对一级絮凝中去除效果不好的Cr6+的去除效果显著,去除率达到90%以上;活性炭对苯胺和硫化物的去除效果最佳,去除率都在90%以上。同时,该方法还有效降低了废水的浊度和色度。因此,是一种快速、低成本和工艺简单的处理实验室废水的有效途径。     

化学需氧量(COD)测定法存在问题探讨

根据《水利废水标准检验法》一书的定义,化学需氧量(COD)是指“测定样品中易受强化学氧化剂氧化的有机物在氧化时所需的氧当量”,普遍使用重铬酸钾为氧化剂。尽管该法使用时间已近百年,且其内容不断得到完善,但至今仍存在许多不尽人意之处。下面仪就共存在的主要问题作一简单讨论。 一、无机还原物的干扰 根据上述定义,化学需氧量是表示废水中有机物含量的。由于废水中有机组分复杂,种类繁多,很难一一定性和定量测定,因此,以化学需氧量作为废水有机污染的综合指标是很有实际意义的。但是,废水中的某些无机还原性物质如亚铁盐、硫化物、亚硝酸盐、亚硫酸盐、硫代硫酸盐、氯离子等均能被重铬酸钾氧     

化学氧化,活性污泥法处理甲胺磷废水的研究

研究了用化学氧化／活性污泥法两步处理某农药厂甲胺磷农药废水。用过氧化氢作氧化剂对废水进行预处理，使废水的可生化比从０．２４提高到０．４０；再用传统的活性污泥法进行两级处理，可使废水中的硫化物除去７５％，出水达标；ＣＯＤ去除率７０％，出水３００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，接近国家污水排放标准。     

紫外光助O3、H2O2氧化降解炼油废碱水的可行性实验

炼油高浓度有机废碱水是石化行业中很难降解的废水.本实验用光化学氧化技术对其进行了降解研究,比较了紫外光/空气、紫外光/O3、紫外光/空气/H2O2系统的处理效果.结果表明,光化学氧化技术降解此废水是可行的,紫外光可使废水中COD、油、酚的降解率明显提高.当废水中O3的投加量每小时为22 mg/L,或H2O2投加量为1%/L时,UV/O3法与UV/空气/H2O2法的降解效果相近.同时,通过控制O3浓度或H2O2的投加量等条件,可使废水中COD、油、酚和硫化物降解到地方污染物二级排放标准.     

紫外光助O3、H2O2氧化降解炼油废碱水的可行性实验

炼油高浓度有机废碱水是石化行业中很难降解的废水。本实验用光化学氧化技术对其进行了降解研究，比较了紫外光／空气、紫外光／O3、紫外光／空气／H2O2系统的处理效果。结果表明，光化学氧化技术降解此废水是可行的，紫外光可使废水中COD、油、酚的降解率明显提高。当废水中O3的投加量每小时为22mg／L，或H2O2投加量为1％／L时，UV／O3法与UV／空气／H2O2法的降解效果相近。同时，通过控制O，浓度或H2O2的投加量等条件，可使废水中COD、油、酚和硫化物降解到地方污染物二级排放标准。     

湿式氧化处理含硫废水的研究

绪言 含硫废水的排放在石油炼厂、石油化工、印染、制药及皮革厂等的生产过程中具有普遍性。该废水不经妥善处理而长期大量排放,对环境造成了严重污染。为此,世界各国对排放工业废水中硫化物的浓度作了严     

中和/沉淀法处理含氰电镀废水的问题

在电镀废水中常见的金属离子有 Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr 和 Cd 等几种。常用的去除方法有沉淀法、氧化还原法、离子交换法和萃取法。如果溶液中的铬是六价,则必须先把它还原成三价铬。含氰废水,应该先把氰去掉。这一点目前尚未充分引起人们注意。本文就沉淀法处理含氰电镀废水的问题进行讨论。沉淀法处理重金属废水,简易、投资省、可行性也好。所用沉淀法有:氢氧化物沉淀 pH 8—11碳酸盐沉淀投加白云石粉硫化物沉淀投加 Na_2S 或 H_2S中和沉淀法的原理是控制溶液的 pH 值,使金属离子形成氢氧化物沉淀。所需 pH 值,可从金属氢氧化物的溶度积求算。     

测定苯胺类化合物pH控制范围及调节方法的研究

介绍了NEDA法反应机理及其酸度、pH调节方法对实验结果的影响，叙述了合理调整pH控制范围及改进pH调节方法，可以得到最大灵敏度、最佳分析效果及理想的实验方法。该方法可在化工、纺织、染料、生态、环境保护等相关领域广泛应用。     

分离度对色谱定量分析的影响

介绍了分离度对色谱定量分析的影响，并以水中苯系物的检测为例，验证了采用峰高测量法代替峰面积测量法。可以消除数据处理机对色谱重叠峰处理时造成的偏差，得到满意结果。     

Fluorophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Atmospheric Ozone

This work was initiated in an effort to obtain a better method for the manual determination of trace amounts of atmospheric ozone. The method described depends upon the fact that ozone oxidizes nonfluorescent 9, 10-dihydroacridine to fluorescent acridine. When the ethyl alcohol solution of acridine is acidified by 6N acetic acid, the fluorescence maximum occurs approximately at 482 mμ and its intensity is sufficiently strong to be useful in this analysis. Linear relationships between acridine concentrations and fluorescence intensities were obtained from 0.1 to 3.5 μg per ml. by measurement with a commercial fluorophotometer. The results indicated that the low concentrations of experimentally prepared ozone measured by this method were in good agreement with those obtained by the phenolphthalin method. This method appeared to be about twice as sensitive as the phenolphthalin method, but it is subject to some interference from nitrogen dioxide.     

