四川省卧龙地区土壤中二噁英类化合物和多氯萘的海拔梯度分布及对牦牛的毒性风险评价

初步研究了四川省卧龙地区5个不同海拔高度的表层土壤和2个牦牛样品中二噁英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)、共平面多氯联苯(co-PCBs)和多氯萘(PCNs)的分布特征、来源、毒性当量以及生态风险状况.土壤样品中总2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的含量范围为2.48-4.30 pg·g-1dw,平均3.50 pg·g-1dw,最高含量在海拔3927 m的塘房.co-PCBs的总含量平均为9.14 pg·g-1dw,最高值在海拔4487 m的垭口.总2,3,7,8-PC-DD/Fs和总co-PCBs含量随海拔高度的变化表现出正相关关系.不同海拔高度土壤中的PCDD/Fs和co-PCBs异构体的分布相似,表明具有相同的来源.总PCNs与海拔梯度呈负相关关系,最高含量出现在海拔3345 m的贝母坪,平均21.4 pg·g-1dw,主要以3.氯为主.土壤中PcDD/Fs毒性当量浓度范围为0.29-0.43pg TEQ·g-1dw.牦牛肉和牦牛组织中PcDD,/Fs总浓度分别为27.5和23.6 pg·g-1脂肪,毒性当量浓度为4.04和4.07 pg TEQ·g-1脂肪.结果表明,牦牛中的PCDD/Fg,co-PcBs和PCNs不大可能对卧龙地区人群导致严重的负面效应.     

喜马拉雅山区葇籽草和棘豆样品中PCBs、PBDEs和PCDD/Fs的分析

应用同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)法分析了喜马拉雅山区海拔5000 m以上的葇籽草和棘豆样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和二噁英(PCDD/Fs)的含量.这两种植物样品中污染物含量与世界其它偏远地区的水平基本保持一致.其中PCBs的总含量在1.94—3.62 ng.g-1干重(dw)范围内,平均值为2.60 ng.g-1dw;PCB-28和PCB-52的浓度明显较高,约占7种指示性PCBs总量的90%以上.14种PBDEs的总浓度在83.3—142 pg.g-1dw之间,平均值为116 pg.g-1dw;除BDE-85、-138、-154,以及高溴代的BDE-190和BDE-209未检出外,其它9种单体均有不同程度的检出,且以低溴代的BDE-28为主,含量占45%以上.样品中PCDD/Fs基本上未检出.由于样品采集点位于喜马拉雅山人迹罕至的珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区,周围并无工业污染源,因此植物样品中PCBs及PBDEs可能是污染物发生大气长距离传输和生物富集的结果.     

广州地区孕妇羊水中PCBs暴露水平初步研究

随机采集广州地区非职业PCBs(polychlorinated biphenyls,多氯联苯)暴露单胎孕妇分娩时羊水,分析羊水中PCBs浓度水平;结合孕妇临床资料(年龄、孕周、身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI))以及孕妇居住环境信息等,阐明了广州地区非职业暴露孕妇羊水PCBs蓄积的影响因素。结果表明,∑33PCBs浓度为15.91-324.38 ng·g-1,平均值为114.34±83.52 ng·g-1,中值为84.8 5ng·g-1;其中十氯含量最低,平均浓度为2.66±3.46 ng·g-1,中值为1.47 ng·g-1;六氯PCBs含量最高,平均浓度为28.79±33.84 ng·g-1,中值为17.48 ng·g-1。样本中有31种PCBs同分异构体在孕妇羊水中检出,分别为PCB 8、28、30、49、52、70、74、77、82、87、99、101、105、114、118、126、128、138、153、156、158、166、169、170、179、180、183、187、189、198和209;羊水主要的PCBs暴露以五氯PCBs、六氯PCBs和七氯PCBs为主,主要的同分异构体为PCB 138(4.73%)、179(4.15%)、153(3.92%)、183(3.89%)、166(3.77%)、187(3.74%)以及180(3.67%);暴露水平与美国、西班牙、加拿大等地区相比属于严重水平。统计结果显示,年龄、身体质量指数和孕周与PCBs蓄积有显著性正相关关系;工业区居住的孕妇相与非工业区居住孕妇相比,上述统计结果更为显著。     

