菌株NKS-3对溴氨酸脱色特性探讨

从受溴氨酸污染地筛选出菌株ＮＫＳ－ ３ ,它对溴氨酸有脱色作用。菌株生长随碳源浓度增加而旺盛,溴氨酸能刺激菌株生长。溴氨酸浓度即使达到１０００ ｍｇ／Ｌ 也能被菌株基本脱色。研究发现,盐度抑制菌生长,在含盐培养液中溴氨酸的脱色过程被抑制     

蒽醌染料中间体溴氨酸降解酶的特性

从污染地分离筛选出的菌株BX26对蒽醌染料中间体溴氨酸有显著的降解脱色作用,降解过程受降解酶的控制,试验结果表明,降解酶为溴氨酸诱导的胞外酶,该酶在温度高于50℃处理后失活,盐度对该酶失活有影响,盐度高于1%会显著降低该酶活力,酶对溴氨酸的催化脱色要有氧参加,氮气气氛中酶活受抑制。     

蒽醌染料及其中间体絮凝菌的特性

本文研究所分离到的真菌ＮＸ１对蒽醌染料ＫＮＲ及其中间体溴氨酸的作用,并考察营养条件、体系ＰＨ等对ＮＸ１的生长及絮凝作用的影响,结果表明,ＮＺ１及溴氨酸有很好的絮絮凝效果,对ＰＨ的适应范围广,最佳碳、氮源分别为蔗粮主尿素。     

菲高效降解菌的降解特性及其受蒙脱石的影响研究

通过选择性富集培养与纯化,从广州油制气厂附近的污染土壤中分离获得一株能以菲为唯一碳源和能源,快速生长的优势菌株（编号为YZ-1）。16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,YZ-1菌株为琼氏不动杆菌（Acinetobacter junii）。当无机盐培养液中菲初始质量浓度为100mg·L-1时,45h内该菌株对菲的降解率可达到99.5%。YZ-1菌株的最佳生长条件为pH7.4,温度30℃,摇床转速160r·min-1。加入蒙脱石矿物之后,在降解的初期（前16h）表现为促进菲的生物降解作用,但随着时间的延长,菲的降解速率逐渐低于不加蒙脱石体系,并随蒙脱石含量或菲质量浓度的增加,此抑制延缓现象愈加明显。矿物对高浓度的菲具有吸附分散作用,而对低浓度的菲具有吸附保护作用。     

重金属铜离子抗性菌株的筛选和吸附性能

从四川红原地区土壤中分离纯化得到对重金属铜离子(Cu2+)具有良好抗性的菌株YS-22,经16S rDNA序列比对鉴定该菌为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)中的产酸克雷伯氏菌(K.oxytoca).利用该菌进行生物吸附研究,结果显示其对水体中的重金属Cu2+具有良好的吸附性能,吸附行为能很好地符合pseudo二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,不同的培养条件以及菌体所处的不同生长时期会影响菌体的吸附效果,PGY培养基培养达到生长指数期时菌体用于吸附效果最好.最佳吸附pH值为5.30,吸附迅速,约60 min即可达到吸附平衡,最大单位吸附量达到117.6mg g-1干重菌体.研究表明该菌株作为一种生物吸附剂用于去除废水中的重金属铜污染具有一定的实际应用价值.     

单壁碳纳米管对Arthrobacter sp.W1生长及苯酚降解功能的影响

单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)对大肠杆菌等模式菌株的生长抑制作用明显,为了解SWCNTs对具有环境功能的菌株的作用,以苯酚降解菌Arthrobacter sp.W1为对象,考察不同浓度SWCNTs下菌株W1的生长曲线和苯酚降解曲线,并通过扫描电镜观察、细胞凋亡检测、DNA泄漏量分析和活性氧产量分析考察作用机制.结果表明,特定浓度范围的SWCNTs(0.5-5.0 mg/L)会加快W1的苯酚降解速率,且1.5-2.0 mg/L SWCNTs不抑制W1的生长.SWCNTs在溶液中形成团簇并吸附W1细胞,且对W1产生以物理穿刺为主的毒性作用,但在特定浓度范围的SWCNTs条件下,SWCNTs-菌株-苯酚体系增加了菌体与苯酚的接触机会,从而对W1生长和苯酚降解产生明显的促进作用.本研究结果可为进一步揭示SWCNTs的环境微生物效应提供理论依据.     