Monitoring of the booster biocide dichlofluanid in water and marine sediment of Greek marinas

Dichlofluanid (N-dichlorofluoromethylthio-N'-dimethyl-N-phenylsulphamide) is used as booster biocide in antifouling paints. The occurrence of dichlofluanid and its metabolite DMSA (N'-dimethyl-N-phenyl-sulphamide) was monitored in seawater and marine sediment from three Greek marinas. Seawater and sediment samples were collected at three representative positions and one suspected hotspot in each marina and shipped to the laboratory for chemical analysis. As part of the project, an analytical method had been developed and validated. Furthermore, some additional experiments were carried out to investigate the potential contribution of paint particle bound dichlofluanid on the total concentration in the sediment. As expected, given its known high hydrolytic degradation rate, no detectable concentrations of dichlofluanid were measured in any of the seawater samples. DMSA was detected in seawater samples at very low concentrations varying from <3 ng l(-1) (LOD) to 36 ng l(-1). During method validation, it had already been demonstrated that dichlofluanid is unstable in sediment and can therefore only be determined as its metabolite DMSA. In a separate experiment, in which marine sediment was spiked with artificial paint particles containing dichlofluanid and then analysed according to the validated method, it was demonstrated that if there is any dichlofluanid originating from paint particles, this would be determined as DMSA. No DMSA was detected in any of the sediment samples. It could therefore be concluded that there were no significant concentrations of dichlofluanid in the sediment samples.     

Process Evaluation System Developed for the Emission Inventory

Two applications of the newly devised process evaluation criterion are described: (7) the transformation of process data concerning the air pollution sources into machine language so that it may be correlated with Chicago’s Emission Inventory; and, (2) the application of its principles to the administration of the permit system. This criterion for the evaluation of process activity is completely different from any other method used throughout the country. Examples of its application are given.     

离子交换树脂及其在废水处理中的应用

介绍了离子交换树脂及其在多种废水处理中的应用研究。离子交换树脂法处理废水具有可深度净化、处理效率高和能实现多种金属综合回收的优点，在水处理领域必将得到更为深入的应用。     

Comparison of batch, stirred flow chamber, and column experiments to study adsorption, desorption and transport of carbofuran within two acidic soils

Different methods (batch, column and stirred flow chamber experiments) used for adsorption and desorption of carbofuran studies were compared. All tested methods showed that the carbofuran adsorption was higher in the soil with the higher organic matter content, whereas the opposite behaviour was observed for the percentage of carbofuran desorbed. However, different methods have revealed some discrepancies in carbofuran adsorption/desorption kinetics. Although batch method showed interesting data on equilibrium experiments, such as a low heterogeneity for the carbofuran adsorption sites independent of soil organic matter content, it had some disadvantages for carbofuran adsorption/desorption kinetic studies. The disadvantages were related with the excessive limitations of this method on kinetics, i.e., no difference could be detected between different soils. However, with column and stirred flow chamber methods the carbofuran adsorption/desorption kinetics of different soils could be compared. Moreover, the absolute values of carbofuran adsorption/desorption and its rate were higher in the stirred flow chamber than in the batch and column experiments. Using stirred flow chamber experiments the carbofuran desorption was significantly faster than its adsorption, whereas carbofuran using column experiments they were similar. These discrepancies should be considered when the results obtained only with one method is discussed.     

物理-化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水的研究

桑皮纤维是一种资源可再生纤维素纤维，但在脱胶制取桑皮纤维过程中产生大量的废水，污染环境，限制了桑皮纤维的开发利用。采用调节pH值、絮凝、Fenton试剂催化氧化、活性炭吸附等物理-化学综合处理法处理桑皮脱胶废水，研究结果表明，通过物理化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水，COD总去除率达到97％以上，色度降到5倍。此方法处理效果明显、操作简单。     

物理-化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水的研究

桑皮纤维是一种资源可再生纤维素纤维,但在脱胶制取桑皮纤维过程中产生大量的废水,污染环境,限制了桑皮纤维的开发利用.采用调节pH值、絮凝、Fenton试剂催化氧化、活性炭吸附等物理-化学综合处理法处理桑皮脱胶废水,研究结果表明,通过物理化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水,COD总去除率达到97%以上,色度降到5倍.此方法处理效果明显、操作简单.     

微型快速穿透实验技术在活性炭液相吸附中的应用

穿透实验为液相吸附应用中预测实际活性炭床运行的必要测试.微型快速穿透(MCRB)实验技术采用粉碎筛分后的微小颗粒活性炭和微型穿透柱,可以加快实验速度、节省时间和资源,同时避免传统穿透实验中常遇到的问题.该实验技术操作较简单、用途广泛和设备要求较低,适合在国内大多数实验室中进行.MCRB实验技术弥补中国微型穿透实验的空白,与中小型、小型穿透柱实验方法构成完整活性炭穿透实验方法体系.