南四湖沉积物中二噁英类化合物的分布

用1 3C同位素内标法 ,高分辨率气相色谱 高分辨率质谱对南四湖表层沉积物中 1 7种含 2 3 7 8 氯代二苯并二英 /呋喃 (PCDD/Fs)及 1 2种共平面多氯联苯 (Co PCBs)的含量、同系物异构体的分布特征、沉积通量、毒性当量及来源进行了初步分析 ,并与山东近海 (日照、烟台、青岛 )的测定结果进行比较 .总Co PCBs含量分别为 5 4 4pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和 41 4pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .总PCDD/Fs含量分别为 1 0 6 7pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和1 47 0pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .两湖含 2 3 7 8 PCDD/Fs异构体对总毒性当量浓度的贡献基本相同 ,即以四—五氯代异构体为主 .PCDD/Fs含量次序为青岛 >日照 >南四湖 >烟台 .南四湖、日照、烟台近海沉积物中的PCDD/Fs对总TEQ (PCDD/F TEQ PCB TEQ)的贡献为68 8%— 93 0 % .南四湖与山东近海沉积物中PCDDs/PCDFs比值和OCDD %∑百分比表明 ,山东省PCDD/Fs的来源较为一致 ,相对恒定 .除河口处外 ,大气沉降应是南四湖及山东近海PCDD/Fs的主要来源 .     

北部湾潮间带波纹巴非蛤体内石油烃和多氯联苯的分布及风险评价

2011年春季在北部湾沿岸潮间带布设9个站位,采集双壳类动物波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)并测定其软组织中的石油烃(TPH)和多氯联苯(PCBs)含量,研究两种污染物的分布特征、评价其生物质量并对巴非蛤体内残留PCBs可能造成的人体健康风险进行评价.结果表明,各站位TPH和∑PCBs含量范围分别为56.76—199.49μg.g-1和14.19—52.71 ng.g-1(干质量(dw)),就PCBs的组成而言,高氯代PCBs(PCB153、PCB180、PCB194)为优势同族体,所占比重较大.污染指数计算结果显示,除北海西场海域外,各站位的巴非蛤均受到TPH的重度污染,港口区尤为严重;而所有站位的巴非蛤均未受到PCBs污染.健康风险评价结果显示,所有站位的巴非蛤体内PCBs的非致癌风险处于可接受水平(RQ<1),但是,大多数站位的致癌风险指数(0.83×10-6—3.53×10-6)高于可接受的致癌风险低值(1×10-6),而存在一定的潜在致癌风险.     

西藏农田土和农作物中多氯联苯的分布、环境行为和健康风险评估

南亚排放的多氯联苯类污染物(PCBs)可随大气传输到西藏南部,并沉降到农田等区域。农田中的PCBs能够经食物链进入人体,从而可能对人体健康产生影响。但目前尚无西藏农田PCBs环境过程和农作物健康风险评估的研究。本研究通过同步采集西藏农田土壤和农作物,发现西藏农田土壤、青稞和油菜PCBs的浓度均值分别为5.1 pg·g-1dw、13.5 pg·g-1dw和10.9 pg·g-1dw,低于全球其他地区。青稞和油菜对PCBs的生物富集系数都大于1,说明PCBs在农作物中发生了生物富集现象。模型模拟结果显示,农田土壤中99.6%的PCBs都富集在土壤有机质中,只有0.38%的PCBs进入了植物根系。因此,青稞直接从大气中吸收PCBs是其对PCBs积累和富集的主要途径。基于饮食结构(青稞、牛肉、牛奶和酥油),西藏人群PCBs摄入均值为0.75 ng·kg-1bw·d-1,低于安全阈值约一个数量级。PCBs的食物摄入不会对西藏居民健康状况产生明显影响。     

中国东海抹香鲸体内多氯联苯的组成特征及毒性当量

用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定了一只中国东海海域抹香鲸(Physeter macrocephalus)皮脂24种多氯联苯(PCBs)同系物的含量,并分析了其组成特征以及国际毒性当量.结果表明,东海海域抹香鲸皮脂PCBs的湿重含量为1.12μg.g-1;PCBs同族体中以含6和5个氯原子的化合物为主,高氯代PCBs占总量的92.10%;PCBs同系物中以PCB153、PCB138、PCB101和PCB149居多,分别占到PCBs总量的21.28%、15.97%、10.29%和10.23%;抹香鲸皮脂的TEQs含量为1663.07 pg.g-1,其毒性主要来自PCB126,其次是PCB123和PCB118;初步推断中国东海海域的抹香鲸受PCBs污染程度较轻.     