吸附菌HX5对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附脱色作用

研究了吸附菌HX5对活性艳蓝KNR的吸附脱色作用,碳源、氮源、盐度和染料浓度对KNR吸附脱色的影响,以及HX5生长菌体对KNR的脱色机理.结果表明,菌株HX5对KNR脱色的最佳碳、氮源分别为葡萄糖和硫酸铵;碳源浓度在10g/L以上时,可使200mg/L的KNR完全脱色,碳源浓度过高,脱色效果不显著;HX5对KNR脱色的最佳氮源浓度为0.75g/L,在0～2%的浓度范围内,盐度对脱色无显著影响;染料对菌株HX5具有一定的生长抑制毒性,但对于400mg/L的KNR,脱色率仍可达95.1%;HX5生长菌体对KNR作用96h内主要为生物吸附作用,96h外则可能发生了生物降解.图5表2参9     

青枯菌野生型菌株和无毒突变株细胞表面的吸附特性(英文)

应用高效离子交换色谱和激光光散射仪检测器(HPLC/MALLS)研究青枯菌野生型菌株79#和无毒突变菌株RS52’对强阴离子交换树脂(SuperQ-650C)的吸附特性.结果显示,这2个菌株在色谱行为和吸附特性方面差异显著.静态吸附试验结果也表明,在相同条件下,79#菌株的吸附速率和吸附量与RS52’菌株不同,79#菌株在60min达到吸附平衡,最大吸附量为1.09×109cfu/g(干树脂);RS52’菌株在120min达到吸附平衡,最大吸附量为2.10×10~9cfu/g(干树脂).进一步采用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线方程比较79#菌株和RS52’菌株与树脂之间的吸附能力,研究结果与静态吸附试验结果以及高效离子交换色谱的分析结果相一致,RS52’菌株与树脂之间显示出更强的吸附力;此外,用Freundlich方程拟合的效果优于Langmuir方程,拟合的曲线与实验数据更吻合.图4表2参16     

一株耐酸耐铜细菌的选育及其吸附铜离子的特性

从某铜矿选矿废水中筛选分离出一株在强酸性条件下对铜去除能力较高的菌株Z-1,经鉴定为克雷伯氏杆菌.考察了碳源、氮源、pH、温度、吸附时间、投菌量等因素对菌株Z-1生长量及吸附Cu2+的影响.结果表明,菌株Z-1的最佳碳源为乙酸钠,其最佳用量为3 g.L-1;最佳氮源为硫酸铵,最佳用量为1.2 g.L-1.在投菌量为4 g.L-1、温度为30℃、吸附时间为4 h的条件下,菌株Z-1对pH=3、Cu2+100 mg.L-1的废水吸附效果最优,Cu2+去除率达到59.7%.菌株Z-1对Cu2+的吸附过程能很好地用吸附模型Langmuir方程描述,菌株Z-1去除的铜离子,有92.3%分布在细胞壁上,其余7.7%分布在细胞质内,说明菌株Z-1对铜离子的去除主要为表面吸附.     

3株芽孢杆菌在水稻根际定殖促生及其在土壤中的存活

植物根际促生菌(PGPR)可分泌植物生长激素,促进土壤养分循环,是生物肥料重要的种质资源。PGPR吸附于作物根系是形成定殖与功能的必要条件,抗性药物标记是研究功能菌株定殖促生能力的一种手段。利用解钾功能菌(Bacillus aryabhattai LZP01,简称LZP01)、解磷功能菌(Bacillus pumilus LZP02,简称LZP02)和溶磷功能菌(Bacillus megaterium LZP03,简称LZP03)这3株高效的水稻根际促生菌,通过抗生素药物利福平梯度筛选分别得到标记菌株K-LZP01、K-LZP02和K-LZP03,并且研究标记菌株的功能保留情况,进而检测标记菌株在水稻根际与土壤中定殖存活及促生能力。结果表明,水稻幼根浸入菌液后吸附量随浸入时间的增加而增大,其中K-LZP01在10min后吸附基本稳定;K-LZP01在50 min时吸附量达到最大;K-LZP03在5 min时吸附量达到最大,最大吸附量为12×10~7CFU·g~(-1),之后趋于动态稳定。将水稻幼苗浸入不同浓度菌悬液中,幼根吸附量随菌悬液浓度的增大而增大。标记菌株在接种于土壤中10 d后定殖量趋于稳定,且定殖能力较强。距离水稻根际越近标记菌株含量越高,表明菌株定殖竞争力越强。在灭菌土与未灭菌土条件下,3株菌株均具有促进水稻根系生长的能力。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.