海口市售6种海洋贝类中多氯联苯(PCBs)含量及其潜在致癌风险评价

运用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)测定海口市售6种贝类中7种指示性多氯联苯(PCBs)含量,评价其污染水平和致癌风险。结果表明,7种指示性PCBs在海口市售海洋贝类中的含量为17.51～47.43 ng·g-1(以干重计),平均含量为32.78 ng·g-1。贝类中指示性PCBs的组成以中、低氯代PCBs为主(三氯-PCBs、四氯-PCBs和五氯-PCBs),其中四氯-PCBs占总PCBs的38.49%。与我国其他相关研究相比,海口市售海洋贝类中PCBs的总含量处于中等水平。成人通过贝类摄入途径暴露指示性PCBs对消费者的5%、50%以及95%致癌风险均小于美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的可接受风险水平,表明海口市售海洋贝类中指示性PCBs对成人消费者的致癌风险处于可接受风险水平。     

苏南典型土壤中22种有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

近10年来,大批农药、化工企业迁出江苏南部地区,为了解该地区有机氯农药的残留状况以及环境行为,首次对南京、镇江、常州、无锡、苏州部分农业区和工业区浅层土壤中22种有机氯农药(OCPs)的分布特征进行研究,采用加速溶剂萃取法(ASE)和气相色谱法(GC-ECD),对30个不同深度样品进行检测。结果表明:表层土壤依旧是OCPs的主要残留层,主要为滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)类污染,其中,ω(DDTs)为ND~313.0 ng·g-1(干重,下同),平均值75.04ng·g-1;ω(HCHs)为ND~9.25 ng·g-1,平均值2.82 ng·g-1。DDTs残留以降解代谢产物p,p′-DDD和p,p’-DDE为主,HCHs残留则以β-HCH为主。此外,六氯苯(HCB)、艾氏剂(Aldrin)、七氯(Heptachlor)、狄氏剂(Dieldrin)和硫酸硫丹(Endosulfan sulfate)也有不同程度检出。不同利用类型表层土壤中,有机氯残留状况有所差异,DDTs在工业区土壤中残留量最高,而HCHs在农业区土壤中残留量最高,OCPs残留平均值为工业区(127.2 ng·g-1)农业区(30.75 ng·g-1)。垂向土壤样品分析结果表明:大部分点位OCPs、DDTs及HCHs的残留量均随土壤深度增加而降低,但在下降过程中存在一定的波动性,由于场地土壤受到人为活动的影响,存在一定的干扰现象。本次调查未检出γ-HCH,仅有少量α-HCH检出,说明这些地区近期未出现林丹和HCHs输入。样品中(p,p′-DDD+p,p′-DDE)/DDTs的比值显示该地区近期新的外源DDTs输入较少。本次调查提供的数据可为该地区OCPs垂直分布研究提供参考。     

三江源地区土壤和牧草中的有机氯污染物：分布、来源和生态风险

三江源地区是“亚洲水塔”的重要组成部分。该地区复杂的大气环流可能为持久性有机污染物(POPs)的输入提供动力。在采集三江源地区土壤和牧草的基础上,获得该地区有机氯类污染物(OCPs,POPs的一类)的污染水平并进行来源解析,以期对POPs的潜在生态风险进行评估。结果表明,1)三江源地区土壤和牧草中滴滴涕(DDTs)的含量分别为低于检出限(BDL)-2.32×10⁴ pg·g^-1(平均3 003 pg·g^-1)和BDL-2.44×10⁴ pg·g^-1(平均3 539 pg·g^-1),高于全球其他高海拔草地地区;而土壤和牧草中六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量则与全球背景水平相当。2)三江源地区的OCPs整体呈现东高西低的空间分布特征。反向气团轨迹显示高含量的OCPs主要来自于三江源以东的地区。此外,人口密集的城镇地区具有相对高的OCPs含量,表明当地的零星地区可能存在OCPs使用/排放史。3)三江源地区土壤和牧草中的OCPs含量...     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.